Lower anterior resection

Lower anterior resection
Other namesAnterior resection of the rectum and colon
SpecialtyGeneral surgery

A lower anterior resection, formally known as anterior resection of the rectum and colon and anterior excision of the rectum or simply anterior resection (less precise), is a common surgery for rectal cancer and occasionally is performed to remove a diseased or ruptured portion of the intestine in cases of diverticulitis. It is commonly abbreviated as LAR.[citation needed]

LARs are for cancer in the proximal (upper) two-thirds of the rectum which lends itself well to resection while leaving the rectal sphincter intact.[1]

Relation to abdominoperineal resection

LARs, generally, give a better quality of life than abdominoperineal resections (APRs).[2][3] Thus, LARs are generally the preferred treatment for rectal cancer insofar as this is surgically feasible. APRs lead to a permanent colostomy and do not spare the sphincters.[citation needed]

Low anterior resection syndrome

Main article: Low anterior resection syndrome

Low anterior resection syndrome (LARS) comprises a collection of symptoms mainly affecting patients after surgery for rectal cancer characterized by fecal incontinence (stool and gases), fecal urgency, frequent bowel movements and bowel fragmentation, while some patients only experience constipation and a feeling of incomplete bowel emptying.[4][5][6] The cause is unclear, and has been thought to be due to nerve damage, or possibly due to loss of the rectoanal inhibitory reflex.[5]

Many of the symptoms of LAR syndrome improve over a period of many months.[7] The nerves that control the natural contractions of the colon and rectum run along the colon and can be damaged or cut during the surgery.[citation needed] After such damage, the nerves can regrow, but only slowly.

References

  1. ^ "Detailed Guide: Colon and Rectum Cancer". American Cancer Society. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
  2. ^ McLeod RS (2001). "Comparison of quality of life in patients undergoing abdominoperineal extirpation or anterior resection for rectal cancer". Ann. Surg. 233 (2): 157–8. doi:10.1097/00000658-200102000-00002. PMC 1421195. PMID 11176119.
  3. ^ Grumann MM, Noack EM, Hoffmann IA, Schlag PM (2001). "Comparison of quality of life in patients undergoing abdominoperineal extirpation or anterior resection for rectal cancer". Ann. Surg. 233 (2): 149–56. doi:10.1097/00000658-200102000-00001. PMC 1421194. PMID 11176118.
  4. ^ Keane, C; Wells, C; O'Grady, G; Bissett, IP (August 2017). "Defining low anterior resection syndrome: a systematic review of the literature". Colorectal Disease. 19 (8): 713–722. doi:10.1111/codi.13767. PMID 28612460.
  5. ^ a b Ridolfi, TJ; Berger, N; Ludwig, KA (September 2016). "Low Anterior Resection Syndrome: Current Management and Future Directions". Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery. 29 (3): 239–45. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1584500. PMC 4991969. PMID 27582649.
  6. ^ Dulskas, A; Miliauskas, P; Tikuisis, R; Escalante, R; Samalavicius, NE (February 2016). "The functional results of radical rectal cancer surgery: review of the literature". Acta Chirurgica Belgica. 116 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1080/00015458.2015.1136482. PMID 27385133.
  7. ^ Professor Filippo Pucciani, MD (2009). "Anterior Resection Syndrome" (PDF). Società Italiana di Chirurgia ColoRettale. 24: 211–217. These symptoms improve with time and most patients can enjoy almost normal daily life by the sixth postoperative month.