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Longevity Quotient (LQ) is a simplified measure to enable normalized comparisons of various species' longevity. It shares some similarity with measures such as Intelligence Quotient. It originated with Steven N. Austad and Kathleen E Fischer's 1991 paper on mammalian aging.^[1]^[2]

The detailed description of LQ was originally defined as the ratio of Actual Lifespan divided by Predicted Lifespan obtained from the Nonflying Eutherans (NFE) regression relating observed lifespan and body mass relationship. This followed the work of John Prothero and Klaus Jurgens who strictly looked to related longevity and body mass.^[3] Austad spells out that "Excluding bats and marsupials mean LQ is 1.0 by definition"^[4]

Aging and longevity researchers utilize LQ with additional metrics such as maximum species life span (MLSP). Rochelle Buffenstein considers MLSP as an important species aging characteristic that can vary over a factor of 40,000 throughout the animal kingdom, and is related species increase in body size.^[5] Buffenstein identifies the Longevity Quotient as the ratio of actual MLSP to that predicted by body mass.

Recent LQ based research identified some bats are relatively much long-lived. Myotis brandtii is estimated to have an LQ of 8.^[6]^[7]

Common measures in Aging and Longevity research include Life-Span Variables Mass, Maximum longevity, Predicted MLSP, Longevity quotient (Fisher Austad Formalism, Longevity quotient (Prothero Jugrens Formalism) and lifetime energy expenditure (LEE) (normalized using kilocaories/gram).

Theories of Longevity and LQ

Buffenstein describes the evolutionary theory of aging as a nonadaptive result of the declining power of natural selection allowing harmful genetic mutations may prevail suggesting that species living underground would have long life spans. Using LQ measures it appears that only the social subterranean species have high LQs. Additional discussions of longevity and MLSP abound^[8]

Comparative LQ

Comparative Longevity Quotient (using Austad Fischer Scale)
Species	Longevity Quotient	Maximum Lifespan (years)
Human	5.1	122
Mice	0.7	4
Rats	0.6	5
Myotis brandtii	8.0	41
Naked Mole Rats	5.0	28.3

References

^ Austad, S. N.; Fischer, K. E. (1 March 1991). "Mammalian Aging, Metabolism, and Ecology: Evidence From the Bats and Marsupials". Journal of Gerontology. 46 (2): B47 – B53. doi:10.1093/geronj/46.2.B47. PMID 1997563.
^ Austad, Steven N. (2022). Methuselah's Zoo: What Nature Can Teach Us about Living Longer, Healthier Lives. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-04709-8. OCLC 1286312358.^{[page needed]}
^ Prothero, John; Jürgens, Klaus D. (1987). "Scaling of Maximal Lifespan in Mammals: A Review". Evolution of Longevity in Animals. Vol. 42. pp. 49–74. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-1939-9_4. ISBN 978-1-4612-9077-3. PMID 3325028. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
^ Austad, S. N. (January 2010). "Methusaleh's Zoo: how nature provides us with clues for extending human health span". Journal of Comparative Pathology. 142 (Suppl 1): S10–21. doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.10.024. PMC 3535457. PMID 19962715.
^ Buffenstein, R. (1 November 2005). "The Naked Mole-Rat: A New Long-Living Model for Human Aging Research". The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 60 (11): 1369–1377. doi:10.1093/gerona/60.11.1369. PMID 16339321.
^ Wilkinson, Gerald S.; Adams, Danielle M. (April 2019). "Recurrent evolution of extreme longevity in bats". Biology Letters. 15 (4): 20180860. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0860. PMC 6501359. PMID 30966896.
^ Podlutsky, A. J.; Khritankov, A. M.; Ovodov, N. D.; Austad, S. N. (1 November 2005). "A New Field Record for Bat Longevity". The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 60 (11): 1366–1368. doi:10.1093/gerona/60.11.1366. PMID 16339320.
^ Hulbert, A. J.; Pamplona, Reinald; Buffenstein, Rochelle; Buttemer, W. A. (October 2007). "Life and Death: Metabolic Rate, Membrane Composition, and Life Span of Animals". Physiological Reviews. 87 (4): 1175–1213. doi:10.1152/physrev.00047.2006. PMID 17928583.

Austad, Steven N.; Fischer, Kathleen E. (1992). "Primate longevity: Its place in the mammalian scheme". American Journal of Primatology. 28 (4): 251–261. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350280403. PMID 31941205. S2CID 86528693.
Brenner, Charles (12 August 2022). "Longevity lessons Methuselah's Zoo: What Nature Can Teach Us About Living Longer, Healthier Lives Steven N. Austad MIT Press, 2022. 320 pp". Science. 377 (6607): 718. doi:10.1126/science.add9130. PMID 35951694. S2CID 251516708.
Kirkwood, Thomas B. L.; Austad, Steven N. (November 2000). "Why do we age?". Nature. 408 (6809): 233–238. Bibcode:2000Natur.408..233K. doi:10.1038/35041682. PMID 11089980. S2CID 2579770.
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