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List of named animals and plants in Germanic heroic legend
Main article:
List of Germanic heroes
Object or horse
Names in medieval languages
Name meaning
Role/possessor
Notes
Barnstokkr
Old Norse
:
Barnstokkr
"Child trunk".
[1]
[2]
A tree in Völsung's hall in the
Völsunga saga
.
It is noted in connection to Barnstokkr that
family trees
are still a living tradition in Norway and Sweden, where a centrally positioned tree is "the symbolic centre of the farm and a mimesis of the life and growth of the farm and family".
[2]
See also
Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology
.
Belche
Middle High German
:
Belche
From PGmc
*balaz-
, Gothic
bals
("white"), referring to the mark on the horse's forehead.
[3]
Dietleib von Steier's horse, which is from the same stud as Dietrich von Bern's horse Valke.
[3]
Blanke
Middle High German
:
Blanke
,
Old Norse
:
Blanka
From OHG
blanc
("white").
[4]
The horse ridden by Ilsan.
[4]
In the
Þiðreks saga
, the horse is a gift from Alibrandr (Hadubrand).
[4]
Boymont
Middle High German
:
Boymont
A form of the Norman name
Bohemund
.
[5]
Rüdiger von Bechalaren's horse.
[5]
Dog king
Old Norse
:
Raki
,
Old Norse
:
Saurr
In Old Icelandic the name
Raki
means "dog" but in Danish the verb
rake
can mean "mistreat", "soil" or "spoil".
[6]
Saurr
means "dirt" and "excrement".
[7]
Chronicon lethrense
tells that the Swedish king Athisl (
Eadgils
) subjugated the Danes and put a dog as king over them. The dog was called Raki and the king loved it so much that the one who told him of its death would die. The dog died while trying to stop a fight between two other dogs, and it was only by using a guessing game that man called Snjo could tell Athisl of its death and survive.
[6]
In
Gesta Danorum (VII)
, a Swede named Gunnar makes a dog the king of Norway.
[8]
In
Hákonar saga góða
, a king Eysteinn and a dog named Saurr appear in a Norwegian setting where Eysteinn makes the dog Saurr the king of
Trøndelag
.
[9]
In
Skáldatál
, the skald
Erpr lútandi
who serves the Swedish king
Eysteinn Beli
saves his life by composing a poem for king
Sǫr
, who probably is
Saurr
.
[10]
The tale of the dog king has counterparts outside of Scandinavia.
[9]
Geri and Freki
Old Norse
:
Geri og Freki
"The ravenous" or "greedy one"
Two wolves who accompanied the God Odin
Mentioned in
Poetic Edda
and
Prose Edda
Glaum
Old Norse
:
Glaumr
Glaumr
means "noisy merriment" from PGmc *
ʒlaumaz
.
[11]
The horse of
Attila
the Hun, in
Skáldskaparmál
[12]
and
Atlakvíða
.
[13]
Poetic Edda
Goti
Old Norse
:
Goti
"
Goth
"
In Norse tradition,
Gunnar
's horse.
[14]
Mentioned in the
Prose Edda
and the
Poetic Edda
.
[14]
Grani
Old Norse
:
Grani
The name means "the one with the upper lip".
[14]
In Norse tradition, Sigurd's horse. It is descended from
Sleipnir
,
Odin
's horse.
[15]
Mentioned in the
Prose Edda
and the
Poetic Edda
.
[14]
Habrok
Old Norse
:
Hábrók
The name means "hawk",
[16]
a name derived from
hár
("high"),
[17]
and
brók
("breeches").
[18]
Hrólfr kraki
's hawk that he brings with him when he visits Aðils (
Eadgils
) in
Uppsala
. It kills all Aðils' hawks.
[19]
Ho and Hopp
Old Norse
:
Hó ok Hoppr
Hó
is an interjection and a shepherd's call,
[20]
and the neuter noun
hopp
means "a jump".
[21]
In
Hrólfs saga kraka
, two dogs belonging to a hermit wizard named Vífil (one of the two meanings of the name is "pagan priest"
[22]
). When the two young princes Hróarr (
Hrothgar
) and Helgi (
Halga
) hide with him, he warns them of arriving search parties by calling to them by the names of his two dogs.
[23]
A seeress later reveals to their enemy that Ho and Hopp referred to the boys.
[23]
Holkvir
Middle High German
:
Hǫlkvir
The name may be from PGmc *
halkwiaz
("runner").
[24]
Hagen
's horse in Scandinavian tradition.
[25]
Hrafn
1
Old Norse
:
Hrafn
"
raven
"
King
Eadgils
' horse that he captured from
Onela
.
[26]
Mentioned in the
Prose Edda
.
[14]
Hrafn
2
Old Norse
:
Hrafn
See Hrafn
1
King
Eadgils
' horse he bred from Hrafn
1
.
[27]
Mentioned in
Ynglinga saga
, ch. 29.
[27]
Huginn and Muninn
Old Norse
:
Huginn og Munin
"Thought" and "Memory"
Two ravens who bring information to the God Odin
Mentioned in
Poetic Edda
and
Prose Edda
Leo
Latin
:
Leo
Leo
means "lion" in Latin.
[28]
Walter of Aquitaine's horse in
Waltharius.
[28]
In
Rosengarten zu Worms
d, Walter has a lion painted on his shield.
[28]
Lewe (Löwe)
Middle High German
:
Lewe
From MHG
lewe
("lion").
[28]
Hildebrand's horse in
Virginal
.
[28]
Melnir
Old Norse
:
Mélnir
The name means "bit bearer" from ON
mél
meaning "mouth piece".
[29]
[30]
One of the horses ridden by
Hothbrodd
's men mustering allies for defense against
Helgi Hundingsbane
.
[31]
Poetic Edda
Mylnir
Old Norse
:
Mýlnir
The name means "the horse with a halter" from ON
múli
meaning "muzzle".
[32]
[33]
One of the horses ridden by
Hothbrodd
's men mustering allies for defense against
Helgi Hundingsbane
.
[31]
Poetic Edda
Rispa
Old Norse
:
Rispa
,
Middle High German
: *
Rispe
From MHG
rispe
("branches, brushes") or
rispeln
("to curl").
[34]
Heime's horse in the
Þiðreks saga
.
[34]
Rusche
Middle High German
:
Rusche
or
Röschlîn
Probably from MHG
rosch
,
rösche
("quick, fresh, brave"), or MHG
rusch
("bush").
[35]
Eckehart's horse.
[35]
Schemming
Middle High German
:
Schemminc
,
Old Norse
:
Skemmingr
Probably from the same root as OHG
scimo
("shine, glitter"), referring to a white horse (cf. modern German
Schimmel
, "white horse").
[36]
Witige's horse.
[36]
In the
Rosengarten zu Worms
, Dietrich exchanges Schemming for the horse Valke, while in
Dietrich Flucht
, he gives him the horse when Witige reaffirms his allegiance to Dietrich. In
Rabenschlacht
, Dietrich is unable to chase down Witige while the latter rides Schemming and Dietrich is mounted on Valke, allowing Witige to escape into the sea. In
Þiðreks saga
, the horse is a gift to Witige from his father Wayland, and is related to Dietrich's horse Valke, Hama's horse Rispa, and Sigurd's horse Grani. Dietrich's brother Diether kills Schemming in the Battle of Gronsport, after which Witige kills him and steals his horse.
[36]
Sibilja
Old Norse
:
Síbilja
In
Hindu mythology
, there was a cow that in addition to providing sustenance, could be unleashed against the enemy named
Savala
("piebald", "variegated"), and the tradition may have been transmitted to the Germanic tribes through a
Middle Iranian language
, such as that of the
Saka
, of which the form would have corresponded closely to Sibilja. In Scandinavia, it would have been reinterpreted as the "constantly bellowing".
[37]
Sibilja was a demonic cow in
Ragnars saga loðbrókar
that the Swedish king Eysteinn used to sacrifice to so that her bellowing was insupportable. When the king was attacked the cow went in the front line and her bellowing made the enemy so confused that they started fighting each other.
[38]
When Ragnar's sons Agnar and Eric attacked him, she also caused mayhem by goring enemy warriors with her horns.
[39]
When
Ivar the Boneless
attacked, drowning her bellowing with the sound of weapons had no effect, nor had shooting her with arrows into her eyes, so Ivar killed her by being thrown upon her and crushing her under his weight.
[40]
There are two other cows that are killed in the saga in Hvítabœr, and these cows were probably derived from a Scandinavian tradition on dangerous and supernatural cows that are killed by heroes.
[41]
Cows that become supernaturally powerful appear in other sagas. A man-eating sacrifice-bull with a terrifying bellowing appears in
Hjálmþes saga ok Ǫlvis
. In
Olafs saga Tryggvasonar
, there is a king of old who worshiped a cow and drank its milk. The primordial being
Ymir
was nourished by the primeval cow
Auðumbla
, and from the
Nordic Bronze Age
, there are many petroglyphs with cows in cultic contexts.
[42]
Skæfaðr
Old Norse
:
Skæfaðr
The name means "race horse".
[43]
Mentioned in
Kálfsvísa
as the horse of the prince of the Haddings (
skati haddingja
),
[44]
i.e.
Helgi Haddingjaskati
.
[45]
Prose Edda
Slöngvir, Slungnir
Old Norse
:
Slǫngvir
or
Old Norse
:
Slungnir
"The one who slings away".
[46]
King
Eadgils
's horse
.
[14]
Mentioned in the
Prose Edda
.
[14]
Sporvitnir
Old Norse
:
Sporvitnir
Spor
means "track"
[47]
and
vitnir
means "wolf" or "sword".
[48]
One of the horses ridden by
Hothbrodd
's men mustering allies for defense against
Helgi Hundingsbane
.
[31]
Poetic Edda
Svipud
Old Norse
:
Svipuðr
The name means "the fast moving".
[49]
One of the horses ridden by
Hothbrodd
's men mustering allies for defense against
Helgi Hundingsbane
.
[31]
Poetic Edda
Svegjud
Old Norse
:
Sveggjuðr
The name means "the one who makes the rider vibrate".
[50]
One of the horses ridden by
Hothbrodd
's men mustering allies for defense against
Helgi Hundingsbane
.
[31]
Poetic Edda
Valke
Middle High German
:
Valke
,
Old Norse
:
Falka
Related to MHG
valke
("falcon") and
val/valwe
("pale").
[51]
Dietrich von Bern's horse. The horse had also earlier belonged to Wolfdietrich.
In
Rosengarten zu Worms
, Dietrich exchanges Schemming for Valke. In
Wolfdietrich
, the horse saves Wolfdietrich's life by fighting off a dragon while Wolfdietrich is asleep. In the
Þiðreks saga
, the horse comes from Háma's father Studas; the horse helps Dietrich defeat Ecke by breaking the giant's back.
[52]
Val
Old Norse
:
Valr
The name means "the slain" or "carrion hawk".
[53]
Mentioned as Véstein's horse in
Kálfsvísa
at the
Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern
.
[44]
Its master Vésteinn appears as
Weohstan
in
Beowulf
.
[54]
Prose Edda
References
^
Byock 1990
, p. 113.
^
a
b
Dutton 2015
, p. 130.
^
a
b
Gillespie 1973
, p. 10.
^
a
b
c
Gillespie 1973
, p. 13.
^
a
b
Gillespie 1973
, p. 15.
^
a
b
Niles 2007
, p. 321.
^
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874
, p. 515.
^
Fisher 2015
, pp. 497ff.
^
a
b
Fisher 2015
, p. 498, note 16.
^
Faulkes 2012
, pp. 100f.
^
Orel 2003
, p. 135.
^
Faulkes 1995
, p. 137.
^
Hollander 1928
, p. 338.
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Sundkvist 2001
, p. 174.
^
Hollander 1928
, p. 253.
^
de Vries 2000
, p. 200.
^
de Vries 2000
, pp. 200, 210.
^
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874
, p. 82.
^
Byock 1998
, pp. 59, 65, 93.
^
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874
, p. 280.
^
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874
, p. 279.
^
Peterson 2007
, p. 251.
^
a
b
Byock 1998
, p. 94.
^
de Vries 2000
, p. 280.
^
Byock 1990
, p. 136.
^
Sundkvist 2001
, pp. 172, 174.
^
a
b
Sundkvist 2001
, p. 172.
^
a
b
c
d
e
Gillespie 1973
, p. 89.
^
de Vries 2000
, p. 383.
^
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874
, p. 423.
^
a
b
c
d
e
Hollander 1928
, p. 222.
^
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874
, p. 439.
^
de Vries 2000
, pp. 394, 398.
^
a
b
Gillespie 1973
, p. 65.
^
a
b
Gillespie 1973
, p. 113.
^
a
b
c
Gillespie 1973
, p. 115.
^
McTurk 1991
, pp. 115f.
^
Waggoner 2009
, pp. 14, 22.
^
Waggoner 2009
, p. 18.
^
Waggoner 2009
, pp. 24f.
^
McTurk 1991
, p. 117.
^
Waggoner 2009
, p. 100.
^
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874
, p. 565.
^
a
b
Faulkes 2012
, pp. 226f.
^
Gade 2017
, p. 664.
^
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874
, p. 570.
^
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874
, p. 583.
^
de Vries 2000
, p. 670.
^
de Vries 2000
, p. 571.
^
de Vries 2000
, p. 566.
^
Gillespie 1973
, p. 44.
^
Gillespie 1973
, pp. 43–44.
^
Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874
, p. 676.
^
Klaeber 2008
, p. 473.
Sources
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The Saga of the Volsungs: The Norse Epic of Sigurd the Dragon Slayer
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ISBN
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.
Byock, Jesse (1998).
The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki
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ISBN
014043593X
.
Cleasby, Richard; Vigfússon, Gudbrand (1874).
An Icelandic-English dictionary
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Dutton, Douglas Robert (2015).
An Encapsulation of Óðinn: Religious belief and ritual practice among the Viking Age elite with particular focus upon the practice of ritual hanging 500 -1050 AD (dissertation)
(PDF)
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Edda, Snorri Sturluson
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ISBN
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.
Friis-Jensen, Karsten, ed. (2015).
Saxo Grammaticus Gesta Danorum, The History of the Danes
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.
Gade, Kari Ellen; Marold, Edith, eds. (2017). "Anonymous Þulur, Kálfsvísa 1".
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ISBN
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.
Gillespie, George T. (1973).
Catalogue of Persons Named in German Heroic Literature, 700-1600: Including Named Animals and Objects and Ethnic Names
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ISBN
978-0-19-815718-2
.
Klaeber, Friedrich
(2008). Fulk, R.D.; Bjork, Robert E.; Niles, John D. (eds.).
Klaeber's Beowulf and The Fight at Finnsburg
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ISBN
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The Poetic Edda
. Translated by Hollander, Lee M. Texas University Press. 1928.
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Studies in Ragnars saga Loðbrókar and its Major Scandinavian Analogues
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.
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. ACMRS.
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.
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(2003).
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.
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.
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Nordiskt runnamnslexikon
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.
de Vries, Jan
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