Lode Runner is a 2Dpuzzle-platform game, developed by Doug Smith and published by Broderbund in 1983. Its gameplay mechanics are similar to Space Panic from 1980. The player controls a character who must collect all the gold pieces in a level and get to the end while being chased by a number of enemies. It is one of the first games to include a level editor.
After the original game, a number of remakes, spin-offs and sequels were published in the Lode Runner series for different computers and consoles by different developers and publishers. Tozai Games holds the copyright and trademark rights.[7][8]
The player controls a stick figure who must collect all the gold in a level while avoiding guards who try to catch the player. After collecting all the gold, the player must reach the top of the screen to reach the next level. There are 150 levels in the game, which progressively challenge players' problem-solving abilities or reaction times.[9]
Levels have a multi-story, brick platform motif, with ladders and suspended hand-to-hand bars that offer multiple ways to travel. Guards can pick up gold bars by running over them, but any individual guard may carry no more than one bar at a time. The player can dig holes into floors to temporarily trap guards and may safely walk atop any who have fallen into holes. Should a guard be carrying a bar of gold when he falls into a hole, he will drop it and the player can pick it up. Holes dug by the player fill themselves in after a short delay. A trapped guard who cannot escape a hole before it fills is consumed and immediately respawns in a random location at the top of the level. Unlike guards, the player's character may not climb up out of a hole, and he will be killed if it fills before he can escape by other means. Floors may contain trapdoors, through which the player and guards will fall, and bedrock, through which the player cannot dig.
The player can dig a hole only to either side of his position and may not dig directly beneath his own feet. In order to dig through multiple layers of bricks, the player must create a gap whose width is at least equal to the number of layers. However, exceptions to this rule arise when the player digs from the position of standing on a ladder, or hanging from a hand-to-hand bar, which allows the player to repeatedly dig and descend one row. This kind of digging is involved in solving many of the levels.
The player starts with five lives; each level completion awards an extra life. Should a guard catch the player, one life is subtracted, and the current level restarts. The player's character can fall from arbitrary heights without any injury but cannot jump, and players can trap themselves in pits from which the only escape is to abort the level, costing a life, and begin again.
Enemy AI
While the player's character's position changes, enemies tend to move alternatively, moving away from Lode Runner.
The guards do not always take the shortest path to the player and can move in counterintuitive ways. Sometimes, when the player and a guard are on the same ladder, for instance, the guard will move away from the player. In general, depending on their exact positioning relative to Lode Runner, the guards sometimes appear to be repelled. Mastering the game involves developing the intuition to predict the movement of the guards.
Permitted contact
The player may come into contact with a guard directly from above, with the stick figure's feet touching the guard's head. This is what enables the player to walk over guards who are temporarily stuck in a hole that has been dug. It is also possible to make this contact while both the guard and the player are in free fall, since the player not only runs faster than the guards, but also falls faster; moreover, it is possible to survive the feet-to-head contact while a guard is standing on a platform and begins to move. Both forms of contact are necessary to solve some levels. Sometimes it is necessary to liberate a trapped guard by digging while standing on his head but then moving rapidly in the opposite direction when the guard begins marching to freedom. In a few levels, it is necessary to use a falling guard as a bridge to reach an otherwise unreachable area. One subtlety is that if a down movement is initiated while standing on a guard's head, or briefly touching the guard's head during free fall, the consequences are fatal.
Trapping and using guards
In some levels, guards can be deliberately trapped in various ways. For instance, they can be lured into entering a part of the level from which there is no escape. In some situations, the player can liberate trapped guards by digging them out. In some levels, the player must exploit the guards by having them collect gold pieces which are positioned such that whoever collects them will become trapped. When the guard collects the piece and becomes trapped, the player can release the guard and then later steal the gold when the guard drops it or falls into a hole.
In some levels, there are gold pieces which can be collected only by killing guards by digging holes to trap them. Deceased guards come back to life from locations near the top of the screen, which may allow them to reach parts of the level that cannot be reached by the player.
Traversal orders
Some levels require careful ordering of traversal, because they are divided into zones connected by passages which are impossible to traverse in the reverse direction. If a gold piece remains in an unreachable zone, the player may have to abort the level to start again, losing a life, unless there is a way to coax a guard into bringing the gold.
Timing
Some of the game's puzzles in the advanced levels are time-sensitive. The player must dig in order to penetrate the interior of some cavern to collect gold, and quickly return the same way before the digging repairs itself, enclosing Lode Runner in that cavern with no means of escape.
Some puzzles require deliberate timing among the digging actions because Lode Runner must run over previously dug-out tiles that have just repaired themselves, while having enough time to pass through ones which have not yet repaired.
Development
Around late 1980, high school student James Bratsanos heard from a friend about a new arcade video game, Space Panic by Universal, which involves climbing platforms and ladders while digging holes to trap monsters. Bratsanos was intrigued by his friend's description of the concept, and he wanted to develop it further. He began writing a Commodore PET program, called Suicide, using simple text-based graphics. Due to his lack of programming experience, there were no pre-programmed levels, but he instead built "an engine that could interpret a game level and then run a processing loop on the monsters". This novel design later evolved into the concept of a level editor.[10][11]
At the University of Washington in 1981, Bratsanos met two other students, architecture student Douglas E. Smith and Tracy Steinbeck. Following the release of Nintendo's arcade platformer Donkey Kong that year, the three students began working on a program called Kong, which evolved the concepts of Suicide. Bratsanos later left the project to pursue his studies, and Smith continued to develop Kong[11][10] into the prototype of what later became Lode Runner.[12]Kong was written for a Prime Computer 550minicomputer limited to one building on the UW campus. Kong was soon ported to VAX minicomputers, which had more terminals available on campus. The game was programmed in Fortran using ASCII character graphics. When Kong was ported to the VAX, some Pascal sections were mixed into the original Fortran code.[13]
Over one weekend in 1982, Smith recreated a crude, playable version in 6502assembly language on an Apple II Plus and renamed the game Miner. Through the end of the year, he refined that version, which was black-and-white with no joystick support. He submitted a rough version to Broderbund around October 1982 and received a one-line rejection letter in response to the effect of "Thank you for submitting your game concept. Unfortunately, it does not fit within our product line."[12]
Miner, like its text-based Kong predecessors, had only simple animation where characters move across the screen in block increments. It was too primitive for an acceptable commercial product as Broderbund wanted detailed pixel-level movement.[14] Smith's new game would be one of the first to include a level editor for user generated content, allowing players to create levels for the game.[15] Smith was given a $10,000 advance by Broderbund to develop the inter-square animation and to provide 150 levels of play. In a 2010 interview, game designerJohn Romero claimed that Smith added the level-editing function at the request of neighborhood kids he had testing the game, and "a ton" of the levels they designed ended up in the final game.[15] Smith borrowed money to purchase a color monitor and joystick and continued to improve the game. Around Christmas of 1982, he submitted the game, renamed Lode Runner, to four publishers and received offers from all four: Sierra, Sirius, Synergistic, and Broderbund. He took the deal with Broderbund.[citation needed]
Lode Runner was originally released on June 23, 1983.[1] The original microcomputer versions were for the Apple II, Atari 8-bit computers, VIC-20, Commodore 64, and IBM PC compatibles.[16] The VIC-20 version was released on cartridge, including the level editor. The Commodore 64 had both a disk and cartridge release, with the latter having 32 levels. The IBM PC port was originally on a self-booting disk and is incompatible with video cards other than CGA.[citation needed] A 1986 MS-DOS release runs on any video card.
The Famicom version was released by Hudson Soft in 1984 (North American NES release in 1986) and became one of the earliest third-party games made for that system. It has 50 levels, scrolling screens, added music, and graphics redone in a more cartoon-like style. In addition, fruits and vegetables randomly appear which may be grabbed for additional points. A level editor was included, which in Japan used the Famicom's Family BASIC tape drive to save one's work; however, as with many US localisations, the NES lacked the tape drive and thus there is no way to save levels created with the US release.
An arcade version of Lode Runner was produced by Irem in 1984. It was notably the first time an American computer game was adapted into a Japanese arcade game.[17] It had some added features like the ability to hang off the ends of ladders and an improved enemy AI.
Broderbund released an enhanced version, Championship Lode Runner, in 1985, with 50 levels and a higher difficulty. The company offered a commemorative certificate to anyone who could submit proof of having beaten the game (and submitted proof of purchase to show that their copy of the game was not pirated). It was ported to the Apple, Atari, C64, MSX, and IBM PC, as well as the NES (although that version did not reach North America).
The Atari 8-bit version of Lode Runner was converted to cartridge and re-released by Atari Corporation in 1987, as one of the series of releases for the Atari XEGS console. This version contains all 150 levels and the level editor, which requires a disk drive.
Reception
Lode Runner was very successful. It was Broderbund's second best-selling Commodore game as of late 1987,[19] and sales had surpassed 300,000 copies by August 1984.[20] It was the top-selling computer game in the United States during 1983. By 1985, the game had sold just as many copies in Japan.[17] As of 1999[update], Hudson Soft's Famicom (NES) version had sold about 1.5 million cartridges in Japan and all versions of the game had sold over 3 million units worldwide, including more than 2 million sales in Japan alone.[21]
Softline in 1983 praised Lode Runner, calling it "smooth, thoughtful, and quite addictive". The magazine approved of its large number of unique levels, level editor ("the possibilities are astounding"), and emphasis on "wits and strategy" over violence.[22]Computer Gaming World praised Lode Runner's unusually easy-to-use level editor and the strategy necessary for an arcade title, describing it as "one of the few thinking men's arcade games".[23] In August 1984, Computer Gaming World held a contest for the best reader-built level.[24] Praises for the introduction of strategy into the "climbing game" genre and for the intuitive level editor were repeated in Video magazine's review of the game as well as praise for its graphics and animation, with the Apple II version being described as "stand[ing] out far ahead of the pack".[25]: 39
Ahoy! in 1984 called the game "a top-notch action game that requires both a quick mind and an agile joystick". With the "easy-to-use game generator", the magazine concluded that "Lode Runner is one of the best games available for the C-64. Unconditionally and wholeheartedly recommended".[26]PC Magazine gave the game 16.25 out of 18 points. The magazine called the game "a tour de force of American ingenuity ... the first release in a long, long time that can honestly bear the title, 'computer game' ... Lode Runner uses the power of the PC to create something much more than a video version of Ping Pong. This game requires thought, too." The magazine praised the IBM PC version's graphics, increasingly difficult level design, and the level editor.[27]The Commodore 64 Home Companion said that "there's lots of education hidden in" the level editor, concluding that Lode Runner "is one of the first of a new breed of computer game that lets the player be a creator".[28]
By 1985, the game was still selling well, with Video magazine reporting that it was the 6th best-selling recreational title in March[29]: 35 and April of that year.[30]: 43 Zzap!64 called the Commodore 64 version "not one of the most recent games but certainly one of the best ... a classic for a long time to come ... graphically minuscule and aurally crude, the game's sheer addiction kept my eyes propped open until the owls went to bed".[31] In 1986 Ahoy! described the Commodore 64 version's graphics as "sparse, but attractive" with "evocatively animated" characters.[32]
In 1984, Lode Runner was awarded "1984 Computer Game of the Year" at the 5th annual Arkie Awards. Judges praised its "outstanding design", and described it as "fascinating", "irresistible", and as "the thinking player's climbing conquest".[33]: 28 Softline readers named Lode Runner the most popular Apple and fourth most-popular Atari program of 1983.[34] In 1993 the Spectrum version of the game was voted number 37 in the Your Sinclair Official Top 100 Games of All Time.[35]GameSpot named Lode Runner as one of the "Greatest Games of All Time".[36] In 1996, Computer Gaming World declared Lode Runner the 80th-best computer game ever released.[37]Time in 2010 rated Lode Runner #1 game in "The 10 Greatest Games for the Apple II" list.[38]Game Informer placed the game 52nd on their top 100 video games of all time in 2001.[39]
Orson Scott Card wrote in Compute! in 1989 that its editor was the first game that let him and his family express their creativity through gaming.[40]Tetris designer Alexey Pajitnov stated in 2008 that Lode Runner was his favorite puzzle game for many years.[41]
50 levels, scrolling screens, added music, graphics redone in a more cartoon-like style, fruits and vegetables randomly appear which may be grabbed for additional points, level editor.
Broderbund, Hudson Soft (for Famicom), SEGA (for SG-1000), Sony (for MSX)
A direct sequel with 50 levels edited by fans and intended for expert play. This game was also scheduled to be released in Japan on October 27, 2009 on the Virtual Console.
24 remixed levels from the 150 original 1983 levels but reduced to fit a smaller grid of 24x15. This was also the first time a game had transitioned from a home entertainment console to coin-operated arcade cabinet.
Lode Runner: The Bungeling Strikes Back
1984
Arcade (Coin-operated Jamma board)
Irem
Irem
Consisted of 30 levels, with 10 of these based on the original set.
Lode Runner II
1985
MSX
Douglas E. Smith
Broderbund
MSX version released in 1985 with 50 levels (22 original levels & 28 new levels)
Lode Runner: The Golden Labyrinth (Majin No Fukkatsu)
1985
Arcade (Coin-operated Jamma board)
Irem
Irem
As with the other Irem arcade versions contained 30 levels inspired on the original set.
3-D sequel with dozens of 3-D perspective levels and screen design editor. Computer Gaming World praised the Atari version's graphics but asked "How likely is it that a game with girls, mice, cats, and magic mushrooms should be called 'Lode Runner's Rescue'?" It speculated that the publisher put the series name on an unrelated game.[44]
Lode Runner: Teikoku Karano Dasshutsu
1986
Arcade (Coin-operated Jamma board)
Irem
Irem
As with the other Irem arcade versions contained 30 levels inspired on the original set.
Re-release of Lode Runner NES original & Battle Lode Runner originally for PC Engine.
Lode Runner Mobile
2008
Mobile phone (Java)
Hudson Soft
Living Mobile
Lode Runner iPod
2008
iPod
Hudson Soft
Hudson Soft
Lode Runner was made available for the click-wheel version of Apple's iPod in mid-December 2008 with enhanced, scrolling graphics. It was released by HudsonSoft. It contains 130 levels and several tutorial videos.[46]
Championship Lode Runner
2009
Wii VC
Hudson Soft
Hudson Soft
Re-release of Championship Lode Runner NES original (Japan only)
In 1984, Irem developed an arcade conversion of Lode Runner.[47] It contains 24 remixed levels from the 150 original levels. Irem brought many of its arcade-inspired levels to the Famicom Disk System with the names Super Lode Runner and Super Lode Runner II. In Japan, Game Machine listed Lode Runner on their August 1, 1984 issue as being the most successful table arcade cabinet of the month.[48] The arcade version has numerous sequels, including these:
Lode Runner: The Bungeling Strikes Back (1984), selecting 30 levels based on the original game developed for the arcade. The gameplay is almost exactly the same (save the addition of a two-player mode) and the only heavy modification was the graphics and advancement to a 512-color palette. In Japan, Game Machine listed Lode Runner: The Bungeling Strikes Back on their March 1, 1985 issue as the seventh most successful table arcade unit of the month.[49]
Lode Runner: Majin No Fukkatsu (1985), also known as Lode Runner: The Golden Labyrinth, developed by Irem. In Japan, Game Machine listed it on their December 15, 1985 issue as the top-grossing table arcade unit during that month.[50] It went on to be Japan's ninth highest-grossing table arcade game during the first half of 1986.[51]
Lode Runner: Teikoku Karano Dasshutsu (1986)
Lode Runner: The Dig Fight (2000)
1990s
Lode Runner: The Lost Labyrinth, 1990 updated version for the TurboGrafx-16 featuring all 150 levels of the 1983 set.
Several versions of Lode Runner were not released in the U.S., such as Lode Runner Twin and Power Lode Runner (1999, SFC), which vary gameplay, mostly by adding different characters and scenarios. Another title, Battle Lode Runner, was originally exclusive to Japan, but made available on 23 April 2007 as the first Japan-only game to appear on Nintendo's Virtual Console service.[52] The original Lode Runner followed in June 2007. There is also a Cubic Lode Runner, a 3-D Lode Runner variant released only in Japan for the GameCube and PlayStation 2.[53]
The NES version, developed by Hudson Soft, marked the first appearance of Bombermen as the opposing robots.[54] The end screen to Bomberman for the NES notes that the original White Bomberman has turned human and hints at his appearance in another game, with the Lode Runner behind him. In the Japanese version, the reference is more direct: "Congratulations - Bomber Man becomes Runner - See you again in Lode Runner".
In Japan, the Famicom version of Lode Runner allows editing and creating levels to share with friends using a Famicom Data Recorder.[55]
A remake of Lode Runner, developed by Tozai and Southend Interactive, was released on April 22, 2009. The game features revamped 3D graphics, additional game modes, cooperative and competitive multiplayer support, six new block types and a level editor, as well as live leaderboards and a timeline of the game's history.[58][59]
2010s
Lode Runner Classic was made available as an Xbox Live enhanced game for Windows Phone 7 series of phones on July 18, 2012. It features the graphics, gameplay, and 150 levels from the original Lode Runner game.[60]Lode Runner Classic was released for iOS and Android phones on January 17, 2013.[61]
Lode Runner 1 is a remake of the original NES game, and has the same mechanic, in brand new 2D graphics. It is different to the other same-year release in the series, Lode Runner Legacy. It was released for free on Android, iPhone and iPad on May 18, 2017.[62]
Dion Olsthoorn licensed the original Lode Runner from Tozai to create a version for the Atari 2600.[64] The ZeroPage Homebrew channel featured the gameplay and an interview with the programmer on their Twitch Livestream on October 8, 2022.[65]
Kim Shin-wook Upacara Resmi Tim Korea untuk 'Piala Dunia FIFA 2018 Rusia'Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Kim Shin-wookTanggal lahir 14 April 1988 (umur 35)Tempat lahir Gwacheon, Korea SelatanTinggi 197 cm (6 ft 6 in)Posisi bermain PenyerangInformasi klubKlub saat ini Jeonbuk Hyundai MotorsNomor 9Karier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2009 – 2015 Ulsan Hyundai FC 215 (81)2016 – Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors 68 (17)Tim nasional2010 – Korea Selatan 51 (10) * Penampilan dan gol di ...
Heo JunNama KoreaHangul허준 Hanja許浚 Alih AksaraHeo JunMcCune–ReischauerHŏ ChunNama penaHangul구암 Hanja龜巖 Alih AksaraGuamMcCune–ReischauerKuamNama kehormatanHangul청원 Hanja淸源 Alih AksaraCheong(-)wonMcCune–ReischauerCh'ŏng'wŏn Ini adalah nama Korea; marganya adalah Heo. Heo Jun (허준, 1537/1539–1615) adalah seorang Tabib Istana dari klan Heo Yangcheon selama masa pemerintahan dari Raja Seonjo dari Dinasti Joseon di Korea.[1] Dia diangkat sebagai Tabib Is...
Magic HourSutradaraAsep KusdinarProduser Sukhdev Singh Wicky V. Olindo Ditulis olehTisa T. S.Cerita Sukhdev Singh Tisa T. S. Pemeran Dimas Anggara Michelle Ziudith Rizky Nazar Penata musikJoseph S. DjafarSinematograferGompal H. D. R.PenyuntingWawan I. WibowoPerusahaanproduksiScreenplay FilmsTanggal rilis 13 Agustus 2015 (2015-08-13) (Indonesia) Durasi96 menitNegaraIndonesiaBahasaBahasa Indonesia Magic Hour adalah film drama romantis Indonesia tahun 2015 yang disutradarai oleh A...
قرية بروك الإحداثيات 44°54′04″N 74°10′14″W / 44.9011°N 74.1706°W / 44.9011; -74.1706 [1] تقسيم إداري البلد الولايات المتحدة[2] التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة فرانكلن خصائص جغرافية المساحة 0.750703 كيلومتر مربع0.750702 كيلومتر مربع (1 أبريل 2010) ارتفاع 263 متر عدد السكان &...
Men's individual pursuitat the Games of the XXIX OlympiadVenueLaoshan VelodromeDatesAugust 15 (opening rounds)August 16 (final)Competitors18 from 11 nationsWinning time4:15.977Medalists Bradley Wiggins Great Britain Hayden Roulston New Zealand Steven Burke Great Britain← 2004 Cycling at the2008 Summer OlympicsRoad cyclingRoad racemenwomenTime trialmenwomenTrack cyclingIndividual pursuitmenwomenTeam pursuitmenSprintmenwomenTeam sprintmenPoints racemenwome...
American actor (born 1981) JGL redirects here. For other uses, see JGL (disambiguation). Joseph Gordon-LevittGordon-Levitt in 2019BornJoseph Leonard Gordon-Levitt (1981-02-17) February 17, 1981 (age 43)Los Angeles, California, U.S.EducationColumbia UniversityOccupationsActorfilm directorYears active1988–presentSpouse Tasha McCauley (m. 2014)Children2RelativesMichael Gordon (grandfather)AwardsFull list Joseph Leonard Gordon-Levitt (/ˈlɛvɪt/; born F...
This article was nominated for deletion. The discussion was closed on 2 February 2024 with a consensus to merge the content into the article Scooby-Doo. If you find that such action has not been taken promptly, please consider assisting in the merger instead of re-nominating the article for deletion. To discuss the merger, please use the destination article's talk page. (February 2024) Fictional dog treat in the Scooby Doo cartoons This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or d...
Medical conditionPityriasis amiantaceaOther namesTinea amiantaceaSpecialtyDermatology Pityriasis amiantacea is an eczematous condition of the scalp in which thick tenaciously adherent scale infiltrates and surrounds the base of a group of scalp hairs. It does not result in scarring or alopecia.[1]: 647 Pityriasis amiantacea was first described by Alibert in 1832.[2] Pityriasis amiantacea affects the scalp as shiny asbestos-like (amiantaceus) thick scales...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Oubritenga Province – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Province in Plateau-Central Region, Burkina FasoOubritengaProvinceLocation in Burkina FasoProvincial map of its departmentsCountry ...
New Zealand by-election 1858 Dunedin Country by-election ← 1855 general election 16 June 1858 (1858-06-16) 1860 by-election → Turnout119 Candidate John Parkin Taylor Peter Napier Party Independent Independent Popular vote 73 46 Percentage 61.3% 38.7% MP before election John Cargill Independent Elected MP John Taylor Independent The Dunedin Country by-election 1858 was a by-election held in the multi-member Dunedin Country electorate during the ...
الحرب الميدو بابلية ضد الإمبراطورية الآشورية خريطة للإمبراطورية الآشورية الحديثة عام 824 قبل الميلاد (بالأخضر الغامق) وفي ذروتها عام 671 قبل الميلاد (بالأخضر الفاتح) تحت حكم الملك أسرحدون معلومات عامة التاريخ 626–609 قبل الميلاد الموقع بلاد ما بين النهرين في الشرق الأوسط النت�...
伊斯兰合作组织Organisation of Islamic Cooperation（英語）Organisation de la Coopération Islamique（法語）منظمة التعاون الإسلامي（阿拉伯語） 旗帜格言：To safeguard the interests and ensure the progress and well-being of Muslims 成员国 观察国 暂停会籍行政总部 沙地阿拉伯吉达 官方语言阿拉伯语英语法语类型宗教成员国57个在籍成员国（英语：Member states of the Organisation ...
1997 American filmThe LocustsTheatrical release posterDirected byJohn Patrick KelleyWritten byJohn Patrick KelleyProduced byAdam DuritzCynthia GuidryCharles B. WesslerBeth Holden-GarlandBrad KrevoySteve StablerBradley ThomasStarring Kate Capshaw Jeremy Davies Vince Vaughn Paul Rudd Daniel Meyer Ashley Judd CinematographyPhedon Papamichael Jr.Edited byErica Flaum, Kathryn HimoffMusic byCarter BurwellProductioncompaniesOrion PicturesRenegade FilmsDistributed byMGM Distribution Co.Release date O...
Cục Tài chính doanh nghiệpThành lập1 tháng 10 năm 1999LoạiCơ quan nhà nướcVị thế pháp lýHợp pháp, hoạt độngTrụ sở chínhSố 28 Trần Hưng Đạo, quận Hoàn KiếmVị tríHà Nội Việt NamNgôn ngữ chính Tiếng ViệtCục trưởngBùi Tuấn MinhChủ quảnBộ Tài chính Cục Tài chính doanh nghiệp là cơ quan trực thuộc Bộ Tài chính, có chức năng tham mưu, giúp Bộ trưởng Bộ Tài chính thực hiện quản...
CoastsInformasi latar belakangAsalBristol, EnglandGenreIndie pop, alternative rockLabelCapitol Records, Warner MusicSitus webcoastsband.comAnggotaChris CainesLiam WillfordJames GamageDavid GoulbournBen Street Coasts (band) adalah sebuah band alternative rock yang berasal dari Bristol, Inggris. Mereka beranggotakan Chris Caines (Vokal), Liam Willford (Gitaris), James Gamage (Bass), David Goulbourn (Keyboard) dan Ben Street (Drummer). Single pertama mereka adalah Oceans dan juga A Rush of Blood...
Systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment Part of a series onPsychology Outline History Subfields Basic psychology Abnormal Affective neuroscience Affective science Behavioral genetics Behavioral neuroscience Behaviorism Cognitive/Cognitivism Cognitive neuroscience Social Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Developmental Differential Ecological Evolutionary Experimental Gestalt Intelligence Mathematical Moral Neuropsychology Perception Personality Psycholinguistics ...
English poet, author and critic (1849–1928) Edmund Gosse, by John Singer Sargent, 1886 Sir Edmund William Gosse CB (/ɡɒs/; 21 September 1849 – 16 May 1928) was an English poet, author and critic. He was strictly brought up in a small Protestant sect, the Plymouth Brethren, but broke away sharply from that faith. His account of his childhood in the book Father and Son has been described as the first psychological biography. His friendship with the sculptor Hamo Thornycroft i...
الحرب السعودية الرشيدية جزء من معارك تأسيس المملكة العربية السعودية خريطة الحرب السعودية الرشيدية معلومات عامة التاريخ 1903–1907 الموقع منطقة القصيم جزيرة العرب النتيجة انتصار إمارة الرياض المتحاربون إمارة جبل شمر[ إمارة الرياض القادة عبدالعزيز آل رشيد سلطان بن رشيد فخري �...
Ivan Kelava Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Ivan KelavaTanggal lahir 20 Februari 1988 (umur 36)Tempat lahir Zagreb, SFR YugoslaviaTinggi 1,95 m (6 ft 5 in)Posisi bermain Penjaga gawangInformasi klubKlub saat ini Dinamo ZagrebNomor 30Karier junior1997–2006 Dinamo ZagrebKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2006– Dinamo Zagreb 67 (0)2009–2010 → Lokomotiva (pinjaman) 33 (0)Tim nasional‡2004–2005 Kroasia U-17 15 (0)2006–2007 Kroasia U-19 12 (0)2009 Kroasia U-20 4 (0...
