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The primates of Colombia include 41 extant species in 13 genera and five families.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Additionally, 12 fossil species in 10 genera and five families have been identified in Colombia, mainly at the La Venta Lagerstätte of the Honda Group, mostly from the so-called "Monkey Unit", "Monkey Beds" or "Monkey Locality",^[5] the richest site for fossil primates in South America.^[6] As of 2013, of the 30 fossil primate species found in South America dating to the Late Oligocene (26 Ma) to the Pleistocene, twelve are described from the Honda Group. The genera Branisella, Caipora, Carlocebus, Chilecebus, Dolichocebus, Homunculus, Killikaike, Mazzonicebus, Proteropithecia, Protopithecus, Soriacebus, Szalatavus and Tremacebus have been discovered in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador and Peru and are not known from Colombia. Additionally, Antillothrix, Insulacebus (both Hispaniola), Paralouatta (Cuba) and Xenothrix (Jamaica) were restricted to the Caribbean.^[7] The discovery of Perupithecus, described in 2015 from the Late Eocene (35-36 Ma) Santa Rosa fauna in the Yahuarango Formation of the Peruvian Amazon, pushes back the evolutionary lineage of New World primates.^[8]

Extant primates

Common name	Scientific name	Distribution & habitat	Remarks	Notes
Aotidae - night monkeys
Brumback's night monkey	Aotus brumbacki	Orinoco region	ssp. of A. lemurinus ?; Vulnerable	^[2]
Gray-bellied night monkey	Aotus lemurinus	Tropical Andes	Vulnerable	^[2]
Gray-handed night monkey	Aotus griseimembra	Northern Colombia east of Sinú River	ssp. of A. lemurinus ?; Vulnerable	^[2]
Hernández-Camacho's night monkey	Aotus jorgehernandezi	West slope of Central Andes (Quindío, Risaralda)	Tatamá (West Andes) ?	^[9]
Panamanian night monkey	Aotus zonalis	Chocó lowlands	ssp. of A. lemurinus ?	^[2]
Spix's night monkey	Aotus vociferans	Amazon region		^[2]
Atelidae - howler, spider, and wooly monkeys
Black-headed spider monkey	Ateles fusciceps	West slope of West Andes, Pacific lowlands	Critically endangered	^[1]
Brown spider monkey	Ateles hybridus	Magdalena Valley, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Serranía del Perijá	Critically endangered	^[1]
Brown woolly monkey	Lagothrix lagotricha	Amazon region	Vulnerable	^[2]
Colombian woolly monkey	Lagothrix lugens	East Andes foothills, Serranía de la Macarena, Magdalena Valley, Serranía de San Lucas	Critically endangered; Endemic ?	^[1]^[10]
Geoffroy's spider monkey	Ateles geoffroyi	Possibly extreme northern Chocó to Baudó Mountains	Endangered	^[1]
Juruá red howler	Alouatta juara	Amazon region	may be subspecies of A. seniculus	^[11]
Mantled howler	Alouatta palliata	Pacific lowlands, western Caribbean lowlands		^[2]
Ursine howler	Alouatta arctoidea	Northern Orinoco region	may be subspecies of A. seniculus	^[12]
Venezuelan red howler	Alouatta seniculus	Throughout except Pacific & La Guajira		^[2]
White-bellied spider monkey	Ateles belzebuth	Parts of Amazon region, Serranía de la Macarena, foothills of East Andes	Endangered	^[1]
Callitrichidae - marmosets & tamarins
Black-mantled tamarin	Saguinus nigricollis	Amazon region		^[3]
Brown-mantled tamarin	Saguinus fuscicollis	Amazon region	Sympatric with pygmy marmoset	^[3]
Cotton-top tamarin	Saguinus oedipus	Caribbean region, PNN Tayrona	Critically endangered; Endemic	^[1]
Geoffroy's tamarin	Saguinus geoffroyi	Chocó lowlands and foothill forest		^[3]
Goeldi's marmoset	Callimico goeldii	Amazon region	Vulnerable	^[2]
Graells's tamarin	Saguinus graellsi	Amazon region	ssp. of S. nigricollis ?; Near threatened	^[3]
Mottle-faced tamarin	Saguinus inustus	Amazon region		^[3]
Pygmy marmoset	Cebuella pygmaea	Amazon region		^[2]
White-footed tamarin	Saguinus leucopus	Northern Colombia; dry and humid forest	Allopatry from S. oedipus; Endangered; Endemic	^[1]
Cebidae - capuchins & squirrel monkeys
Colombian white-faced capuchin	Cebus capucinus	Pacific lowlands, Gorgona Island	Map shows combined range of Colombian and Panamanian white-faced capuchins; Colombian white-faced capuchin range shown in red	^[3]^[13]
Common squirrel monkey	Saimiri sciureus	Amazon region	Subsequent taxonomic research restricts S. sciureus to Brazil and the Guianas; replaced in Colombia by S. cassiquiarensis	^[2]^[14]
Humboldt's squirrel monkey	Saimiri cassiquiarensis	Amazon region		^[14]
Large-headed capuchin	Sapajus macrocephalus	Amazon region	may be ssp. of S. apella	^[15]
Marañón white-fronted capuchin	Cebus yuracus	Southern Colombia		^[13]
Río Cesar white-fronted capuchin	Cebus cesarae	Río Cesar valley	Endemic	^[16]^[13]
Santa Marta white-fronted capuchin	Cebus malitiosus	Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta	Endangered; Endemic	^[17]
Sierra de Perijá white-fronted capuchin	Cebus leucocephalus	Northern Colombia		^[13]
Tufted capuchin	Cebus apella	Amazon region, Orinoco region		^[3]
Varied white-fronted capuchin	Cebus versicolor	Río Magdalena Valley	Endangered; Endemic	^[13]^[18]
Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin	Cebus albifrons	Amazon region	Several white-fronted capuchin species were formerly considered subspecies of C. albifrons	^[1]^[2]^[3]^[13]
Pitheciidae - titis, sakis & uakaris
Black titi	Callicebus lugens	Orinoco & Amazon lowlands, between Caquetá & Tomo Rivers		^[2]
Caquetá titi	Callicebus caquetensis	Caquetá	Critically endangered; Endemic geographic range of just about 100 km² (39 sq mi), actually occupies only about 10 km² (3.9 sq mi) within that range	^[1]^[19]
Collared titi	Callicebus torquatus	Amazon region		^[2]
Colombian black-handed titi	Callicebus medemi	Amazon region, between Caquetá & Putumayo Rivers	Vulnerable; Endemic	^[2]
Golden-backed uakari	Cacajao melanocephalus	Between Caquetá & Guaviare Rivers, to Serranía de la Macarena		^[2]
Lucifer titi	Callicebus lucifer	Amazon region, between Caquetá & Putumayo Rivers		^[2]
Monk saki	Pithecia monachus	Amazon region, south of Caquetá River		^[1]^[3]
Ornate titi	Callicebus ornatus	East Andean foothills to Serranía de la Macarena	Vulnerable; Endemic	^[2]
White-tailed titi	Callicebus discolor	Amazon region	Vulnerable	^[2]

Fossil primates

Age	Formation	Family	Genus	Species	Notes
Mid Miocene (Laventan)	Honda Group	Aotidae	Aotus	A. dindensis	^[20]^[21]
		Atelidae	Miocallicebus	M. villaviejai	^[22]^[23]^[24]
			Stirtonia	S. tatacoensis (syn. Kondous laventicus)	^[22]^[25]^[26]^[27]
			Stirtonia	S. victoriae	^[22]^[25]^[28]
		Callitrichidae	Lagonimico	L. conclucatus	^[22]^[25]^[29]
			Micodon	M. kiotensis	^[22]^[30]^[31]
			Patasola	P. magdalenae	^[22]^[25]^[32]
		Cebidae	Saimiri	S. annectens (syn. Laventiana annectens, Neosaimiri annectens)	^[22]^[25]^[33]^[34]
		Cebidae	Saimiri	S. fieldsi (syn. Neosaimiri fieldsi)	^[22]^[25]^[35]
		Pitheciidae	Cebupithecia	C. sarmientoi	^[22]^[25]^[36]^[37]
		Pitheciidae	Nuciruptor	N. rubricae	^[22]^[25]^[38]^[39]
		incertae sedis (Callitrichidae, Pitheciidae or Aotidae)	Mohanamico	M. hershkovitzi	^[22]^[25]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Defler, 2004, p.84
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Defler, 2004, p.85
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Defler, 2004, p.86
^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species".
^ Monkey Locality in the Paleobiology Database
^ Rosenberger & Hartwig, 2001, p.3
^ Tejedor, 2013, pp.34–35
^ Bond et al., 2015, p.540
^ Hernández-Camacho's night monkey range - IUCN Red List
^ Stevenson, P.R.; Link, A.; Guzmán-Caro, D.C. (2021). "Lagothrix lagothricha ssp. lugens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39926A192308084. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39926A192308084.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ Juruá Howler range - IUCN Red List
^ Ursine Howler range - IUCN Red List
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Mittermeier, Russell A. & Rylands, Anthony B. (2013). Mittermeier, Russell A.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Wilson, Don E. (eds.). Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Volume 3, Primates. Lynx. pp. 407–413. ISBN 978-8496553897.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b Mittermeier, Russell A. & Rylands, Anthony B. (2013). Mittermeier, Russell A.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Wilson, Don E. (eds.). Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Volume 3, Primates. Lynx. pp. 391–396. ISBN 978-8496553897.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Large-headed capuchin range - IUCN Red List
^ Link, A.; Boubli, J.P.; Lynch, J.W. (2021). "Cebus cesarae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T4082A195995295. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T4082A195995295.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ Link, A.; Boubli, J.P.; Lynch Alfaro, J.W. (2020). "Cebus malitiosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T4084A81282214. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T4084A81282214.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ Link, A.; Boubli, J.P.; Lynch Alfaro, J.W. (2021). "Cebus versicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39952A81282279. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39952A81282279.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ Defler, Thomas R.; Bueno, Marta; Garcia, Javier (2010). "Callicebus caquetensis: A New and Critically Endangered Titi Monkey from Southern Caquetá, Colombia". Primate Conservation. 25: 1–9. doi:10.1896/052.025.0101. S2CID 83583912. 136211.
^ Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1988
^ Aotus dindensis in the Paleobiology Database
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Tejedor, 2013, p.22
^ Takai et al., 2001
^ Miocallicebus villaviejai in the Paleobiology Database
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Croft, 2007, p.301
^ Stirtonia tatacoensis in the Paleobiology Database
^ Setoguchi, 1985
^ Stirtonia victoriae in the Paleobiology Database
^ Lagonimico conclucatus in the Paleobiology Database
^ Defler, 2004, p.32
^ Micodon kiotensis in the Paleobiology Database
^ Patasola magdalenae in the Paleobiology Database
^ Rosenberger et al., 1991
^ Neosaimiri annectens in the Paleobiology Database
^ Neosaimiri fieldsi in the Paleobiology Database
^ Organ & Lemelin, 2011
^ Cebupithecia sarmientoi in the Paleobiology Database
^ Meldrum & Kay, 1997
^ Nuciruptor rubricae in the Paleobiology Database

Bibliography

Bond, Mariano; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Campbell Jr., Kenneth E.; Chornogubsky, Laura; Novo, Nelson; Goin, Francisco (2015), "Eocene primates of South America and the African origins of New World monkeys", Nature, 520 (7548): 538–546, Bibcode:2015Natur.520..538B, doi:10.1038/nature14120, hdl:11336/79088, PMID 25652825, S2CID 4456556
Croft, Darin A (2007), "The Middle Miocene (Laventan) Quebrada Honda Fauna, southern Bolivia and a description of its Notoungulates", Palaeontology, 50: 277–303, doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00610.x
Defler, Thomas (2004), Historia natural de los primates colombianos (PDF), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, pp. 1–613, retrieved 2017-09-24
Kay, Richard F (1994), ""Giant" tamarin from the Miocene of Colombia", Physical Anthropology, 95 (3): 333–353, doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330950305, PMID 7856767
Meldrum, D.J.; Kay, R.F. (1997), "Nuciruptor rubricae, a new pitheciin seed predator from the Miocene of Colombia", American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 102 (3): 407–427, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199703)102:3<407::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-R, PMID 9098507, retrieved 2017-09-24
Organ, Jason M.; Lemelin, Pierre (2011), "Tail Architecture and Function of Cebupithecia sarmientoi, a Middle Miocene Platyrrhine from La Venta, Colombia", The Anatomical Record, 294 (12): 2013–2023, doi:10.1002/ar.21504, PMID 22042718
Rosenberger, Alfred L.; Hartwig, Walter Carl (2001), "New World Monkeys" (PDF), Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, _: 1–4, retrieved 2017-09-24
Rosenberger, A.L.; Setoguchi, T.; Hartwig, W.C. (1991), "Laventiana annectens, new genus and species: fossil evidence for the origins of callitrichine New World monkeys", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 88 (6): 2137–2140, Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.2137R, doi:10.1073/pnas.88.6.2137, PMC 51184, PMID 1900937
Setoguchi, Takeshi; Rosenberger, Alfred L. (1988), "A fossil owl monkey from La Venta, Colombia" (PDF), Kyoto University Overseas Research Reports of New World Monkeys, 6 (6114): 1–6, Bibcode:1987Natur.326..692S, doi:10.1038/326692a0, hdl:2433/199638, PMID 3561511, S2CID 1420818, retrieved 2017-09-24
Setoguchi, T (1985), "Kondous laventicus, a new ceboid primate from the Miocene of the La Venta, Colombia, South America", Folia Primatol, 44 (2): 96–101, doi:10.1159/000156200, PMID 4043876
Takai, Masanaru; Anaya, Federico; Suzuki, Hisashi; Shigehara, Nobuo; Setoguchi, Takeshi (2001), "A New Platyrrhine from the Middle Miocene of La Venta, Colombia, and the Phyletic Position of Callicebinae", Anthropological Science, 109 (4): 289–307, doi:10.1537/ase.109.289, retrieved 2017-09-24
Tejedor, Marcelo F (2013), "Sistemática, evolución y paleobiogeografía de los primates Platyrrhini" (PDF), Revista del Museo de La Plata, 20: 20–39, retrieved 2017-09-24
Wheeler, Brandon (2010), "Community ecology of the Middle Miocene primates of La Venta, Colombia: the relationship between ecological diversity, divergence time, and phylogenetic richness" (PDF), Primates, 51 (2): 131–138, doi:10.1007/s10329-009-0181-y, PMID 20037832, S2CID 2232287

[Defler_p84-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Defler, 2004, p.84

[Defler_p85-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Defler, 2004, p.85

[Defler_p86-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Defler, 2004, p.86

[4] "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species".

[PDBMonkeyLocality-5] Monkey Locality in the Paleobiology Database

[Rosenberger2001_p3-6] Rosenberger & Hartwig, 2001, p.3

[Tejedor2013_pp34_35-7] Tejedor, 2013, pp.34–35

[Bond2015_p540-8] Bond et al., 2015, p.540

[IUCNAotusJorgeHernandezi-9] Hernández-Camacho's night monkey range - IUCN Red List

[IUCNLagothrixLugens-10] Stevenson, P.R.; Link, A.; Guzmán-Caro, D.C. (2021). "Lagothrix lagothricha ssp. lugens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39926A192308084. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39926A192308084.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.

[IUCNJuruaHowler-11] Juruá Howler range - IUCN Red List

[IUCNUrsineHowler-12] Ursine Howler range - IUCN Red List

[handbook-13] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Mittermeier, Russell A. & Rylands, Anthony B. (2013). Mittermeier, Russell A.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Wilson, Don E. (eds.). Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Volume 3, Primates. Lynx. pp. 407–413. ISBN 978-8496553897.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[handbook2-14] Mittermeier, Russell A. & Rylands, Anthony B. (2013). Mittermeier, Russell A.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Wilson, Don E. (eds.). Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Volume 3, Primates. Lynx. pp. 391–396. ISBN 978-8496553897.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[IUCNLargeHeadedCapuchin-15] Large-headed capuchin range - IUCN Red List

[IUCNRioCesarWhiteFrontedCapuchin-16] Link, A.; Boubli, J.P.; Lynch, J.W. (2021). "Cebus cesarae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T4082A195995295. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T4082A195995295.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.

[IUCNSantaMartaWhiteFrontedCapuchin-17] Link, A.; Boubli, J.P.; Lynch Alfaro, J.W. (2020). "Cebus malitiosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T4084A81282214. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T4084A81282214.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.

[18] Link, A.; Boubli, J.P.; Lynch Alfaro, J.W. (2021). "Cebus versicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39952A81282279. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39952A81282279.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.

[titi-19] Defler, Thomas R.; Bueno, Marta; Garcia, Javier (2010). "Callicebus caquetensis: A New and Critically Endangered Titi Monkey from Southern Caquetá, Colombia". Primate Conservation. 25: 1–9. doi:10.1896/052.025.0101. S2CID 83583912. 136211.

[SetoguchiRosenberger-20] Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1988

[PDBAotusDindensis-21] Aotus dindensis in the Paleobiology Database

[Tejedor_p22-22] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Tejedor, 2013, p.22

[Takai-23] Takai et al., 2001

[PDBMiocallicebus-24] Miocallicebus villaviejai in the Paleobiology Database

[Croft2007_p301-25] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Croft, 2007, p.301

[PDBStirtoniaTatacoensis-26] Stirtonia tatacoensis in the Paleobiology Database

[Setoguchi-27] Setoguchi, 1985

[PDBStirtoniaVictoriae-28] Stirtonia victoriae in the Paleobiology Database

[PDBLagonimico-29] Lagonimico conclucatus in the Paleobiology Database

[Defler_p32-30] Defler, 2004, p.32

[PDBMicodonKiotensis-31] Micodon kiotensis in the Paleobiology Database

[PDBPatasolaMagdalenae-32] Patasola magdalenae in the Paleobiology Database

[Rosenberg1991-33] Rosenberger et al., 1991

[PDBNeosaimiriAnnectens-34] Neosaimiri annectens in the Paleobiology Database

[PDBNeosaimiriFieldsi-35] Neosaimiri fieldsi in the Paleobiology Database

[Organ-36] Organ & Lemelin, 2011

[PDBCebupithecia-37] Cebupithecia sarmientoi in the Paleobiology Database

[MeldrumKay-38] Meldrum & Kay, 1997

[PDBNuciruptor-39] Nuciruptor rubricae in the Paleobiology Database

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

List of primates of Colombia

Extant primates

Fossil primates

See also

References

Bibliography

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