List of unsolved problems in chemistry

This is a list of unsolved problems in chemistry. Problems in chemistry are considered unsolved when an expert in the field considers it unsolved or when several experts in the field disagree about a solution to a problem.

Physical chemistry problems

Organic chemistry problems

Inorganic chemistry problems

Biochemistry problems

  • Enzyme kinetics: Why do some enzymes exhibit faster-than-diffusion kinetics?[13]
  • Protein folding problem: Is it possible to predict the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of a polypeptide sequence based solely on the sequence and environmental information? Inverse protein-folding problem: Is it possible to design a polypeptide sequence which will adopt a given structure under certain environmental conditions?[4][14] This has been achieved for several small globular proteins in recent years.[15] In 2020, it was announced that Google's AlphaFold, a neural network based on DeepMind artificial intelligence, is capable of predicting a protein's final shape based solely on its amino-acid chain with an accuracy of around 90% on a test sample of proteins used by the team.[16]
  • RNA folding problem: Is it possible to accurately predict the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of a polyribonucleic acid sequence based on its sequence and environment?
  • Protein design: Is it possible to design highly active enzymes de novo for any desired reaction?[17]
  • Biosynthesis: Can desired molecules, natural products or otherwise, be produced in high yield through biosynthetic pathway manipulation?[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ Philip Ball (November 2010). "Would element 137 really spell the end of the periodic table? Philip Ball examines the evidence". Chemistry World. Royal Society of Chemistry.
  2. ^ Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean, eds. (2006). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.
  3. ^ Christensen, J.; Albertus, P.; Sanchez-Carrera, R. S.; Lohmann, T.; Kozinsky, B.; Liedtke, R.; Ahmed, J.; Kojic, A. (2012). "A Critical Review of Li–Air Batteries". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 159 (2): R1. doi:10.1149/2.086202jes.
  4. ^ a b "So much more to know". Science. 309 (5731): 78–102. July 2005. doi:10.1126/science.309.5731.78b. PMID 15994524.
  5. ^ Narayan, Sridhar; Muldoon, John; Finn, M. G.; Fokin, Valery V.; Kolb, Hartmuth C.; Sharpless, K. Barry (2005). ""On Water": Unique Reactivity of Organic Compounds in Aqueous Suspension". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 44 (21): 3275–3279. doi:10.1002/anie.200462883. PMID 15844112.
  6. ^ Ussing R, Singleton A (February 2005). "Isotope effects, dynamics, and the mechanism of solvolysis of aryldiazonium cations in water". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 127 (9): 2888–2889. doi:10.1021/ja043918p. PMID 15740124.
  7. ^ Lowe, Derek (24 Aug 2017). "Electrochemistry For All". In the Pipeline. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  8. ^ Miles, Ned Carter (2023-08-05). "'Endless possibilities': the chemists changing molecules atom by atom". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 2023-08-24.
  9. ^ Potter, Brian. "The Story of Titanium". Construction Physics. Retrieved 2023-08-24. In the 1950s, it was hoped/assumed that a better process for producing titanium sponge would come along to replace the Kroll process, which is a laborious and energy-intensive batch process that must be done in an inert atmosphere. But such a process has never materialized...likewise, turning titanium sponge into metal is an energy and capital-intensive process [that] has also changed little since the 1950s.
  10. ^ Lewars, Errol G. (2008). Modeling Marvels: Computational Anticipation of Novel molecules. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 141–63. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6973-4. ISBN 978-1-4020-6972-7.
  11. ^ Sanz-Pérez, Eloy S.; Murdock, Christopher R.; Didas, Stephanie A.; Jones, Christopher W. (12 October 2016). "Direct Capture of carbon dioxide from Ambient Air". Chemical Reviews. 116 (19): 11840–11876. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00173. PMID 27560307.
  12. ^ Styring, Stenbjörn (21 December 2011). "Artificial photosynthesis for solar fuels". Faraday Discussions. 155 (Advance Article): 357–376. Bibcode:2012FaDi..155..357S. doi:10.1039/C1FD00113B. PMID 22470985.
  13. ^ Hsieh M, Brenowitz M (August 1997). "Comparison of the DNA association kinetics of the Lac repressor tetramer, its dimeric mutant LacIadi, and the native dimeric Gal repressor". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (35): 22092–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.35.22092. PMID 9268351.
  14. ^ King, Jonathan (2007). "MIT OpenCourseWare - 7.88J / 5.48J / 7.24J / 10.543J Protein Folding Problem, Fall 2007 Lecture Notes - 1". MIT OpenCourseWare. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved June 22, 2013.
  15. ^ Dill KA; et al. (June 2008). "The Protein Folding Problem". Annu Rev Biophys. 37: 289–316. doi:10.1146/annurev.biophys.37.092707.153558. PMC 2443096. PMID 18573083.
  16. ^ Callaway, Ewen (2020-11-30). "'It will change everything': DeepMind's AI makes gigantic leap in solving protein structures". Nature. 588 (7837): 203–204. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..203C. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-03348-4. PMID 33257889. S2CID 227243204.
  17. ^ "Principles for designing ideal protein structures. | the Baker Laboratory". Archived from the original on 2013-04-01. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
  18. ^ Peralta-Yahya, Pamela P.; Zhang, Fuzhong; Del Cardayre, Stephen B.; Keasling, Jay D. (2012). "Microbial engineering for the production of advanced biofuels". Nature. 488 (7411): 320–328. Bibcode:2012Natur.488..320P. doi:10.1038/nature11478. PMID 22895337. S2CID 4423203.

Read other articles:

БессаBessas Країна  Франція Регіон Овернь-Рона-Альпи  Департамент Ардеш  Округ Ларжантьєр Кантон Валлон-Пон-д'Арк Код INSEE 07033 Поштові індекси 07150 Координати 44°20′44″ пн. ш. 4°18′11″ сх. д.H G O Висота 153 - 504 м.н.р.м. Площа 17,18 км² Населення 225 (01-2020[1]) Густота 11,47 ос./

2020 studio album by Dolly PartonA Holly Dolly ChristmasStudio album by Dolly PartonReleasedOctober 2, 2020Recorded2009; 2016–2020StudioSound Stage Studios (Nashville)Kent Wells Productions (Franklin)Dark Horse Recording (Franklin)Paragon Studios (Franklin)The Jazz/Pop Sweatshop (Vancouver)Adventure Studios (Nashville)Velvet Apple Studios (Nashville)Little Big Sound (Nashville)Monk Music Studios (East Hampton)Quad Studios (Nashville)Pedernales Recording Studio (Spicewood)GenreChrist...

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أكتوبر_2011) برنامج Wien2Kالشعارمعلومات عامةالمطورون الجامعة التقنية في فيينا موقع الويب susi.theochem.tuwien.ac.at معلومات تقنيةلغة البرمجة Fortran 90 (en) تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي ب

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian. (February 2018) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Italian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wik...

P.S. I Hate Youด้วยรักและหักหลัง别名愛與背叛附註:我恨你类型情節劇编剧Baison Jinatcha Maneesriwong主演妮查潘·查采芃納普洛伊湘普·素帕莎查雅妮·臣姍卡維永瓦蕾·安尼柏爾莎楠查娜·阿芘莎麥蒙空制作国家/地区 泰國语言泰語集数18每集长度44 - 57 分鐘制作制作人Bangpahn Homjan拍攝地點 泰國制作公司GMMTV播出信息 首播频道GMM 25Viu播出国家/地区 �...

Äquatorialguinea Botschaft Äquatorialguineas in Deutschland Logo Staatliche Ebene bilateral Stellung der Behörde Botschaft Aufsichts­behörde(n) Ministerium für auswärtige Angelegenheiten und internationale Zusammenarbeit Bestehen seit 2010 Hauptsitz Deutschland Berlin Botschafter Sisinio Eyebe Mbana Makina Website Botschaft Äquatorialguineas in Deutschland Botschaft Rohlfsstraße 17–19 Die Botschaft Äquatorialguineas in Berlin ist die diplomatische Vertretung der Republik ...

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: On the Turntable 2 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 2000 studio album by Biz MarkieOn the Turntable 2Studio album by Biz MarkieReleasedSeptember 25, 2000Recorded2000GenreHip hopLabelPony Canyon...

Edi SukmoroEdi SukmoroPT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) (direktur utama) ke-23Masa jabatan27 Oktober 2014 – 8 Mei 2020PendahuluIgnasius JonanPenggantiDidiek Hartantyo Informasi pribadiLahir15 Maret 1959 (umur 64)Semarang, Jawa TengahKebangsaanIndonesiaSuami/istriAdriani Sidauruk SukmoroAlma materInstitut Teknologi Bandung University of Melbourne, AustraliaPekerjaanPengusahaSunting kotak info • L • B Edi Sukmoro (lahir 15 Maret 1959) adalah direktur utama PT K...

Sir Henry Tanner CB ISO (1849–1935) was a prominent British architect during the late 19th and early 20th century, working for HM Office of Works. History Birmingham Post Office (1889-91) Central Post Office, Nottingham (1894-98) Tanner was born in St Pancras, London 1849 to Robert Tanner, a master carpenter and Elizabeth Selby. He attended the Royal Academy before gaining work experience on building sites in Wiltshire and Surrey.[1] He joined the practice of architect Anthony S...

Artikel ini mengenai sebuah kota di Polandia. Untuk grup musik new wave silakan lihat The Police PolicePolice BenderaLambang kebesaranCountry PolandiaVoivodeshipProvinsi ZachodniopomorskieCountyPowiat PoliceGminaGmina PolicePemerintahan • MayorWładysław DiakunLuas • Total36,84 km2 (1,422 sq mi)Populasi (2006) • Total34.284 • Kepadatan9,3/km2 (24/sq mi)Zona waktuUTC+1 (CET) • Musim panas (DST)UTC+2 (CES...

For Shyamnagar in India, see Shyamnagar, West Bengal Upazila in Khulna, BangladeshShyamnagar শ্যামনগরUpazilaSundarbans in Shyamnagar UpazilaCoordinates: 22°19.8′N 89°6.2′E / 22.3300°N 89.1033°E / 22.3300; 89.1033Country BangladeshDivisionKhulnaDistrictSatkhiraArea • Total1,968.23 km2 (759.94 sq mi) • Rank1st in BangladeshPopulation (2011) • Total318,254 • Density160/km2 (42...

Hillel Oppenheimer Hillel Oppenheimer (Ibrani: הלל אופנהיימר, nama lahir 'Heinz Reinhard Oppenheimer' 4 April 1899 – 15 Juni 1971[1][2]), adalah seorang profesor botani asal Israel. Biografi Oppenheimer lahir di Berlin, Jerman pada 1899. Ayahnya adalah Franz Oppenheimer, seorang sosiolog dan ekonom politik Yahudi-Jerman. Antara 1917 dan 1922, Oppenheimer belajar botani di universitas-universitas di Berlin, Frankfurt dan Freiburg di Jerman dan di...

The 1971 National Formula Ford Driver to Europe Series was an Australian motor racing competition open to Formula Ford racing cars.[1][2] It was the second annual Australian series for Formula Fords.[1] The series was won by Larry Perkins driving an Elfin 600.[1] Schedule Larry Perkins won the series driving an Elfin 600 similar to that pictured above The series was contested over twelve rounds.[1] Round[1] Circuit[1] State Date Round wi...

South Korean television series Risky RomancePromotional posterHangul사생결단 로맨스 GenreMedical dramaRomanceCreated bySon Hyung-seok [ko] for MBCWritten byKim Nam-heeHeo Seung-minDirected byLee Chang-hanStarringJi Hyun-wooLee Si-youngKim Jin-yeopYoon Joo-heeCountry of originSouth KoreaOriginal languageKoreanNo. of episodes32[a]ProductionExecutive producersJung Tae-sang[2]Lim Sung-gyunCamera setupSingle-cameraRunning time35 minutes[a]Production comp...

E-4 «Nightwatch» E-4B в полёте Тип воздушный командный пункт Производитель Boeing Первый полёт 13 июня 1973 года Начало эксплуатации 1974 год Статус на вооружении Эксплуатанты ВВС США Единиц произведено 4 Стоимость единицы US$ 223 миллиона в 1999 году[1] Базовая модель Boeing 747 Варианты Boeing V...

Aspect of history The history of Mumbai under Islamic rule began in 1348 and continued until 1534. History The Haji Ali Dargah in Bombay, built in 1431, by a Muslim saint named Haji Ali, when Mumbai was under Islamic rule. From 1348 to 1391, the islands were under the Muzaffarid dynasty. In 1391, shortly after the establishment of the Gujarat Sultanate, Muzaffar Shah I was appointed viceroy of north Konkan.[1] For the administration of Bombay islands, he appointed a governor for Mahim...

Northern Irish motorcycle racer (1952–2000) Joey Dunlop OBEDunlop at the TT racesNationalityBritishBorn(1952-02-25)25 February 1952Unshinagh,[1] County Antrim, Northern IrelandDied2 July 2000(2000-07-02) (aged 48)Tallinn, EstoniaBike number3 Motorcycle racing career statistics Isle of Man TT careerTTs contested102 (1976–2000) TT wins26First TT win1977 Jubilee ClassicLast TT win2000 Ultra-Lightweight 125 TTTT podiums40 Dunlop on a Honda RS125 exiting the Gooseneck, a bend...

Former Leader of the UK Independence Party The Right HonourableThe Lord Pearson of RannochParliamentary portrait, 2019Leader of the UK Independence PartyIn office27 November 2009 – 2 September 2010DeputyDavid Campbell BannermanThe Viscount Monckton of BrenchleyPreceded byNigel FarageSucceeded byJeffrey Titford (acting)Member of the House of LordsLord TemporalIncumbentAssumed office 19 June 1990Life Peerage Personal detailsBornMalcolm Everard MacLaren Pearson (1942-07-20) 20 Jul...

Historic house in Delaware, United States United States historic placeOkolonaU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of DelawareShow map of the United StatesLocation1321 Shallcross Lake Road in St. Georges Hundred, near Middletown, DelawareCoordinates39°28′35″N 75°41′31″W / 39.47627°N 75.6919°W / 39.47627; -75.6919Area10 acres (4.0 ha)Built1866 (1866)Architectural styleItalianateMPSRebuilding St. Georges Hundred 1850-1880 TRNRHP...

UFC mixed martial arts event in 2019 UFC 234: Adesanya vs. SilvaThe poster for UFC 234: Adesanya vs. SilvaInformationPromotionUltimate Fighting ChampionshipDateFebruary 10, 2019 (2019-02-10)VenueRod Laver ArenaCityMelbourne, AustraliaAttendance15,238[1]Total gate$2,470,088[1]Buyrate175,000[2]Event chronology UFC Fight Night: Assunção vs. Moraes 2 UFC 234: Adesanya vs. Silva UFC on ESPN: Ngannou vs. Velasquez UFC 234: Adesanya vs. Silva was a mixed mart...