List of presidents of Peru

This is a list of those who have served as President of the Republic of Peru (head of state and head of government of Peru) from its establishment to the present. The office was established by the 1822 Constituent Congress, after the resignation of José de San Martín to his position as Protector of Peru and his subsequent departure from the country.

The first president was José de la Riva Agüero and the current officeholder is Dina Boluarte, the first woman to hold the position. In the history of the position, there has been a series of political crises, caudillos, barracks revolt, civil wars, death of the incumbent, coups d'état, parliamentary attempts to remove the presidency,[1] one self-coup, and vacancies dictated by the congress. The list is based on the work of the historian Jorge Basadre, constitutions, laws, and decrees in each case.

Even though they were not presidents, the list includes the Libertadores San Martín and Simón Bolívar due to their historical relevance in the independence of Peru and its consolidation.

Presidents

Political parties:

Far-right:   Revolutionary Union (Unión Revolucionaria, UR)

Right wing:   Civilista Party (Partido Civil, PC)   Fujimorism (Cambio 90/ Let's Go Neighbor)   Constitutional Party (Partido Constitucional)   Reformist Democratic Party (Partido Democrático Reformista)   Peruvian Democratic Movement (Movimiento Democrático Peruano, MDP)   National Democratic Front (Frente Democrático Nacional)

Centre-right:   Peruvians for Change (Peruanos Por el Kambio, PPK)

Centrist:   Popular Action (Acción Popular, AP)   Possible Peru (Perú Posible, PP)   Purple Party (Partido Morado, PM)

Centre-left:   Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata, PD)   Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano, APRA)

Left wing:   Peruvian Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista Peruano, PNP)

Far-left:   Free Peru (Perú Libre, PL)

Others:   Independent   Military

  UR (2)   PC (9)   C90/VV (1)   PC (4)   PDR (1)   MDP (2)   PPK (1)   AP (4)   PP (1)

  PM (1)   PD (2)   APRA (2)   FDN (1)   PNP (1)   PL (1)   Ind. (6)   Military (16)

No. Portrait President
(Birth–Death)
Term of office Time in office Party Election Vice President
Took office Left office
José de San Martín
(1778–1850)
[2][a]
3 August 1821 20 September 1822 1 year, 48 days Independent N/A None
1 José de la Riva Agüero
(1783–1858)
[2]
28 February 1823 23 June 1823 115 days Military [b][3] None
2 José Bernardo de Tagle
(1779–1825)
[2][c]
16 August 1823 10 February 1824 178 days Military [b][5] None
1823[6] Diego de Aliaga y Santa Cruz[7]
Simón Bolívar
(1783–1830)
[2][d]
10 February 1824 27 January 1827 2 years, 351 days Independent [b][8] None
3 José de La Mar
(1776–1830)
[2]
10 June 1827 7 June 1829 1 year, 362 days Military 1827[9] Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano
4 Agustín Gamarra
(1785–1841)
[2]
7 June 1829 19 December 1833 4 years, 195 days Military Coup d'état Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente
1829[10]
5 Luis José de Orbegoso
(1795–1847)
[11]
21 December 1833 25 February 1835 1 year, 66 days Military 1833[12] None
Felipe Salaverry
(1805–1836)
[e][13]
25 February 1835 7 February 1836 347 days Military Coup d'état[14] None
6 Agustín Gamarra
(1785–1841)
[15]
20 January 1839[16] 18 November 1841 (†) 2 years, 302 days Military Open Cabildo[17][18] Manuel Menéndez (1840–1841)
President of the Council of State

Justo Figuerola (1840–1841)
1º Vice President of the Council of State

Juan Francisco de Vidal (1840–1841)
2º Vice President of the Council of State
1839[17]
1840[19]
7 Manuel Menéndez
(1793–1847)
[f][15]
18 November 1841 16 August 1842 271 days Independent [20] Justo Figuerola
1º Vice President of the Council of State
Juan Francisco de Vidal
2º Vice President of the Council of State
8 Juan Francisco de Vidal
(1800–1863)
[15]
20 October 1842 15 March 1843 146 days Military [20][21][22] None
Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco
(1806–1873)
[g][15]
27 March 1843 17 June 1844 1 year, 82 days Military Coup d'état None
10 Manuel Menéndez
(1793–1847)
[f][15]
7 October 1844 20 April 1845 195 days Independent Restored to office[23] None
11 Ramón Castilla
(1797–1867)
[24]
20 April 1845 20 April 1851 6 years Military 1845[25][26] None
12 José Rufino Echenique
(1808–1887)
[24]
20 April 1851 5 January 1855 3 years, 260 days Military 1851[27] None
13 Ramón Castilla
(1797–1867)
[24]
5 January 1855 24 October 1862 7 years, 292 days Military Coup d'état[28] (As Prime Minister)
1858[29] Juan Manuel del Mar
14 Miguel de San Román
(1802–1863)
[24]
24 October 1862 3 April 1863 (†) 161 days Military 1862 Juan Antonio Pezet
Pedro Diez Canseco
15 Juan Antonio Pezet
(1809–1879)
[24]
5 August 1863 8 November 1865 2 years, 95 days Military Pedro Diez Canseco
16 Mariano Ignacio Prado
(1825–1901)
[h][24]
28 November 1865 7 January 1868 2 years, 40 days Military Coup d'état
[30][31]
None
1867[32]
17 Pedro Diez Canseco Corbacho
(1815–1893)
[33]
7 January 1868 2 August 1868 208 days Military None
18 José Balta
(1814–1872)
[33]
2 August 1868 22 July 1872 3 years, 355 days Military 1868[34] Mariano Herencia Zevallos
Francisco Diez-Canseco
Tomás Gutiérrez
(1817–1872)
[i][33]
22 July 1872 26 July 1872 4 days Military Coup d'état None
19 Mariano Herencia Zevallos
(1820–1873)
[33]
27 July 1872 2 August 1872 6 days Civilista Party None
20 Manuel Pardo y Lavalle
(1834–1878)
[33]
2 August 1872 2 August 1876 4 years, 0 days Civilista Party 1872[35] Manuel Costas Arce
2.º Francisco Garmendia Puértolas
21 Mariano Ignacio Prado
(1825–1901)
[33]
2 August 1876 18 December 1879 3 years, 138 days Civilista Party 1876[36] Luis La Puerta
2º José Francisco Canevaro
22 Luis La Puerta
(1811–1896)
[33]
18 December 1879 23 December 1879 5 days Military José Francisco Canevaro
23 Nicolás de Piérola
(1839–1913)
[j][33]
23 December 1879 28 December 1881 2 years, 5 days Independent Open cabildo[37] None
24 Francisco García Calderón
(1834–1905)
[38]
12 March 1881 6 November 1881 239 days Independent [k] Lizardo Montero
Andrés Avelino Cáceres
25 Lizardo Montero
(1832–1905)
[38]
28 September 1881 28 October 1883 2 years, 30 days Civilista Party None
26 Miguel Iglesias
(1830–1909)
[38]
30 December 1882 3 December 1885 2 years, 338 days Military 1882[39] None
1884[40][41]
27 Andrés Avelino Cáceres
(1836–1923)
[38][42]
3 June 1886 10 August 1890 4 years, 68 days Constitutional Party 1886 Remigio Morales Bermúdez
Aurelio Denegri
28 Remigio Morales Bermúdez
(1836–1894)
[42]
10 August 1890 1 April 1894 (†) 3 years, 234 days Constitutional Party 1890 Pedro Alejandrino del Solar
Justiniano Borgoño
29 Justiniano Borgoño
(1836–1921)
[43]
1 April 1894 10 August 1894 131 days Constitutional Party None
30 Andrés Avelino Cáceres
(1836–1923)
[43]
10 August 1894 20 March 1895 222 days Constitutional Party 1894 César Canevaro
Cesáreo Chacaltana
31 Nicolás de Piérola
(1839–1913)
[43]
8 September 1895 8 September 1899 4 years Democratic Party 1895 Guillermo Billinghurst
Augusto Seminario y Váscones
32 Eduardo López de Romaña
(1847–1912)
[43]
8 September 1899 8 September 1903 4 years Civilista Party 1899 Isaac Alzamora
2.º Federico Bresani
33 Manuel Candamo
(1841–1904)
[43]
8 September 1903 7 May 1904 (†) 242 days Civilista Party 1903 1.º Lino Alarco (†)
2.º Serapio Calderón
34 Serapio Calderón
(1843–1922)
[43]
7 May 1904 24 September 1904 140 days Civilista Party None
35 José Pardo y Barreda
(1864–1947)
[44]
24 September 1904 24 September 1908 4 years Civilista Party 1904 1.º José Salvador Cavero Ovalle
Vacant
36 Augusto Leguía
(1863–1932)
[44]
24 September 1908 24 September 1912 4 years Civilista Party 1908 Eugenio Larrabure y Unanue
Belisario Sosa
37 Guillermo Billinghurst
(1851–1915)
[44]
24 September 1912 4 February 1914 1 year, 133 days Democratic Party 1912 Roberto Leguía
Miguel Echenique
38 Óscar Benavides
(1876–1945)
[l][44]
4 February 1914 18 August 1915 1 year, 195 days Military Coup d'état
[45]
None
39 José Pardo y Barreda
(1864–1947)
[44]
18 August 1915 4 July 1919 3 years, 320 days Civilista Party 1915 Ricardo Bentín Sánchez
2.º Melitón Carvajal
40 Augusto Leguía
(1863–1932)
[44]
4 July 1919 25 August 1930 11 years, 52 days Reformist Democratic Party Coup d'état César Canevaro
(1919–1920)
2.º Agustín de la Torre González
(1919–1920)
1919
1924
1929
Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
(1889–1933)
[m][46]
27 August 1930 1 March 1931 186 days Revolutionary Union Coup d'état None
David Samanez Ocampo
(1865–1947)
[n]
11 March 1931 8 December 1931 272 days Democratic Party [o] None
41 Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
(1889–1933)
[46]
8 December 1931 30 April 1933 (†) 1 year, 143 days Revolutionary Union 1931 None
42 Óscar Benavides
(1876–1945)
[47]
30 April 1933 8 December 1939 6 years, 222 days Military [o] Ernesto Montagne Markholz
Antonio Rodríguez Ramírez
43 Manuel Prado Ugarteche
(1889–1967)
[48][49]
8 December 1939 28 July 1945 5 years, 232 days Peruvian Democratic Movement 1939 Rafael Larco Herrera
Carlos D. Gibson
44 José Luis Bustamante y Rivero
(1894–1989)
[50]
28 July 1945 29 October 1948 3 years, 93 days National Democratic Front 1945 José Gálvez Barrenechea
Eduardo Ganoza y Ganoza
45 Manuel Odría
(1896–1974)
[p][51][52]
1 November 1948 28 July 1956 7 years, 270 days Military Coup d'état Héctor Boza
Federico Bolognesi Bolognesi
1950
46 Manuel Prado Ugarteche
(1889–1967)
[53]
28 July 1956 18 July 1962 5 years, 355 days Peruvian Democratic Movement 1956 Luis Gallo Porras
2.º Carlos Moreyra y Paz Soldán
47 Ricardo Pérez Godoy
(1905–1982)
[m][54]
18 July 1962 3 March 1963 228 days Military Coup d'état None
48 Nicolás Lindley López
(1908–1995)
[m][55]
3 March 1963 28 July 1963 147 days Military Succession
(De facto)
None
49 Fernando Belaúnde Terry
(1912–2002)
[56]
28 July 1963 3 October 1968 5 years, 67 days Popular Action 1963 Edgardo Seoane
Mario Polar Ugarteche
50 Juan Velasco Alvarado
(1910–1977)
[q][57][58]
3 October 1968 30 August 1975 6 years, 331 days Military Coup d'état None
51 Francisco Morales Bermúdez
(1921–2022)
[q][59]
30 August 1975 28 July 1980 4 years, 333 days Military Coup d'état None
52 Fernando Belaúnde Terry
(1912–2002)
[60][61]
28 July 1980 28 July 1985 5 years Popular Action 1980 Fernando Schwalb
Javier Alva Orlandini
53 Alan García
(1949–2019)
[62]
28 July 1985 28 July 1990 5 years Peruvian Aprista Party 1985 Luis Alberto Sánchez
2.º Luis Alva Castro
54 Alberto Fujimori
(1938–2024)
[r][s]
28 July 1990 21 November 2000
(Resigned, deposed by Congress)
10 years, 116 days Change 90
(1990–1998)
Let's Go Neighbour
(1998–2000)
1990 First Vice President
Máximo San Román (1990–1992)
Ricardo Márquez Flores (1995–2000)
Francisco Tudela (2000)
Second Vice President
Carlos García y García (1990–1992)
César Paredes Canto (1995–2000)
Ricardo Márquez Flores (2000)
Self-coup
1993
1995
2000
55 Valentín Paniagua
(1936–2006)
22 November 2000 28 July 2001 248 days Popular Action [t] None
56 Alejandro Toledo
(born 1946)
28 July 2001 28 July 2006 5 years Possible Peru 2001 Raúl Diez Canseco
2.º David Waisman
57 Alan García
(1949–2019)
28 July 2006 28 July 2011 5 years Peruvian Aprista Party 2006 Luis Giampietri
Lourdes Mendoza del Solar
58 Ollanta Humala
(born 1962)
28 July 2011 28 July 2016 5 years Peruvian Nationalist Party 2011 Marisol Espinoza
Omar Chehade
59 Pedro Pablo Kuczynski
(born 1938)
28 July 2016 23 March 2018 1 year, 238 days Peruvians for Change 2016 Martín Vizcarra
Mercedes Aráoz
60 Martín Vizcarra
(born 1963)
23 March 2018 9 November 2020 2 years, 231 days Independent Mercedes Aráoz
61 Manuel Merino
(born 1961)
10 November 2020 15 November 2020 5 days Popular Action [t] None
62 Francisco Sagasti
(born 1944)
17 November 2020 28 July 2021 253 days Purple Party [t] None
63 Pedro Castillo
(born 1969)
28 July 2021 7 December 2022 1 year, 132 days Free Peru 2021 Dina Boluarte
64 Dina Boluarte
(born 1962)
7 December 2022 Incumbent 1 year, 333 days Independent None

Timeline

Dina BoluartePedro CastilloFrancisco SagastiManuel MerinoMartín VizcarraPedro Pablo KuczynskiOllanta HumalaAlejandro ToledoValentín PaniaguaAlberto FujimoriAlan GarcíaFrancisco Morales BermúdezJuan Velasco AlvaradoFernando Belaúnde TerryNicolás Lindley LópezRicardo Pérez GodoyManuel OdríaJosé Luis Bustamante y RiveroManuel Prado UgartecheDavid Samanez OcampoLuis Miguel Sánchez CerroÓscar BenavidesGuillermo BillinghurstAugusto LeguíaJosé Pardo y BarredaSerapio CalderónManuel CandamoEduardo López de RomañaJustiniano BorgoñoRemigio Morales BermúdezAndrés Avelino CáceresMiguel IglesiasLizardo MonteroFrancisco García CalderónNicolás de PiérolaLuis La PuertaManuel Pardo y LavalleMariano Herencia ZevallosTomás GutiérrezJosé BaltaPedro Diez CansecoMariano Ignacio PradoJuan Antonio PezetMiguel de San RománJosé Rufino EcheniqueRamón CastillaManuel Ignacio de VivancoJuan Francisco de VidalManuel MenéndezFelipe SalaverryLuis José de OrbegosoAgustín GamarraJosé de La MarSimón BolívarJosé Bernardo de TagleJosé de la Riva AgüeroJosé de San Martín

Addendum

Those who are mentioned in the following list were sworn in as presidents of Peru, because of a political crisis, however, they never came to govern:[65]

President
(Birth–Death)
Term of office Title Form of entry Vice President
Start End
Máximo San Román
(born 1946)
21 April 1992 6 January 1993[65] Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru[66] Constitutional succession
(1º Vice President)
Carlos García y García
Mercedes Aráoz
(born 1961)
30 September 2019 1 October 2019[67][68] Acting President[69] Constitutional succession
(2º Vice President)
None

See also

  • List of Peruvian coups d'état
  • Notes

    1. ^ As Protector of Peru
    2. ^ a b c Appointed
    3. ^ José Bernardo de Tagle was appointed president by Antonio José de Sucre on 17 July 1823. This was then made official on August.[4]
    4. ^ As Supreme Political and Military Authority of the Peruvian Republic
    5. ^ As Supreme Head of the Republic
    6. ^ a b As President of the Council of State of Peru
    7. ^ As Supreme Director of Peru
    8. ^ As Provisional Supreme Chief from 1865 to 1867, as Provisional President in 1867, and as constitutional President of Peru from 1867 to 1868
    9. ^ As Supreme Leader of the Peruvian Republic
    10. ^ As Supreme Head of the Peruvian Republic until 8 July 1881
    11. ^ Congress of Chorrillos
    12. ^ As President of the Governing Board of Peru from 4 February 1914 to 15 May 1914, and as Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic from 15 May 1914 to 18 August 1915
    13. ^ a b c As President of the Military Junta of the Government of Peru
    14. ^ As President of the Transition Government Junta
    15. ^ a b Appointed by Congress
    16. ^ As President of the Military Junta of the Government of Peru until 1 June 1950
    17. ^ a b As President of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru
    18. ^ De jure figurehead, de facto leadership by Vladimiro Montesinos[63][64]
    19. ^ As President of the Government of Emergency and National Reconstruction of Peru between 22 April 1992 and 9 January 1993
    20. ^ a b c Succeeded to the presidency as President of Congress

    References

    1. ^ Cfr. Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal (2007). Presidential impeachment and the new political instability in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.
    2. ^ a b c d e f Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 298. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    3. ^ "Nombramiento de José de la Riva Agüero como Presidente de la República, 28 febrero de 1823" (PDF).
    4. ^ "DECRETO DISPONIENDO QUE DON JOSÉ BERNARDO DE TAGLE CONTINUE COMO JEFE SUPREMO POLÍTICO Y MILITAR DEL PERÚ" (PDF). Congress of Peru. 7 August 1823.
    5. ^ "Nombramiento del Gran Mariscal José Bernardo de Tagle como Presidente de la República del Perú, 16 agosto de 1823" (PDF).
    6. ^ "Se nombra Presidente Constitucional de la República al Gran Mariscal José Bernardo Tagle y Portocarrero, 18 noviembre de 1823" (PDF).
    7. ^ Castañeda Jiménez. "Manuel José de Salazar y Baquijano" (PDF). Congress of the Republic of Peru. Retrieved 14 December 2020. El Congreso aprobó tal designación el 18 de noviembre de 1823 y estableció que su mandato fuese de cuatro años. Nombró igualmente, el mismo día a Diego de Aliaga y Santa Cruz, hijo segundo del Conde de San Juan de Lurigancho, como vicepresidente de la República.
    8. ^ "Decreto disponiendo que el Libertador Simón Bolívar asuma la suprema autoridad política y militar de la república, quedando en suspenso la del presidente y en receso el Congreso" (PDF). 17 February 1824.
    9. ^ "Decreto mandando cumplir la ley que lo nombra Presidente de la República y vicepresidente a Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano, 10 de junio de 1827" (PDF).
    10. ^ "LEY PROCLAMADO PRESIDENTE DE LA REPÚBLICA AL GRAN MARISCAL AGUSTÍN GAMARRA, 19 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1829". www.congreso.gob.pe.
    11. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 68. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    12. ^ "Ley nombrándo Presidente Provisional de la República al Gran Mariscal Luis José de Orbegoso, 20 de diciembre de 1833" (PDF).
    13. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú. Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 140. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    14. ^ "Decreto asumiendo el mando de la República, Gral. Felipe Santiago Salaverry del Solar, 25 de febrero de 1835" (PDF).
    15. ^ a b c d e Basadre, Jorge (2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 130. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    16. ^ * Proclaimed (Open cabildo): 24 August 1838
    17. ^ a b "Ley nombrándolo Presidente Provisorio al General Agustín Gamarra, 15 de agosto de 1839" (PDF).
    18. ^ "Acuerdo del Cabildo abierto encargando al Mariscal Agustín Gamarra el Poder Ejecutivo el 24 de agosto de 1838".
    19. ^ "Ley proclamándolo Presidente Constitucional de la República al Gran Mariscal Agustín Gamarra, 11 de julio de 1840" (PDF).
    20. ^ a b Congress of the Republic of Peru (10 November 1839). "Constitución del Perú (1839)". Art. 82º.- Cuando vacare la Presidencia de la República por muerte, pacto atentatorio, renuncia o perpétua imposibilidad física o moral, se encargará provisionalmente del Poder Ejecutivo el Presidente del Consejo de Estado, quien en estos casos convocará a los Colegios Electorales dentro de los primeros diez días de su Gobierno para la elección del Presidente.
    21. ^ Congress of the Republic of Peru (10 November 1839). "Constitución del Perú (1839)". Art. 101º.- Para reemplazar al Presidente del Consejo en cualquiera ocurrencia, hará sus veces el Vicepresidente que también nombrará el Congreso, y asimismo un tercero para los casos
    22. ^ "PROCLAMA AL PERÚ DEL VICEPRESIDENTE DEL CONSEJO DE ESTADO, ENCARGADO DEL PODER EJECUTIVO DE LA REPÚBLICA, GENERAL FRANCISCO VIDAL, EL 29 DE OCTUBRE DE 1842". www.congreso.gob.pe.
    23. ^ "DECRETO DISOLVIENDO LA JUNTA SUPREMA DE GOBIERNO PROVISORIO Y RESIGNANDO LA AUTORIDAD EN EL PRESIDENTE DEL CONSEJO DE ESTADO, 10 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1844". www.congreso.gob.pe.
    24. ^ a b c d e f Basadre, Jorge (2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 222. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    25. ^ "LEY PROCLAMANDO PRESIDENTE CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA REPÚBLICA AL GENERAL RAMÓN CASTILLA, 19 DE ABRIL DE 1845". www.congreso.gob.pe.
    26. ^ "Juramento del Presidente de la República" (PDF).
    27. ^ "Ley 2 abril 1851 proclamando Presidente de la República al general Echenique" (PDF).
    28. ^ "PROCLAMA DEL LIBERTADOR RAMÓN CASTILLA, A LOS PUEBLOS DEL PERÚ, EL 6 DE ENERO DE 1855". www.congreso.gob.pe.
    29. ^ "Proclamando Presidente de la República al Gran Mariscal Ramon Castilla" (PDF).
    30. ^ "DECRETO ASUMIENDO EL MANDO, BAJO LA DENOMINACIÓN DE JEFE SUPREMO PROVISORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA, EL CORONEL MARIANO IGNACIO PRADO, 28 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 1865". www.congreso.gob.pe.
    31. ^ "Decreto asumiendo el mando, bajo la denominación de Jefe Supremo Provisorio de la República, 28 de" (PDF).
    32. ^ "Ley que lo proclama Presidente de la República el 29 de agosto de 1867" (PDF).
    33. ^ a b c d e f g h Basadre, Jorge (2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 102. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    34. ^ "Ley 1 de agosto Proclamando Presidente Constitucional de la República al ciudadano Don Jose Balta" (PDF).
    35. ^ "LEY QUE PROCLAMA PRESIDENTE CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA REPÚBLICA A MANUEL PARDO Y LAVALLE, 1 DE AGOSTO DE 1872". www.congreso.gob.pe.
    36. ^ "Ley 1 de agosto de 1876 eligiendo y proclamando Presidente Constitucional a Mariano Ignacio Prado" (PDF).
    37. ^ "CABILDO ABIERTO ENCARGA LA SUPREMA MAGISTRATURA DE LA NACIÓN A NICOLÁS DE PIÉROLA LIMA, 23 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1879". www.congreso.gob.pe.
    38. ^ a b c d Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 208. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    39. ^ "LEY ELIGIENDO PRESIDENTE REGENERADOR DE LA REPÚBLICA AL GENERAL D. MIGUEL IGLESIAS, CAJAMARCA, 30 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1882". www.congreso.gob.pe.
    40. ^ "DECRETO EMITIENDO UN VOTO DE APLAUSO AL GENERAL D. MIGUEL IGLESIAS Y NOMBRÁNDOLO PRESIDENTE PROVISORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA, 1 DE MARZO DE 1884". www.congreso.gob.pe.
    41. ^ "RENUNCIA DEL PRESIDENTE PROVISORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA, GENERAL MIGUEL IGLESIAS, 3 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1885". www.congreso.gob.pe.
    42. ^ a b Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 200. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    43. ^ a b c d e f Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 66. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    44. ^ a b c d e f Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 186. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    45. ^ "Proclama del coronel don Oscar Benavides, quien se ha hecho cargo del mando supremo de la República" (PDF).
    46. ^ a b Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 284. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    47. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 25. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    48. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 30. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    49. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 31. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    50. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 34. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    51. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 110. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    52. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 111. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    53. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 140. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    54. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 144. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    55. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 147. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    56. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 149. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    57. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 176. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    58. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 180. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    59. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 190. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    60. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 213. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    61. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 214. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    62. ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 225. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
    63. ^  • Llosa, Mario Vargas (27 March 1994). "Ideas & Trends: In His Words; Unmasking the Killers in Peru Won't Bring Democracy Back to Life". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 March 2023. The coup of April 5, 1992, carried out by high-ranking military felons who used the President of the Republic himself as their figurehead, had as one of its stated objectives a guaranteed free hand for the armed forces in the anti-subversion campaign, the same armed forces for whom the democratic system – a critical Congress, an independent judiciary, a free press – constituted an intolerable obstacle.
      • "Spymaster". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. August 2002. Retrieved 29 March 2023. Lester: Though few questioned it , Montesinos was a novel choice. Peru's army had banished him for selling secrets to America's CIA, but he'd prospered as a defence lawyer – for accused drug traffickers. ... Lester: Did Fujmori control Montesinos or did Montesinos control Fujimori? ... Shifter: As information comes out, it seems increasingly clear that Montesinos was the power in Peru.
      • Keller, Paul (26 October 2000). "Fujimori in OAS talks PERU CRISIS UNCERTAINTY DEEPENS AFTER RETURN OF EX-SPY CHIEF". Financial Times. Mr Montesinos ... and his military faction, ... for the moment, has chosen to keep Mr Fujimori as its civilian figurehead
      • "THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN THE ANDES" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 2001. Retrieved 25 March 2023. Alberto Fujimori,... as later events would seem to confirm—merely the figurehead of a regime governed for all practical purposes by the Intelligence Service and the leadership of the armed forces
      • "Questions And Answers: Mario Vargas Llosa". Newsweek. 9 January 2001. Retrieved 25 March 2023. Fujimori became a kind of, well, a figurehead
    64. ^ "Who is Controlling Whom?" (PDF). United States Army Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center. 23 October 1990.
    65. ^ a b "¿San Román, presidente? – perupolitico.com". www.perupolitico.com. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
    66. ^ "MÁXIMO SAN ROMÁN CÁCERES" (PDF).
    67. ^ "Aráoz jura como presidenta encargada de Perú ante una facción del Congreso". www.paginasiete.bo (in Spanish).
    68. ^ "Mercedes Aráoz a la BBC: "Tenemos que solucionar esto con las instituciones, de otra forma será como un golpe de Estado"". 2 October 2019. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
    69. ^ "Disolución del Congreso en Perú: quién es Mercedes Aráoz, que renunció tras ser nombrada "presidenta en funciones" por el Parlamento peruano para sustituir a Vizcarra". 2 October 2019. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)


    Read other articles:

    Сен-Сьєрж-ла-СеррSaint-Cierge-la-Serre Країна  Франція Регіон Овернь-Рона-Альпи  Департамент Ардеш  Округ Прива Кантон Ла-Вульт-сюр-Рон Код INSEE 07221 Поштові індекси 07800 Координати 44°47′39″ пн. ш. 4°41′14″ сх. д.H G O Висота 179 - 829 м.н.р.м. Площа 16,2 км² Населення 248 (01-2020[1]) Г

    Bristol 412 Bristol 412Виробник  Велика Британія • BristolБатьківська компанія Bristol Cars Ltd.Роки виробництва 1975-1993Попередник(и) Bristol 411Наступник(и) Bristol BeaufighterКлас вищий класСтиль кузова 2-дверний кабріолетКомпонування передньомоторне, задньопривіднеДвигун(и) V8, 5211 см³, 254 к.с.Коробка п�...

    Henry J. Raymond Henry Jarvis Raymond (* 24. Januar 1820 bei Lima, New York; † 18. Juni 1869 in New York City) war ein US-amerikanischer Publizist und Politiker (Republikanische Partei). 1851 gründete er die New York Times. Von 1850 bis 1851 war er Mitglied des Staatsparlaments von New York (zuletzt auch als dessen Präsident) und von 1854 bis 1856 dort Vizegouverneur. Von 1864 bis 1866 führte er den Vorsitz seiner Partei, für die er von 1865 bis 1867 auch im US-Repräsentantenhause...

    Chita Daini Thermal Power Station知多第二火力発電所Chita Daini Thermal Power StationCountryJapanLocationChita, AichiCoordinates35°0′23.58″N 136°51′50.88″E / 35.0065500°N 136.8641333°E / 35.0065500; 136.8641333StatusOperationalCommission date1983Owner(s)JERAOperator(s)JERAThermal power stationPrimary fuelLNGPower generation Units operational2Nameplate capacity1708 MWExternal linksCommonsRelated media ...

    Spesimen Archaeopteryx (makhluk peralihan antara dinosaurus dan burung) yang ditemukan di Berlin. Fosil Archaeopteryx sendiri pertama kali ditemukan di London, hanya dua tahun setelah diterbitkannya On the Origin of Species.Bagian dari seriPaleontologi Fosil Fosilisasi Fosil jejak (Ichnofosil) Mikrofosil Persiapan fosil Fosil indeks Daftar Fosil Daftar situs fosil Lagerstätte Daftar Fosil peralihan Daftar fosil evolusi manusia sejarah alam Biogeografi Kepunahan massal Geokronologi Skala wakt...

    Sebuah ilustrasi fabel dari edisi Irlandia 1821 Pemancing dan Ikan Kecil adalah salah satu fabel Aesop. Cerita tersebut diberi nomor 18 dalam Perry Index.[1] Babrius mencatatnya dalam bahasa Yunani dan Avianus dalam bahasa Latin. Cerita tersebut berkisah tentang seekor ikan kecil yang ditangkap oleh seorang pemancing yang meminta agar ia dilepaskan karena ukurannya yang kecil dan meminta agar menunggu sampai ikan tersebut cukup besar untuk dapat disantap. Pemancing tersebut menolak, d...

    Class of New York City Subway car R44An R44 train on the Staten Island Railway (SIR) at Oakwood HeightsInterior of a SIR R44 carIn service1971–2010 (NYCT cars)1973–present (SIR cars)ManufacturerSt. Louis Car CompanyBuilt atSt. Louis, Missouri, USAReplacedMany R1-R9sAll 1925 Standard Steel built SIRTOA ME-1 train carsConstructed1971–1973Entered serviceDecember 16, 1971 (NYCT cars (revenue service testing))April 19, 1972 (NYCT cars (official service))February 28, 1973 (SIR cars)Refurbishe...

    This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the...

    2001 soundtrack album by Snoop Dogg and various artistsBones: Original Motion Picture HoundtrackSoundtrack album by Snoop Dogg and various artistsReleasedOctober 9, 2001Recorded2001GenreGangsta raphorrorcoreR&BWest Coast hip hopLength72:20LabelDoggystylePriorityProducerSnoop Dogg (also exec.)FredwreckDJ BattlecatDJ HeadDJ MuggsDomingoEarthtone IIIEminemFrancisco RodriguezJeff BassMel-ManSoopaflyWarren GWilliam DeVaughnSnoop Dogg chronology Duces 'n Trayz: The Old Fashioned Way(200...

    Theatre and music venue in Vancouver, Canada The Orpheum TheatreInterior of the theatreFormer namesNew OrpheumLocation601 Smithe StreetVancouver, British Columbia, CanadaV6B 3L4OwnerThe City of Vancouver (formerly owned by Famous Players)TypeMusic venue (former movie palace)Capacity2,672ConstructionOpenedNovember 8, 1927ClosedNovember 23, 1975 andReopenedApril 2, 1977 National Historic Site of CanadaOfficial nameOrpheum Theatre National Historic Site of CanadaDesignated1979 The Orpheum is a t...

    Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Pasaribu Tobing (disambiguasi). Pasaribu TobingKecamatanPeta lokasi Kecamatan Pasaribu TobingNegara IndonesiaProvinsiSumatera UtaraKabupatenTapanuli TengahPemerintahan • CamatHermand Habayahan, S.Pd.Populasi (2020)[1] • Total8.048 jiwaKode Kemendagri12.01.16 Kode BPS1204062 Luas103,36 km²Desa/kelurahan9 Desa Pasaribu Tobing adalah sebuah kecamatan yang berada di Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah, Provinsi Sumatera Utara, Indonesia....

    Questa voce sugli argomenti personaggi dei fumetti e Marvel Comics è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti dei progetti di riferimento 1, 2. Barone MordoUniversoUniverso Marvel Nome orig.Baron Mordo Lingua orig.Lingua inglese AutoreStan Lee DisegniSteve Ditko EditoreMarvel Comics 1ª app.agosto 1963 1ª app. inStrange Tales n. 111 Editore it.Editoriale Corno Interpretato daChiwetel Ejiofor Voci orig.Tony J...

    Independent school in Brunswick, Victoria, AustraliaSt Ambrose's School, BrunswickStreet view of the school building located in Dawson Street, BrunswickLocationBrunswick, VictoriaAustraliaInformationTypeIndependentDenominationCatholic ChurchEstablishedc. 1885StatusClosedClosed2008Grades1-8 St Ambrose's School, Brunswick was a Roman Catholic primary school located in Brunswick, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne and was part of a parish complex which included a church, a hall and a school f...

    Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Hauptstadtbeschluss (bahasa Indonesia: keputusan ibu kota) adalah keputusan yang diambil oleh Bundestag Jerman pada tanggal 20 Juni 1991 usai penyatuan kembali Jerman untuk memindahkan pusat pemerintahan dari Bonn ke Berlin. Istilah ini sedikit mel...

    Este artículo o sección necesita referencias que aparezcan en una publicación acreditada.Este aviso fue puesto el 16 de octubre de 2022. Matthias de L'Obel Información personalNombre en francés Mathias de l'Obel Nacimiento 1538 Lille (Francia) Fallecimiento 3 de marzo de 1616 o 1616 Londres (Reino de Inglaterra) Nacionalidad FrancesaReligión Calvinismo EducaciónEducado en Universidad de Montpellier Supervisor doctoral Guillaume Rondelet Alumno de Guillaume Rondelet Información profesi...

    Railway station in Indonesia Waru StationStasiun WaruWaru Station, as of 2011General informationLocationJl. Raya Waru, Kedungrejo, Waru Sidoarjo RegencyEast JavaIndonesiaCoordinates7°21′10″S 112°43′46″E / 7.35264°S 112.729324°E / -7.35264; 112.729324Elevation+5 m (16 ft)Owned byKereta Api IndonesiaOperated byKereta Api IndonesiaLine(s) Wonokromo–BangilPlatforms1 side platform2 island platformsTracks4ConstructionStructure typeGroundParkingAvailab...

    Anthony Davis was the Pelicans' first overall pick in 2012. The New Orleans Pelicans are an American professional basketball team based in New Orleans, Louisiana. They play in the Southwest Division of the Western Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Pelicans were established as the New Orleans Hornets in the 2002–03 season when then-owner of the Charlotte Hornets, George Shinn, relocated the franchise to New Orleans.[1] During the 2005–07 period, the ...

    Basto ima više značenja: Basto, Alessandria Basto, Teramo Ova stranica je razvrstavanje. Koristi se radi pronalaska članaka koji moraju imati dodatnu odrednicu jer bi im u protivnom naslov bio isti.Ako vas je na ovu stranicu dovela unutrašnja poveznica, možda ju je potrebno promijeniti da preusmjerava na namijenjeni članak.

    River in Quebec, Canada This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Chibougamau River – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ChibougamauWatershed of Nottaway RiverLocationCountryCanadaProvinceQuebecRegionNord-du-QuébecPhysical chara...

    Irish sailor This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Robert Halpin – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Robert HalpinDL JP RNR FRGSDepiction on the Halpin Memorial MedalBorn16 February 1836 (1836-02-16)Wicklow, IrelandD...