List of mammals of South America
This is a list of the native wild mammal species recorded in South America . South America 's terrestrial mammals fall into three distinct groups: "old-timers", African immigrants and recent North American immigrants. The marsupials and xenarthrans are "old-timers", their ancestors having been present on the continent since at least the very early Cenozoic Era. During the early Cenozoic, South America's only land connection was to Antarctica , so it was effectively cut off from most of the world; as the fragments of Gondwana continued to separate , this connection was lost, leaving South America an island continent. Caviomorph rodents and monkeys arrived as "waif dispersers" by rafting across the Atlantic from Africa in the Eocene epoch, 35 million or more years ago.[ 1] [ 2] [ 3] Central America during the past seven million years as part of the Great American Interchange ; this invasion, which peaked around three million years ago, was made possible when the formation of the volcanic Isthmus of Panama bridged North and South America. The newcomers out-competed and drove to extinction many mammals that had evolved during South America's long period of isolation, as well as some species from other classes.[ 4]
South America suffered another major loss of mammal species in the Quaternary extinction event , which started around 12,500 cal BP , at roughly the time of arrival of Paleoindians , and may have lasted up to several thousand years. At least 37 genera of mammals were eliminated, including most of the megafauna .[ 5] gomphotheres , camelids , ground sloths , glyptodonts , and toxodontids – 75% of these being "old-timers"), dwarfing Africa's present and recent total of 6.[ 6]
Anthropogenic climate change and the damage to its ecosystems resulting from the rapid recent growth of the human population pose a further threat to South America's biodiversity .
The list consists of those species found in the nations or overseas territories of continental South America (including their island possessions, such as the Galápagos ), as well as in Trinidad and Tobago and the Falkland Islands ; Panama is not included. As of May 2012, the list contains 1,331 species, 340 genera, 62 families and 15 orders. Of the taxa from nonflying, nonmarine groups (992 species, 230 genera, 40 families and 12 orders), "old-timers" comprise 14% of species, 15% of genera, 20% of families and 42% of orders; African immigrants make up 38% of species, 30% of genera, 40% of families and 17% of orders; North American invaders constitute 49% of species 55% of genera, 40% of families and 50% of orders. At the order level, the "old-timers" are overrepresented because of their ancient local origins, while the African immigrants are underrepresented because of their "sweepstakes" mode of dispersal.
Of the species, 9 are extinct, 29 are critically endangered, 64 are endangered, 111 are vulnerable, 64 are near threatened, and 255 are data deficient.[ n 1] Domestic species (e.g., the guinea pig , alpaca , and llama ) and introduced species are not listed.
Note: This list is inevitably incomplete, since new species are continually being recognized via discovery or reclassification. Places to check for missing species include the list of mammals described in the 2000s , and the species listings in the articles for mammalian genera, especially those of small mammals such as rodents or bats.
The following tags are used to highlight each species' conservation status as assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ; those on the left are used here, those in the second column in some other articles:
EX EX Extinct No reasonable doubt that the last individual has died.
EW EW Extinct in the wild Known only to survive in captivity or as a naturalized population well outside its historic range.
CR CR Critically endangered The species is in imminent danger of extinction in the wild.
EN EN Endangered The species is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.
VU VU Vulnerable The species is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.
NT NT Near threatened The species does not qualify as being at high risk of extinction but is likely to do so in the future.
LC
LC Least concern The species is not currently at risk of extinction in the wild.
DD DD Data deficient There is inadequate information to assess the risk of extinction for this species.
NE NE Not evaluated The conservation status of the species has not been studied.
The IUCN status of all listed species except bats was last updated between March and June 2009; bats were updated in September 2009.
Derby's woolly opossum Bare-tailed woolly opossum Woolly opossumCaluromys Water opossum White-eared opossum Big-eared opossum Common opossum Andean white-eared opossum Big lutrine opossum Robinson's mouse opossum Mouse opossumMarmosa Mouse opossumMarmosa (Micoureus Tate's woolly mouse opossum Gray slender opossum Brown four-eyed opossum Yellow-sided opossum Gray short-tailed opossum Gray four-eyed opossum Elegant fat-tailed mouse opossum The infraclass Metatheria includes all living and extinct marsupials, but also includes some related extinct orders of mammals that are no longer considered marsupials, such as Sparassodonta . At least six families of sparassodonts lived in South America prior to the interchange, dominating the niches for large mammalian carnivores.
Marsupials are a collection of pouched mammals that was once more widely distributed. Today they are found primarily in isolated or formerly isolated continents of Gondwanan origin. South America's 22 extant genera compares with 10 in Central America , 1 in North America north of Mexico , 52 in Australia , 28 in New Guinea and 2 in Sulawesi . South American marsupials are thought to be ancestral to those of Australasia .[ 7]
Didelphimorphia is the order of common opossums of the Western Hemisphere . Opossums probably diverged from the basic South American marsupials in the late Cretaceous or early Paleocene . They are small to medium-sized marsupials, about the size of a large house cat , with a long snout and prehensile tail .
Family: Didelphidae (American opossums)
Subfamily: Caluromyinae
Subfamily: Glironiinae
Subfamily: Hyladelphinae
Subfamily: Didelphinae
Genus Chacodelphys
Genus: Chironectes
Genus Cryptonanus
Genus: Didelphis
Genus: Gracilinanus
Genus: Lestodelphys
Genus: Lutreolina
Genus: Marmosa Subgenus: Eomarmosa
Subgenus: Exulomarmosa
Subgenus: Marmosa
Subgenus: Micoureus
Subgenus: Stegomarmosa
Genus: Marmosops Bishop's slender opossum , Marmosops bishopi LCMarmosops caucae Narrow-headed slender opossum , Marmosops cracens DD Creighton's slender opossum , Marmosops creightoni DD Dusky slender opossum , Marmosops fuscatus DD Handley's slender opossum , Marmosops handleyi CR Tschudi's slender opossum , Marmosops impavidus LCGray slender opossum , Marmosops incanus LCJunin slender opossum , Marmosops juninensis VU Neblina slender opossum , Marmosops neblina LCWhite-bellied slender opossum , Marmosops noctivagus LCDorothy's slender opossum , Marmosops ocellatus LCDelicate slender opossum , Marmosops parvidens LCBrazilian slender opossum , Marmosops paulensis LCPinheiro's slender opossum , Marmosops pinheiroi LC
Genus: Metachirus
Genus: Monodelphis Sepia short-tailed opossum , Monodelphis adusta LCNorthern three-striped opossum , Monodelphis americana LCMonodelphis arlindoi Northern red-sided opossum , Monodelphis brevicaudata LCYellow-sided opossum , Monodelphis dimidiata LCGray short-tailed opossum , Monodelphis domestica LCEmilia's short-tailed opossum , Monodelphis emiliae LCMonodelphis gardneri Amazonian red-sided opossum , Monodelphis glirina LCMonodelphis handleyi Ihering's three-striped opossum , Monodelphis iheringi DD Pygmy short-tailed opossum , Monodelphis kunsi LCMarajó short-tailed opossum , Monodelphis maraxina DD Osgood's short-tailed opossum , Monodelphis osgoodi LCHooded red-sided opossum , Monodelphis palliolata LCMonodelphis peruviana Reig's opossum , Monodelphis reigi VU Ronald's opossum , Monodelphis ronaldi LCChestnut-striped opossum , Monodelphis rubida DD Monodelphis sanctaerosae Long-nosed short-tailed opossum , Monodelphis scalops LCSouthern red-sided opossum , Monodelphis sorex LCSouthern three-striped opossum , Monodelphis theresa DD Monodelphis touan Red three-striped opossum , Monodelphis umbristriata VU One-striped opossum , Monodelphis unistriata DD
Genus: Philander
Genus: Thylamys Cinderella fat-tailed mouse opossum , Thylamys cinderella LCThylamys citellus Elegant fat-tailed mouse opossum , Thylamys elegans LCKarimi's fat-tailed mouse opossum , Thylamys karimii VU Paraguayan fat-tailed mouse opossum , Thylamys macrura NT White-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum , Thylamys pallidior LCThylamys pulchellus Common fat-tailed mouse opossum , Thylamys pusillus LCArgentine fat-tailed mouse opossum , Thylamys sponsorius LCTate's fat-tailed mouse opossum , Thylamys tatei DD Dwarf fat-tailed mouse opossum , Thylamys velutinus LCBuff-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum , Thylamys venustus DD Eastern caenolestid There are six extant species of shrew opossum. They are small shrew -like marsupials confined to the Andes .
Monito del monte on bamboo The monito del monte of Chile and Argentina is the only extant member of its family and the only surviving member of an ancient order, Microbiotheria. It appears to be more closely related to Australian marsupials than to other Neotropic marsupials ; this is a reflection of the South American origin of all Australasian marsupials.[ 7]
Sirenia (manatees and dugongs)West Indian manatee Sirenia is an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit rivers, estuaries, coastal marine waters, swamps, and marine wetlands. All four species are endangered. They evolved about 50 million years ago, and their closest living relatives are elephants . The manatees are the only extant afrotherians in the Americas. However, a number proboscid species, some of which survived until the arrival of Paleoindians , once inhabited the region. Those that reached South America have usually been classified as gomphotheres , but sometimes instead as elephantids .
Nine-banded armadillo Pink fairy armadillo Screaming hairy armadillo Six-banded armadillo Southern three-banded armadillo The armadillos are small mammals with a bony armored shell. All 21 extant species are found in South America, where they originated. Their much larger relatives, the pampatheres and glyptodonts , once lived in North and South America but became extinct following the appearance of humans.
Brown-throated sloth Hoffmann's two-toed sloth Silky anteater Giant anteater Southern tamandua Pilosa (sloths and anteaters)The order Pilosa is confined to the Americas and contains the tree sloths and anteaters (which include the tamanduas ). All 5 extant genera and 9 of 10 extant species are present in South America, the ancestral home of the group. (The exception is the pygmy three-toed sloth , endemic to an island off Panama .) Numerous ground sloths , some of which reached the size of elephants, were once present in both North and South America, as well as on the Antilles . (Some west coastal South American forms had even evolved into marine sloths .) All of these went extinct following the arrival of humans. Extant tree sloths fall into two groups that are not closely related, and which do not form a clade ; two-toed sloths are much more closely related to some extinct ground sloths than to three-toed sloths.
Panamanian night monkeys Pygmy marmoset White-headed marmosets Silvery marmoset Golden lion tamarin Emperor tamarin White-fronted capuchin Black capuchin Common squirrel monkey Venezuelan red howler Black-headed spider monkey Brown spider monkey Northern muriqui Brown woolly monkey Black-fronted titi Vieira's titi Black titi White-faced saki (male)White-faced saki (female)Red-backed bearded saki Uta Hick's bearded saki Bald uakari The order Primates includes the lemurs , monkeys , and apes , with the latter category including humans . It is divided into four main groupings: strepsirrhines , tarsiers , monkeys of the New World (parvorder Platyrrhini), and monkeys and apes of the Old World . South America's 20 genera of nonhuman primates compares with 6 in Central America , 15 in Madagascar , 23 in Africa and 19 in Asia . All South American monkeys are believed to be descended from ancestors that rafted over from Africa about 25 million years ago in a single dispersal event.
Suborder: Haplorrhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Parvorder: Platyrrhini (New World monkeys)
Family: Aotidae (night monkeys)
Genus: Aotus Azara's night monkey , Aotus azarae LCBrumback's night monkey , Aotus brumbacki VU Gray-handed night monkey , Aotus griseimembra VU Hernández-Camacho's night monkey , Aotus jorgehernandezi DD Gray-bellied night monkey , Aotus lemurinus VU Peruvian night monkey , Aotus miconax VU Nancy Ma's night monkey , Aotus nancymaae LCBlack-headed night monkey , Aotus nigriceps LCThree-striped night monkey , Aotus trivirgatus LCSpix's night monkey , Aotus vociferans LCPanamanian night monkey , Aotus zonalis DD
Family: Callitrichidae
Genus: Callibella
Genus: Cebuella
Genus: Callithrix
Genus: Mico Rio Acari marmoset , Mico acariensis DD Silvery marmoset , Mico argentatus LCGold-and-white marmoset , Mico chrysoleucus DD Emilia's marmoset , Mico emiliae DD Santarem marmoset , Mico humeralifer DD Hershkovitz's marmoset , Mico intermedius LCWhite marmoset , Mico leucippe VU Manicore marmoset , Mico manicorensis LCMarca's marmoset , Mico marcai DD Maués marmoset , Mico mauesi LCBlack-tailed marmoset , Mico melanurus LCBlack-headed marmoset , Mico nigriceps DD Rondon's marmoset , Mico rondoni VU Satéré marmoset , Mico saterei LC
Genus: Callimico
Genus: Leontopithecus
Genus: Saguinus Pied tamarin , Saguinus bicolor EN Brown-mantled tamarin , Saguinus fuscicollis LCGeoffroy's tamarin , Saguinus geoffroyi LCGraells's tamarin , Saguinus graellsi NT Emperor tamarin , Saguinus imperator LCMottle-faced tamarin , Saguinus inustus LCWhite-lipped tamarin , Saguinus labiatus LCWhite-footed tamarin , Saguinus leucopus EN Martins's tamarin , Saguinus martinsi LCWhite-mantled tamarin , Saguinus melanoleucus LCRed-handed tamarin , Saguinus midas LCMoustached tamarin , Saguinus mystax LCBlack tamarin , Saguinus niger VU Black-mantled tamarin , Saguinus nigricollis LCCottontop tamarin , Saguinus oedipus CR Red-capped tamarin , Saguinus pileatus LCGolden-mantled tamarin , Saguinus tripartitus NT
Family: Cebidae
Subfamily: Cebinae
Genus: Cebus Ecuadorian capuchin , Cebus aequatorialis CR White-fronted capuchin , Cebus albifrons LCBrown weeper capuchin , Cebus brunneus LCColombian white-headed capuchin , Cebus capucinus LCRío Cesar white-fronted capuchin , Cebus cesarae DD Shock-headed capuchin , Cebus cuscinus NT Kaapori capuchin , Cebus kaapori CR Sierra de Perijá white-fronted capuchin , Cebus leucocephalus NE Santa Marta white-fronted capuchin , Cebus malitiosus EN Wedge-capped capuchin , Cebus olivaceus LCSpix's white-fronted capuchin , Cebus unicolor NE Varied white-fronted capuchin , Cebus versicolor EN Marañón white-fronted capuchin , Cebus yuracus NE
Genus: Sapajus
Subfamily: Saimiriinae
Family: Atelidae
Subfamily: Alouattinae
Genus: Alouatta Ursine howler , Alouatta arctoidea LCRed-handed howler , Alouatta belzebul VU Black howler , Alouatta caraya LCSpix's red-handed howler , Alouatta discolor VU Brown howler , Alouatta guariba LCJuruá red howler , Alouatta juara LCGuyanan red howler , Alouatta macconnelli LCAmazon black howler , Alouatta nigerrima LCMantled howler , Alouatta palliata LCPurus red howler , Alouatta puruensis LCBolivian red howler , Alouatta sara LCVenezuelan red howler , Alouatta seniculus LCMaranhão red-handed howler , Alouatta ululata EN
Subfamily: Atelinae
Family: Pitheciidae
Subfamily: Callicebinae
Genus: Cheracebus
Genus: Callicebus
Genus: Plecturocebus Madidi titi , Plecturocebus aureipalatii LCBaptista Lake titi , Plecturocebus baptista LCPrince Bernhard's titi , Plecturocebus bernhardi LCBrown titi , Plecturocebus brunneus LCChestnut-bellied titi , Plecturocebus caligatus LCCaquetá titi , Plecturocebus caquetensis CR Ashy black titi , Plecturocebus cinerascens LCCoppery titi , Plecturocebus cupreus LCWhite-tailed titi , Plecturocebus discolor LCWhite-eared titi , Plecturocebus donacophilus LCHershkovitz's titi , Plecturocebus dubius LCAlta Floresta titi , Plecturocebus groves Hoffmanns's titi , Plecturocebus hoffmannsi LCMilton's titi , Plecturocebus miltoni NE Rio Beni titi , Plecturocebus modestus EN Red-bellied titi , Plecturocebus moloch LCRio Mayo titi , Plecturocebus oenanthe EN Ollala brothers' titi , Plecturocebus olallae EN Ornate titi , Plecturocebus ornatus VU White-coated titi , Plecturocebus pallescens LCStephen Nash's titi , Plecturocebus stephennashi DD Urubamba brown titi , Plecturocebus urubambensis NE Vieira's titi , Plecturocebus vieirai NE
Subfamily: Pitheciinae
Genus: Pithecia Equatorial saki , Pithecia aequatorialis LCWhite-footed saki , Pithecia albicans VU Cazuza's saki , Pithecia cazuzai NE Golden-faced saki , Pithecia chrysocephala LCHairy saki , Pithecia hirsuta NE Burnished saki , Pithecia inusta NE Rio Tapajós saki , Pithecia irrorata NE Isabel's saki , Pithecia isabela NE Monk saki , Pithecia monachus NE Miller's saki , Pithecia milleri DD Mittermeier's Tapajós saki , Pithecia mittermeieri NE Napo saki , Pithecia napensis DD White-faced saki , Pithecia pithecia LCPissinatti’s bald-faced saki , Pithecia pissinattii NE Rylands' bald-faced saki , Pithecia rylandsi NE Vanzolini's bald-faced saki , Pithecia vanzolinii DD
Genus: Chiropotes
Genus: Cacajao Bicolored-spined porcupine Brazilian porcupine Rothschild's porcupine Stump-tailed porcupine Short-tailed chinchilla Long-tailed chinchilla Southern viscacha Plains viscacha Pacarana Brazilian guinea pig Greater guinea pig Muenster yellow-toothed cavy Patagonian mara Capybara Rock cavies Azara's agouti Black agouti Red-rumped agouti Central American agouti Green acouchi Lowland paca Flamarion's tuco-tuco Haig's tuco-tuco Common degu Coruro Plains viscacha rat Amazon bamboo rat Armored rat Ferreira's spiny tree-rat Atlantic spiny rat Coypu Rodents make up the largest order of mammals, with over 40% of mammalian species. They have two incisors in the upper and lower jaw which grow continually and must be kept short by gnawing. Most rodents are small, although the capybara can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb). South America's rodent fauna today is largely an outgrowth of two spectacularly fortunate ancient "sweepstakes" dispersal events , each of which was followed by explosive diversification . Caviomorphs , the first rodents to reach the continent, are believed to have washed ashore after rafting across the Atlantic from Africa over 30 million years ago.[ 8] sigmodontine rodents[ 9] island-hopped from Central America 5 million or more years ago,[ 10] [ 11] [ 12] Panamanian land bridge . These two groups now comprise 36% and 60%, respectively, of all South American rodent species. The corresponding figures are 10% and 27% for Central America , 2% and 10% for Mexico , 0.5% and 3% for North America north of Mexico , and 72% and 27% for recent endemic Caribbean rodents .[ n 2] sciurids make up 3% of rodents in South America, 8% in Central America, 15% in Mexico and 31% in North America north of Mexico, while castorimorphs are 1%, 16%, 26% and 28%, respectively. Sciurids are absent from South America's southern cone , while castorimorphs are only present in northwest South America (Colombia , Venezuela and Ecuador ). Illustrating the advantage of gaining a head start in colonizing a new land mass, sigmodontine rodents comprise 99.5% of all cricetid rodents in South America, but only 42% in Central America, 17% in Mexico and 7% in North America north of Mexico.
Suborder: Hystricomorpha
Parvorder Caviomorpha
Family: Erethizontidae (New World porcupines)
Subfamily: Chaetomyinae
Subfamily: Erethizontinae
Genus: Coendou Baturite porcupine , Coendou baturitensis Bicolored-spined porcupine , Coendou bicolor LCStreaked dwarf porcupine , Coendou ichillus DD Bahia porcupine , Coendou insidiosus LCBlack-tailed hairy dwarf porcupine , Coendou melanurus LCBlack dwarf porcupine , Coendou nycthemera DD Brazilian porcupine , Coendou prehensilis LCFrosted hairy dwarf porcupine , Coendou pruinosus LCAndean porcupine , Coendou quichua DD Roosmalen's dwarf porcupine , Coendou roosmalenorum DD Rothschild's porcupine , Coendou rothschildi DD Stump-tailed porcupine , Coendou rufescens LCSanta Marta porcupine , Coendou sanctamartae DD Dwarf porcupine , Coendou speratus EN Paraguaian hairy dwarf porcupine , Coendou spinosus LCBrown hairy dwarf porcupine , Coendou vestitus DD
Family: Chinchillidae (viscachas and chinchillas)
Family: Dinomyidae (pacarana)
Family: Caviidae (guinea pigs and cavies)
Family: Dasyproctidae (agoutis and acouchis)
Family: Cuniculidae
Family: Ctenomyidae (tuco-tucos)
Genus: Ctenomys Argentine tuco-tuco , Ctenomys argentinus NT Southern tuco-tuco , Ctenomys australis EN Azara's tuco-tuco , Ctenomys azarae VU Berg's tuco-tuco , Ctenomys bergi VU Bolivian tuco-tuco , Ctenomys boliviensis LCBonetto's tuco-tuco , Ctenomys bonettoi EN Brazilian tuco-tuco , Ctenomys brasiliensis DD Budin's tuco-tuco , Ctenomys budini DD Colburn's tuco-tuco , Ctenomys colburni DD Puntilla tuco-tuco , Ctenomys coludo DD Conover's tuco-tuco , Ctenomys conoveri LCCoyhaique tuco-tuco , Ctenomys coyhaiquensis DD D'Orbigny's tuco-tuco , Ctenomys dorbignyi NT Chacoan tuco-tuco , Ctenomys dorsalis DD Emily's tuco-tuco , Ctenomys emilianus NT Famatina tuco-tuco , Ctenomys famosus DD Flamarion's tuco-tuco , Ctenomys flamarioni EN Foch's tuco-tuco , Ctenomys fochi DD Lago Blanco tuco-tuco , Ctenomys fodax DD Reddish tuco-tuco , Ctenomys frater LCTawny tuco-tuco , Ctenomys fulvus LCGoodfellow's tuco-tuco , Ctenomys goodfellowi LCHaig's tuco-tuco , Ctenomys haigi LCSan Juan tuco-tuco , Ctenomys johannis DD Jujuy tuco-tuco , Ctenomys juris DD Catamarca tuco-tuco , Ctenomys knighti DD Lami tuco-tuco , Ctenomys lami VU Mottled tuco-tuco , Ctenomys latro VU White-toothed tuco-tuco , Ctenomys leucodon LCLewis's tuco-tuco , Ctenomys lewisi LCMagellanic tuco-tuco , Ctenomys magellanicus VU Maule tuco-tuco , Ctenomys maulinus LCMendoza tuco-tuco , Ctenomys mendocinus LCTiny tuco-tuco , Ctenomys minutus DD Furtive tuco-tuco , Ctenomys occultus EN Highland tuco-tuco , Ctenomys opimus LCReig's tuco-tuco , Ctenomys osvaldoreigi CR Ctenomys paraguayensis Pearson's tuco-tuco , Ctenomys pearsoni NT Goya tuco-tuco , Ctenomys perrensi LCPeruvian tuco-tuco , Ctenomys peruanus LCPilar tuco-tuco , Ctenomys pilarensis EN San Luis tuco-tuco , Ctenomys pontifex DD Porteous's tuco-tuco , Ctenomys porteousi NT Pundt's tuco-tuco , Ctenomys pundti VU Rio Negro tuco-tuco , Ctenomys rionegrensis EN Roig's tuco-tuco , Ctenomys roigi CR Salta tuco-tuco , Ctenomys saltarius DD Scaglia's tuco-tuco , Ctenomys scagliai DD Silky tuco-tuco , Ctenomys sericeus DD Social tuco-tuco , Ctenomys sociabilis CR Steinbach's tuco-tuco , Ctenomys steinbachi LCForest tuco-tuco , Ctenomys sylvanus DD Talas tuco-tuco , Ctenomys talarum LCCollared tuco-tuco , Ctenomys torquatus LCRobust tuco-tuco , Ctenomys tuconax DD Tucuman tuco-tuco , Ctenomys tucumanus DD Sierra Tontal tuco-tuco , Ctenomys tulduco DD Strong tuco-tuco , Ctenomys validus DD Vipos tuco-tuco , Ctenomys viperinus DD Yolanda's tuco-tuco , Ctenomys yolandae DD
Family: Octodontidae
Family: Abrocomidae
Family: Echimyidae (spiny rats and allies)
Subfamily: Dactylomyinae
Subfamily: Echimyinae
Genus: Callistomys
Genus: Diplomys
Genus: Echimys
Genus: Isothrix
Genus: Makalata
Genus: Pattonomys
Genus: Phyllomys Golden Atlantic tree-rat , Phyllomys blainvilii LCOrange-brown Atlantic tree-rat , Phyllomys brasiliensis EN Drab Atlantic tree-rat , Phyllomys dasythrix LCKerr's Atlantic tree-rat , Phyllomys kerri DD Pallid Atlantic tree-rat , Phyllomys lamarum DD Lund's Atlantic tree-rat , Phyllomys lundi EN Mantiqueira Atlantic tree-rat , Phyllomys mantiqueirensis CR Long-furred Atlantic tree-rat , Phyllomys medius LCBlack-spined Atlantic tree-rat , Phyllomys nigrispinus LCRusty-sided Atlantic tree-rat , Phyllomys pattoni LCPhyllomys sulinus Giant Atlantic tree-rat , Phyllomys thomasi EN Short-furred Atlantic tree-rat , Phyllomys unicolor CR
Genus: Santamartamys
Genus: Toromys
Subfamily: Eumysopinae
Genus: Carterodon
Genus: Clyomys
Genus: Euryzygomatomys
Genus: Hoplomys
Genus: Lonchothrix
Genus: Mesomys
Genus: Proechimys Short-tailed spiny rat , Proechimys brevicauda LCColombian spiny rat , Proechimys canicollis LCBoyacá spiny rat , Proechimys chrysaeolus DD Cuvier's spiny rat , Proechimys cuvieri LCPacific spiny rat , Proechimys decumanus VU Stiff-spine spiny rat , Proechimys echinothrix LCGardner's spiny rat , Proechimys gardneri DD Goeldi's spiny rat , Proechimys goeldii VU Guaira spiny rat , Proechimys guairae LCGuyenne spiny rat , Proechimys guyannensis LCGuyanan spiny rat , Proechimys hoplomyoides DD Kulina spiny rat , Proechimys kulinae DD Long-tailed spiny rat , Proechimys longicaudatus LCMagdalena spiny rat , Proechimys magdalenae DD Minca spiny rat , Proechimys mincae DD O'Connell's spiny rat , Proechimys oconnelli DD Patton's spiny rat , Proechimys pattoni LCGray-footed spiny rat , Proechimys poliopus VU Napo spiny rat , Proechimys quadruplicatus LCRoberto's spiny rat , Proechimys roberti VU Tome's spiny rat , Proechimys semispinosus LCSimon's spiny rat , Proechimys simonsi LCSteere's spiny rat , Proechimys steerei LCTrinidad spiny rat , Proechimys trinitatis DD Sucre spiny rat , Proechimys urichi LC
Genus: Thrichomys
Genus: Trinomys White-spined Atlantic spiny rat , Trinomys albispinus LCSoft-spined Atlantic spiny rat , Trinomys dimidiatus LCElias' Atlantic spiny rat , Trinomys eliasi EN Gracile Atlantic spiny rat , Trinomys gratiosus LCIhering's Atlantic spiny rat , Trinomys iheringi LCDark-caped Atlantic spiny rat , Trinomys mirapitanga DD Moojen's Atlantic spiny rat , Trinomys moojeni EN Mouse-tailed Atlantic spiny rat , Trinomys myosuros LCSpiked Atlantic spiny rat , Trinomys paratus DD Hairy Atlantic spiny rat , Trinomys setosus LCYonenaga's Atlantic spiny rat , Trinomys yonenagae EN
Family: Myocastoridae (coypus)
Brazilian squirrel Red-tailed squirrel Ingram's squirrel Southern Amazon red squirrel Suborder: Sciuromorpha
Family: Sciuridae (squirrels)
Subfamily: Sciurillinae
Subfamily: Sciurinae
Tribe: Sciurini
Genus: Microsciurus
Genus: Sciurus Brazilian squirrel , Sciurus aestuans LCSouth Yungas red squirrel , Sciurus argentinius Fiery squirrel , Sciurus flammifer DD Yellow-throated squirrel , Sciurus gilvigularis DD Red-tailed squirrel , Sciurus granatensis LCBolivian squirrel , Sciurus ignitus DD Northern Amazon red squirrel , Sciurus igniventris LCAtlantic Forest squirrel , Sciurus ingrami Andean squirrel , Sciurus pucheranii DD Junín red squirrel , Sciurus pyrrhinus DD Sanborn's squirrel , Sciurus sanborni DD Southern Amazon red squirrel , Sciurus spadiceus LCGuayaquil squirrel , Sciurus stramineus LC
Suborder: Castorimorpha
Sanborn's grass mouse Galápagos rice rat Small vesper mouse Drymoreomys albimaculatus Stolzmann's crab-eating rat Hairy-tailed bolo mouse Long-tailed pygmy rice rat Marsh rice rat (close relative of Coues's rice rat )Darwin's leaf-eared mouse Bunny rat White-footed climbing mouse Atlantic Forest climbing mouse Suborder: Myomorpha
Family: Cricetidae
Subfamily: Tylomyinae
Subfamily: Neotominae
Subfamily: Sigmodontinae
Genus: Abrawayaomys
Genus: Abrothrix
Genus: Aepeomys
Genus: Aegialomys
Genus: Akodon Highland grass mouse , Akodon aerosus LCColombian grass mouse , Akodon affinis LCWhite-bellied grass mouse , Akodon albiventer LCAzara's grass mouse , Akodon azarae LCBogotá grass mouse , Akodon bogotensis LCBolivian grass mouse , Akodon boliviensis LCBudin's grass mouse , Akodon budini LCAkodon caenosus Cursor grass mouse , Akodon cursor LCDay's grass mouse , Akodon dayi LCDolorous grass mouse , Akodon dolores LCSmoky grass mouse , Akodon fumeus LCAkodon glaucinus Intelligent grass mouse , Akodon iniscatus LCJunín grass mouse , Akodon juninensis LCKoford's grass mouse , Akodon kofordi LCEcuadorian grass mouse , Akodon latebricola VU Lindbergh's grass mouse , Akodon lindberghi DD Altiplano grass mouse , Akodon lutescens LCThespian grass mouse , Akodon mimus LCSoft grass mouse , Akodon mollis LCMontane grass mouse , Akodon montensis LCCaparaó grass mouse , Akodon mystax DD Neuquén grass mouse , Akodon neocenus DD El Dorado grass mouse , Akodon orophilus LCParaná grass mouse , Akodon paranaensis LCTarija akodont , Akodon pervalens DD Philip Myers's akodont , Akodon philipmyersi DD Akodon polopi Reig's grass mouse , Akodon reigi LCSão Paulo grass mouse , Akodon sanctipaulensis DD Serra do Mar grass mouse , Akodon serrensis LCCochabamba grass mouse , Akodon siberiae NT White-throated grass mouse , Akodon simulator LCSpegazzini's grass mouse , Akodon spegazzinii LCPuno grass mouse , Akodon subfuscus LCSilent grass mouse , Akodon surdus VU Forest grass mouse , Akodon sylvanus LCAkodon tartareus Chaco grass mouse , Akodon toba LCCloud forest grass mouse , Akodon torques LCVariable grass mouse , Akodon varius DD
Genus: Amphinectomys
Genus: Andalgalomys
Genus: Andinomys
Genus: Anotomys
Genus: Auliscomys
Genus: Bibimys
Genus: Blarinomys
Genus: Brucepattersonius
Genus: Calomys Bolivian vesper mouse , Calomys boliviae LCCrafty vesper mouse , Calomys callidus LCLarge vesper mouse , Calomys callosus LCCalomys cerqueirai Caatinga vesper mouse , Calomys expulsus LCFecund vesper mouse , Calomys fecundus LCHummelinck's vesper mouse , Calomys hummelincki VU Small vesper mouse , Calomys laucha LCAndean vesper mouse , Calomys lepidus LCDrylands vesper mouse , Calomys musculinus LCPeruvian vesper mouse , Calomys sorellus LCDelicate vesper mouse , Calomys tener LCTocantins vesper mouse , Calomys tocantinsi LCCórdoba vesper mouse , Calomys venustus LC
Genus: Cerradomys
Genus: Chelemys
Genus: Chibchanomys
Genus: Chilomys
Genus: Chinchillula
Genus: Delomys
Genus: Deltamys
Genus: Drymoreomys
Genus: Eligmodontia
Genus: Eremoryzomys
Genus: Euneomys
Genus: Euryoryzomys
Genus: Galenomys
Genus: Geoxus
Genus: Graomys
Genus: Gyldenstolpia
Genus: Handleyomys
Genus: Holochilus
Genus: Hylaeamys
Genus: Ichthyomys
Genus: Irenomys
Genus: Juliomys
Genus: Juscelinomys
Genus: Kunsia
Genus: Lenoxus
Genus: Loxodontomys
Genus: Lundomys
Genus: Megaoryzomys
Genus: Melanomys
Genus: Microakodontomys
Genus: Microryzomys
Genus: Mindomys
Genus: Neacomys
Genus: Necromys
Genus: Nectomys
Genus: Neotomys
Genus: Nephelomys
Genus: Nesoryzomys
Genus: Neusticomys
Genus: Noronhomys
Genus: Notiomys
Genus: Oecomys Guianan arboreal rice rat , Oecomys auyantepui LCBicolored arboreal rice rat , Oecomys bicolor LCAtlantic Forest arboreal rice rat , Oecomys catherinae LCCleber's arboreal rice rat , Oecomys cleberi DD Unicolored arboreal rice rat , Oecomys concolor LCYellow arboreal rice rat , Oecomys flavicans LCMamore arboreal rice rat , Oecomys mamorae LCBrazilian arboreal rice rat , Oecomys paricola DD Dusky arboreal rice rat , Oecomys phaeotis LCKing arboreal rice rat , Oecomys rex LCRobert's arboreal rice rat , Oecomys roberti LCRed arboreal rice rat , Oecomys rutilus LCVenezuelan arboreal rice rat , Oecomys speciosus LCFoothill arboreal rice rat , Oecomys superans LCOecomys sydandersoni Trinidad arboreal rice rat , Oecomys trinitatis LC
Genus: Oligoryzomys Andean pygmy rice rat , Oligoryzomys andinus LCSandy pygmy rice rat , Oligoryzomys arenalis LCBrenda's colilargo , Oligoryzomys brendae DD Chacoan pygmy rice rat , Oligoryzomys chacoensis LCDestructive pygmy rice rat , Oligoryzomys destructor LCYellow pygmy rice rat , Oligoryzomys flavescens LCFornes' colilargo , Oligoryzomys fornesi LCFulvous pygmy rice rat , Oligoryzomys fulvescens LCGrayish pygmy rice rat , Oligoryzomys griseolus LCLong-tailed pygmy rice rat , Oligoryzomys longicaudatus LCMagellanic pygmy rice rat , Oligoryzomys magellanicus LCSmall-eared pygmy rice rat , Oligoryzomys microtis LCMoojen's pygmy rice rat , Oligoryzomys moojeni DD Black-footed pygmy rice rat , Oligoryzomys nigripes LCRock pygmy rice rat , Oligoryzomys rupestris DD Straw-colored pygmy rice rat , Oligoryzomys stramineus LC
Genus: Oreoryzomys
Genus: Oryzomys
Genus: Oxymycterus Argentine hocicudo , Oxymycterus akodontius DD Amazonian hocicudo , Oxymycterus amazonicus LCAngular hocicudo , Oxymycterus angularis LCCaparaó hocicudo , Oxymycterus caparoae LCAtlantic Forest hocicudo , Oxymycterus dasytrichus LCSpy hocicudo , Oxymycterus delator LCSmall hocicudo , Oxymycterus hiska LCHispid hocicudo , Oxymycterus hispidus LCQuechuan hocicudo , Oxymycterus hucucha EN Incan hocicudo , Oxymycterus inca LCCook's hocicudo , Oxymycterus josei EN Long-nosed hocicudo , Oxymycterus nasutus LCParamo hocicudo , Oxymycterus paramensis LCQuaestor hocicudo , Oxymycterus quaestor LCRobert's hocicudo , Oxymycterus roberti LCRed hocicudo , Oxymycterus rufus LCOxymycterus wayku
Genus: Paralomys
Genus: Pearsonomys
Genus: Phaenomys
Genus: Phyllotis Phyllotis alisosiensis Friendly leaf-eared mouse , Phyllotis amicus LCAndean leaf-eared mouse , Phyllotis andium LCAnita's leaf-eared mouse , Phyllotis anitae DD Buenos Aires leaf-eared mouse , Phyllotis bonariensis NT Capricorn leaf-eared mouse , Phyllotis caprinus LCDarwin's leaf-eared mouse , Phyllotis darwini LCDefinitive leaf-eared mouse , Phyllotis definitus EN Haggard's leaf-eared mouse , Phyllotis haggardi LCLima leaf-eared mouse , Phyllotis limatus LCMaster leaf-eared mouse , Phyllotis magister LCOsgood's leaf-eared mouse , Phyllotis osgoodi DD Bunchgrass leaf-eared mouse , Phyllotis osilae LCWolffsohn's leaf-eared mouse , Phyllotis wolffsohni LCYellow-rumped leaf-eared mouse , Phyllotis xanthopygus LC
Genus: Podoxymys
Genus: Pseudoryzomys
Genus: Punomys
Genus: Reithrodon
Genus: Rhagomys
Genus: Rhipidomys Southern climbing mouse , Rhipidomys austrinus LCCariri climbing mouse , Rhipidomys cariri DD Cauca climbing mouse , Rhipidomys caucensis DD Coues's climbing mouse , Rhipidomys couesi LCEastern Amazon climbing mouse , Rhipidomys emiliae LCBuff-bellied climbing mouse , Rhipidomys fulviventer LCGardner's climbing mouse , Rhipidomys gardneri LCBroad-footed climbing mouse , Rhipidomys latimanus LCWhite-footed climbing mouse , Rhipidomys leucodactylus LCMacConnell's climbing mouse , Rhipidomys macconnelli LCCerrado climbing mouse , Rhipidomys macrurus LCAtlantic Forest climbing mouse , Rhipidomys mastacalis LCPeruvian climbing mouse , Rhipidomys modicus LCSplendid climbing mouse , Rhipidomys nitela LCYellow-bellied climbing mouse , Rhipidomys ochrogaster DD Venezuelan climbing mouse , Rhipidomys venezuelae LCCharming climbing mouse , Rhipidomys venustus LCWetzel's climbing mouse , Rhipidomys wetzeli LC
Genus: Salinomys
Genus: Scapteromys
Genus: Scolomys
Genus: Sigmodon
Genus: Sigmodontomys
Genus: Sooretamys
Genus: Tapecomys
Genus: Thalpomys
Genus: Thaptomys
Genus: Thomasomys Anderson's Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys andersoni Apeco Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys apeco VU Golden Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys aureus LCBeady-eyed mouse , Thomasomys baeops LCSilky Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys bombycinus DD White-tipped Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys caudivarius LCAshy-bellied Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys cinereiventer LCAsh-colored Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys cinereus LCCinnamon-colored Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys cinnameus LCDaphne's Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys daphne LCPeruvian Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys eleusis LCWandering Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys erro LCSlender Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys gracilis NT Hudson's Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys hudsoni DD Woodland Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys hylophilus EN Inca Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys incanus VU Strong-tailed Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys ischyurus VU Kalinowski's Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys kalinowskii VU Ladew's Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys ladewi LCSoft-furred Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys laniger LCLarge-eared Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys macrotis VU Unicolored Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys monochromos EN Snow-footed Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys niveipes LCDistinguished Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys notatus LCAshaninka Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys onkiro VU Montane Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys oreas LCParamo Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys paramorum LCPopayán Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys popayanus DD Cajamarca Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys praetor DD Thomas's Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys pyrrhonotus VU Rhoads's Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys rhoadsi LCRosalinda's Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys rosalinda DD Forest Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys silvestris LCTaczanowski's Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys taczanowskii LCUcucha Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys ucucha VU Dressy Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys vestitus LCPichincha Oldfield mouse , Thomasomys vulcani DD
Genus: Transandinomys
Genus: Wiedomys
Genus: Wilfredomys
Genus: Zygodontomys Andean cottontail Eastern cottontail The lagomorphs comprise two families, Leporidae (hares and rabbits ), and Ochotonidae (pikas ). Though they can resemble rodents , and were classified as a superfamily in that order until the early 20th century, they have since been considered a separate order. They differ from rodents in a number of physical characteristics, such as having four incisors in the upper jaw rather than two. South America's meager lagomorph diversity (6 species compared to 18 for North America north of Mexico ) reflects their recent arrival and failure (so far) to diversify much. Only the tapeti is present south of northern South America; lagomorphs are absent from most of South America's southern cone .
Eulipotyphla (shrews, hedgehogs, moles, and solenodons)Eulipotyphlans are insectivorous mammals. Shrews and solenodons closely resemble mice, hedgehogs carry spines, while moles are stout-bodied burrowers. In South America, shrews are only found in the north (Colombia , Venezuela , Ecuador and Peru ), a legacy of their relatively recent immigration to the continent by way of Central America (where shrew species are considerably more diverse ). Moles are not found in the Americas south of northern Mexico .
Greater bulldog bat Big brown bat Desert red bat Hoary bat The bats' most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammals capable of flight. Bat species account for about 20% of all mammals.
Family: Noctilionidae (bulldog bats)
Family: Vespertilionidae
Subfamily: Myotinae
Genus: Myotis Southern myotis , Myotis aelleni DD Silver-tipped myotis , Myotis albescens LCAtacama myotis , Myotis atacamensis NT Chilean myotis , Myotis chiloensis LCMyotis dinellii Hairy-legged myotis , Myotis keaysi LCYellowish myotis , Myotis levis LCMyotis midastactus NE Curacao myotis , Myotis nesopolus LCBlack myotis , Myotis nigricans LCMontane myotis , Myotis oxyotus LCRiparian myotis , Myotis riparius LCRed myotis , Myotis ruber NT Velvety myotis , Myotis simus DD
Subfamily: Vespertilioninae
Subfamily: Tomopeatinae
Western mastiff bat Big free-tailed bat Greater or lesser sac-winged batGreater sac-winged bat Family: Molossidae (free-tailed bats)
Genus: Cynomops
Genus: Eumops Black bonneted bat , Eumops auripendulus LCDwarf bonneted bat , Eumops bonariensis LCBig bonneted bat , Eumops dabbenei LCWagner's bonneted bat , Eumops glaucinus LCSanborn's bonneted bat , Eumops hansae LCGuianan bonneted bat , Eumops maurus DD Patagonian bonneted bat , Eumops patagonicus LCWestern mastiff bat , Eumops perotis LCColombian bonneted bat , Eumops trumbulli LCWilson's bonneted bat , Eumops wilsoni
Genus: Molossops
Genus: Molossus
Genus: Mormopterus
Genus: Nyctinomops
Genus: Promops
Genus: Tadarida
Family: Emballonuridae (ghost bats, sac-winged bats and allies)
Ghost-faced bat Parnell's mustached bat White-throated round-eared bat Pale spear-nosed bat Greater spear-nosed bat Geoffroy's tailless bat Pallas's long-tongued bat Southern long-nosed bat Orange nectar bat Long-snouted bat Silky short-tailed bat Jamaican fruit bat Wrinkle-faced bats Salvin's big-eyed bat Little yellow-shouldered bat Platyrrhinus Tent-making bats Southern little yellow-eared bat Common vampire bat White-winged vampire bat Cuban funnel-eared bat Family: Phyllostomidae (leaf-nosed bats)
Subfamily: Phyllostominae
Subfamily: Glossophaginae
Genus: Anoura
Genus: Choeroniscus
Genus: Glossophaga
Genus: Leptonycteris
Genus: Lichonycteris
Genus: Lionycteris
Genus: Lonchophylla Bokermann's nectar bat , Lonchophylla bokermanni DD Lonchophylla cadenai Chocoan long-tongued bat , Lonchophylla chocoana DD Goldman's nectar bat , Lonchophylla concava NT Dekeyser's nectar bat , Lonchophylla dekeyseri NT Lonchophylla fornicata Handley's nectar bat , Lonchophylla handleyi LCWestern nectar bat , Lonchophylla hesperia VU Godman's nectar bat , Lonchophylla mordax LCOrcés's long-tongued bat , Lonchophylla orcesi DD Lonchophylla pattoni Orange nectar bat , Lonchophylla robusta LCThomas's nectar bat , Lonchophylla thomasi LC
Genus: Platalina
Genus: Scleronycteris
Subfamily: Carolliinae
Subfamily: Stenodermatinae
Genus: Ametrida
Genus: Artibeus
Genus: Centurio
Genus: Chiroderma
Genus: Dermanura
Genus: Enchisthenes
Genus: Mesophylla
Genus: Platyrrhinus Alberico's broad-nosed bat , Platyrrhinus alberico Slender broad-nosed bat , Platyrrhinus angustirostris Platyrrhinus aquilus Eldorado broad-nosed bat , Platyrrhinus aurarius LCShort-headed broad-nosed bat , Platyrrhinus brachycephalus LCChoco broad-nosed bat , Platyrrhinus chocoensis EN Thomas's broad-nosed bat , Platyrrhinus dorsalis LCBrown-bellied broad-nosed bat , Platyrrhinus fusciventris Heller's broad-nosed bat , Platyrrhinus helleri LCPlatyrrhinus incarum Buffy broad-nosed bat , Platyrrhinus infuscus LCIsmael's broad-nosed bat , Platyrrhinus ismaeli VU White-lined broad-nosed bat , Platyrrhinus lineatus LCQuechua broad-nosed bat , Platyrrhinus masu Matapalo broad-nosed bat , Platyrrhinus matapalensis NT Geoffroy's rayed bat , Platyrrhinus nigellus Platyrrhinus nitelinea Recife broad-nosed bat , Platyrrhinus recifinus LCShadowy broad-nosed bat , Platyrrhinus umbratus DD Greater broad-nosed bat , Platyrrhinus vittatus LC
Genus: Sphaeronycteris
Genus: Pygoderma
Genus: Sturnira Aratathomas's yellow-shouldered bat , Sturnira aratathomasi NT Bidentate yellow-shouldered bat , Sturnira bidens LCBogota yellow-shouldered bat , Sturnira bogotensis LCHairy yellow-shouldered bat , Sturnira erythromos LCChocó yellow-shouldered bat , Sturnira koopmanhilli Little yellow-shouldered bat , Sturnira lilium LCHighland yellow-shouldered bat , Sturnira ludovici LCLouis's yellow-shouldered bat , Sturnira luisi LCGreater yellow-shouldered bat , Sturnira magna LCMistratoan yellow-shouldered bat , Sturnira mistratensis DD Talamancan yellow-shouldered bat , Sturnira mordax NT Lesser yellow-shouldered bat , Sturnira nana EN Tschudi's yellow-shouldered bat , Sturnira oporaphilum NT Soriano's yellow-shouldered bat , Sturnira sorianoi DD Tilda's yellow-shouldered bat , Sturnira tildae LC
Genus: Uroderma
Genus: Vampyressa
Genus: Vampyrodes
Subfamily: Desmodontinae
Family: Natalidae (funnel-eared bats)
Family: Furipteridae (thumbless bats)
Family: Thyropteridae (disc-winged bats)
Geoffroy's cat Margay Jaguarundi Jaguar Culpeo Darwin's fox Bush dog Maned wolf Spectacled bear Crab-eating raccoon White-nosed coati Olinguito Tayra Giant otter South American sea lions There are over 260 species of carnivorans, the majority of which feed primarily on meat. They have a characteristic skull shape and dentition. South America is notable for its diversity of canids, having more genera than any other continent in spite of their relatively brief history there. South America's felid diversity is also greater than that of North America north of Mexico, while its mustelid diversity is comparable and its mephitid and ursid diversities are lower . Its procyonid diversity is somewhat less than that of Central America , the center of the family's recent evolution. The diversification of canids and felids in South America was partly a consequence of the inability of the continent's native avian and metatherian predators to compete effectively following the Great American Interchange .
Mountain tapir Lowland tapir The odd-toed ungulates are browsing and grazing mammals. They are usually large to very large, and have relatively simple stomachs and a large middle toe. Following the interchange with North America, South America's odd-toed ungulates included equids of genus Equus ungulates of native origin , but these dwindled after the interchange with North America, and disappeared entirely following the arrival of humans. Sequencing of collagen from fossils of one recently extinct species each of notoungulates and litopterns has indicated that these orders comprise a sister group to the perissodactyls.[ 13] [ 14] Gondwanan origin, despite being laurasiatheres .
Chacoan peccary White-lipped peccary Guanaco Vicuña Marsh deer Southern pudú The weight of even-toed ungulates is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes, rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in perissodactyls . There are about 220 noncetacean artiodactyl species, including many that are of great economic importance to humans. South America's considerable cervid diversity belies their relatively recent arrival. The presence of camelids in South America but not North America today is ironic, given that they have a 45-million-year-long history in the latter continent (where they originated), and only a 3-million-year history in the former.
Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises)Southern right whale Sei whales Blue whale Humpback whale Pygmy sperm whale Amazon river dolphin Commerson's dolphin Clymene dolphins Atlantic spotted dolphin Spinner dolphin Hourglass dolphins Dusky dolphin Risso's dolphin Orcas Short-finned pilot whale Melon-headed whales The infraorder Cetacea includes whales , dolphins and porpoises . They are the mammals most fully adapted to aquatic life with a spindle-shaped nearly hairless body, protected by a thick layer of blubber, and forelimbs and tail modified to provide propulsion underwater. Their closest extant relatives are the hippos , which are artiodactyls, from which cetaceans descended; cetaceans are thus also artiodactyls.
See also
Notes
^ This list is derived from the IUCN Red List which lists species of mammals. The taxonomy and naming of the individual species is based on those used in existing Wikipedia articles as of 21 May 2007 and supplemented by the common names and taxonomy from the IUCN, Smithsonian Institution, or University of Michigan where no Wikipedia article was available.
^ This is based on the definition of Sigmodontinae that excludes Neotominae and Tylomyinae .
References
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Lists of Western Hemisphere mammals from north to south
Sovereign states Dependencies and
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