List of justice ministers of Prussia

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The list of justice ministers of Prussia lists the Prussian ministers of justice from the founding of the General Directorate (General-Ober-Finanz-Kriegs-und Domainen-Direktorium) in 1723 until the completion of the federalization (Verreichlichung) of the Prussian justice system during the Gleichschaltung in 1935. The first officeholder was Christoph von Katsch [de] (1723–1729) and the last caretaker of the office was Franz Gürtner (1934–1935).

The office thereby existed during very different political contexts for Prussia: From 1723 until 1806, while Prussia was – at least formally – part of the Holy Roman Empire. From 1806 until 1871 as an office of an independent Kingdom of Prussia. And from 1871 onward as an office of a state of the German Empire (the Free State of Prussia since 1918). The empire itself was a monarchy until its abolition in 1918, before it became the Weimar Republic and finally was transformed into Nazi Germany in 1933.

The German Empire had a separate federal State Secretary of Justice since 1876, who headed the Reichsjustizamt. In 1919 the federal office became known as the Reich Minister of Justice, who headed the Reich Ministry of Justice.

History of the office

Modern ministerial administration began in Prussia under King Frederick William I. From around 1723, his five ministers each had responsibility for a province and specific areas. At the same time, three ministers were always given the role of Justice Minister; They could only make important decisions together. The main tasks were nominating judges, training of lawyers, administration of the judicial apparatus (buildings and personnel), registries (especially the land registers) and advising the king. This system was maintained until 1737 and was later temporarily reactivated.[1]

Under King Frederick II, the systematic drafting of laws began. This task was given to a Grand Chancellor (also known as Senior Minister of Justice and Chef of Justice), newly created in 1747. At times, there was also ongoing administration in parallel by other justice ministers; especially under Grand Chancellor Jariges, who worked with four other ministers. Typical responsibilities of these additional justice ministers were the management of the Criminal Department, the Military Justice System or the Justice Administration as well as the supervision of the Provincial Justice System. From 1762 until the 19th century, "spiritual matters" (churches and education) were also part of the remit of the Justice Ministers (Zedlitz, Wöllner, Massow).[1]

List of ministers

1723–1737: Collegiate Principle

In 1723, the General Directorate (General-Ober-Finanz-Kriegs-und Domainen-Direktorium) was founded by Frederick William I. Originally the General Directorate had five departments; the first four had regional competencies, while the fifth department dealt with judicial matters from all Prussian regions and directed and (secretly) controlled the other departments. This department was headed by Katsch.[2] He is generally regarded as the first minister of justice of Prussia.[3]

Name Image Term Start Term End Notes Ref.
Christoph von Katsch [de] January 1723 1729 Katsch died in office. [2][4]
Johann Moritz von Viebahn [de] 1729 April 1739 Viebahn died in office. [5][6]

1737–1817: Ministers and Grand Chancellors

By cabinet decree (Kabinettsordre [de]) dated 5 November 1737 Frederick William I reorganized the Prussian administration of justice and established Samuel von Cocceji as "Ministre Chef de Justice" who should inspect all aspects of the Prussian administration of justice.[7] After the death of Frederick William I, Frederick the Great did not use the title "Ministre Chef de Justice" but left Cocceji in place and elevated his position to become the inaugural Prussian Grand Chancellor in 1747.[8]

Ministres Chef de Justice and Grand Chancellors (1737–1808)

Name Image Term Start Term End Notes Ref.
Samuel von Cocceji Samuel von Cocceji 5 November 1737 24 October 1755 Cocceji headed the Prussian administration of justice as Ministre Chef de Justice (appointed on 5 November 1737) and was made Grand Chancellor (Großkanzler) on 8 March 1747.

Cocceji died in office.

[8]
Philipp Joseph von Jariges [de] November 1755 9 October 1770 Jariges died in office. [9][10]
Maximilian von Fürst und Kupferberg [de] Carl Joseph Maximilian von Fürst und Kupferberg 14 November 1770 11 December 1779 Fürst was dismissed by Frederick II due to his handling of the Miller Arnold case. [9][11]
Johann Heinrich von Carmer Johann Heinrich Casimir Graf von Carmer 25 December 1779 7 January 1795 Carmer was dispensed from his duties at his own request by Frederick II. [9][12]
Heinrich Julius von Goldbeck [de] 7 February 1795 26 August 1807 Goldbeck was minister of state and justice (Etats- und Justizminister) from 1789 to 1795 (see below) before he became Grand Chancellor and Chef de Justice.

He was succeeded by Carl Friedrich von Beyme [de] after the formation of the modern Prussian ministry of justice necessitated by the Prussian defeat at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806.

[13][14][15]

Justizdepartement

Name Image Term Start Term End Notes Ref.
Levin Friedrich von Bismarck [de] Levin Friedrich von Bismarck 20 December 1746 14 April 1763 Bismarck was minister of state and justice (Etats- und Justizminister) with responsibility for criminal law matters (Criminalsachen).

He requested his dismissal due to old age on 14 April 1763. His successor Fürst was appointed on 26 April 1763.

[16]
Maximilian von Fürst und Kupferberg [de] Carl Joseph Maximilian von Fürst und Kupferberg 26 April 1763 1770 Management of the judiciary in several provinces [17]
Ernst Friedemann von Münchhausen [de] Wappen derer von Münchhausen 19 September 1763 1764 Münchhausen was minister of state and justice (Etats- und Justizminister). On 17 June 1764 he gained the spiritual department in Lutheran church and school matters (Geistliches Departement in lutherischen Kirchen- und Schulsachen). He was succeeded by Zedlitz in this office on 18 January 1771. [18]
Karl Abraham Zedlitz Karl Abraham von Zedlitz 18 November 1770 17 December 1789 [or 3 December 1789] Zedlitz was made minister of state and justice (Etats- und Justizminister) on 18 November 1770 with responsibility for the criminal department (Kriminaldepartement).

Zedlitz was also made head of the Lutheran spiritual department (Lutherisches geistliches Departement) on 18 January 1771 [or 15 January 1771] and held it until 3 July 1788.

He was dismissed in 1789 on his own wishes.

[19][20]
Wolfgang Ferdinand von Dörnberg [de] 28 Februar 1771 1793 Minister of Justice of the French Colony and Spiritual Affairs [21]
Eberhard von der Reck [de] Eberhard von der Reck 31 December 1784 1807 Reck (sometimes Recke) was made minister of state and justice (Etats- und Justizminister) in 1784 to replace the deceased Münchhausen. [22]
Johann Christoph von Wöllner Johann Christoph von Wöllner 3 July 1788 1798 Wöllner was minister of state and justice (Etats- und Justizminister). He was made head of the spiritual department in Lutheran and Catholic matters.

With his appointment the department of justice (Justizdepartement) was restructured: There were now not four, but five ministers of state and justice (Etats- und Justizminister): Zedlitz, Carmer, Dörnberg, Reck and Wöllner.

[23][24]
Heinrich Julius von Goldbeck [de] 11 December 1789 7 February 1795 Goldbeck was minister of state and justice (Etats- und Justizminister) and succeeded Zedlitz.

On 7 February 1795 he became Grand Chancellor (see above).

[25][14]
Albrecht Heinrich von Arnim [de] 1798 15 July 1802 Arnim was minister of state and justice (Etats- und Justizminister).

He was succeeded as head of the department for criminal matters (Kriminaldepartement) by grand chancellor Goldbeck on 15 July 1802

[26]
Julius Eberhard von Massow [de] 2 April 1798 1807 Massow was minister of state and justice (Etats- und Justizminister) and succeeded Wöllner in 2 April 1798.

He headed the spiritual and school department.

[27]
Johann Ludwig von Dorville [de] 1763 1770 [9]
Friedrich Wilhelm von Thulemeyer 1793 1807 [13]

1808–1848: Foundation of a modern Ministry of Justice and its separation into two entities

The modern Prussian Ministry of Justice was formally founded as an independent entity by cabinet decree on 25 November 1808 during the time of the Stein–Hardenberg Reforms.[28][29] On 3 November 1817[30] the First Ministry of Justice for the Revision of Laws and for the Judicial Organisation of the new Provinces (Erstes Justizministerium zur Revision der Gesetzgebung und zur Justizorganisation der neuen Provinzen) was formed as a separate entity which would deal with the revision of Prussia's laws. This ministry was, however, quickly abolished again in December 1819.[28] The business of judicial organisation was transferred to the Immediate Justice Organisation Commission in Berlin (Immediat-Justiz-Organisations-Kommission zu Berlin) and from 1823 onward all business was dealt with within one unified justice ministry. On 9 February 1832 the former idea of two separate entities was revived and by cabinet decree of the same date[29] the Department for the Revision of Laws (Department für Gesetzesrevision) was formed, which also dealt with judicial business of the Rhine Province until 17 December 1838.[28] From 1842 onward the department was again established as a separate and independent ministry (as the Ministry for the Revision of Laws [Ministerium für die Gesetzesrevision]); it was abolished in 1848.[28]

Prussian Ministry of Justice for the Administration of Justice or Second Ministry of Justice (1808–1848)

Name Image Term Start Term End Notes Ref.
(Sovereign) Kingdom of Prussia era (1806–1879) (continued)
Carl Friedrich von Beyme [de] Carl Friedrich von Beyme 25 November 1808 4 June 1810 Beyme was the first minister of justice with a unified ministry of justice (Chef der Justiz) and the last with the traditional title of Grand Chancellor (Großkanzler).

He later became minister of justice again (1817–1819).

[31][32]
Friedrich Leopold von Kircheisen [de] Friedrich Leopold von Kircheisen 9 June 1810 18 March 1825 Due to the Regulation of 27 October 1810 "über die veränderte Verfassung aller obersten Staatsbehörden in der Preußischen Monarchie" the role of the minister of justice was restricted quite significantly vis-a-vis the role or the former Grand Chancellor.

Kircheisen died in office on 18 March 1825.

[33][34][35]
Heinrich von Danckelmann [de] Heinrich von Danckelmann 23 April 1825 29 December 1830 Danckelmann died in office on 29 December 1830. [36][37]
Heinrich Gottlob von Mühler [de] Heinrich Gottlob von Mühler 9 February 1832 18 August 1844 [38][39]
Alexander von Uhden [de] Alexander von Uhden 25 September 1844 20 March 1848 [40][41]

Prussian Ministry of Justice for the Revision of Laws or First Ministry of Justice (1817–1819, 1832–1848)

Name Image Term Start Term End Notes Ref.
(Sovereign) Kingdom of Prussia era (1806–1879) (continued)
Carl Friedrich von Beyme [de] Carl Friedrich von Beyme 3 November 1817 31 December 1819 Beyme was the only minister of the First Ministry of Justice for the revision of legislation and for the judicial organisation of the new provinces (Erstes Justizministerium zur Revision der Gesetzgebung und zur Justizorganisation der neuen Provinzen).

It was his second term as minister of justice (first term: 1808–1810).

[30][32]
No Prussian ministry of justice for the revision of legislation existed.
Karl Albert Christoph Heinrich von Kamptz Karl Albert von Kamptz 9 February 1832 28 February 1842 Kamptz was the only minister of the separate Department für Gesetzesrevision (Department for the Revision of Laws) within the Prussian ministry of justice. [38]
Friedrich Carl von Savigny Friedrich Carl von Savigny 28 February 1842 20 March 1848 Savigny headed the reestablished independent Ministry for the Revision of Laws (Ministerium für die Gesetzesrevision) and was its sole minister. [42][41]

1848–1935: Prussian Ministry of Justice

During the time of the German revolutions of 1848–1849, both ministers of justice (Savigny and Uhden) resigned their portfolios in March 1848 and their ministries were headed by one minister. With a royal decree dated 1 September 1848, the Ministry for the Revision of Laws (Ministerium für die Gesetzesrevision) was formally abolished and its business transferred to the unified Prussian Ministry of Justice.[29]

Name Image Term Start Term End Notes Ref.
(Sovereign) Kingdom of Prussia era (1806–1879) (continued)
Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig Bornemann [de] Wilhelm Bornemann 20 March 1848 25 June 1848 Minister during the German revolutions of 1848–1849. [40][13][41]
Karl Anton Maerker (Maercker) [de] 25 June 1848 21 September 1848 Minister during the German revolutions of 1848–1849.

From 21 September 1848 to 24 September 1848 Undersecretary Müller was acting minister of justice.

[40][13]
Gustav Wilhelm Kisker [de] 24 September 1848 8 November 1848 Minister during the German revolutions of 1848–1849. [40]
Wilhelm Rintelen [de] 11 November 1848 10 April 1849 Minister during the German revolutions of 1848–1849. [40][43]
Ludwig Simons [de] 10 April 1849 1 December 1860 [13]
August von Bernuth [de] August von Bernuth 16 December 1860 17 March 1862 [13]
Leopold zur Lippe-Biesterfeld-Weißenfeld [de] 17 March 1862 1 December 1867 [13]
Gerhard Adolph Wilhelm Leonhardt [de] Adolph Leonhardt 5 December 1867 29 October 1879

[or 30 October 1879]

On 18 January 1871, the German Empire was proclaimed and the Kingdom of Prussia became a state of the Empire. [13][44]
German Empire era (1871–1918)
Heinrich von Friedberg 29 October 1879

[or 30 October 1879]

17 January 1889 [13][44]
Hermann von Schelling [de] Hermann von Schelling 31 January 1889 14 November 1894 [44]
Karl von Schönstedt [de] 13 November 1894

[or 14 November 1894]

21 November 1905 [45][44]
Max von Beseler [de] 21 November 1905 5 August 1917 [46][44]
Peter Spahn [de] Peter Spahn 6 August 1917 27 November 1918 [47]
Weimar Republic era (1918–1933)
Kurt Rosenfeld Wahlplakat für Kurt Rosenfeld 27 November 1918

[or 29 November 1918]

3 January 1919 After the end of World War I on 11 November 1918, the German monarchy was abolished and the Kingdom of Prussia became the Free State of Prussia. During the German Revolution of 1918–1919, Rosenfeld was appointed Prussian minister of justice together with Wolfgang Heine. [48]
Wolfgang Heine Wolfgang Heine 29 November 1918 25 March 1919 Heine was appointed Prussian minister of justice together with Kurt Rosenfeld. After Rosenfeld's resignation on 3 January 1919, he became the sole Prussian minister of justice until 25 March 1919. Heine could, however, not carry out his official duties and Hugo Heinemann [de] was acting as Prussian minister of justice for him. [49]
Hugo am Zehnhoff [de] Hugo am Zehnhoff 25 March 1919 5 March 1927 [50][49]
Hermann Schmidt [de] Hermann Schmidt 5 March 1927 29 July 1932 As a result of the Preußenschlag (the 1932 Prussian coup d'état) Paul von Hindenburg replaced the Prussian government of Otto Braun with Franz von Papen on 20 July 1932. Papen acted as Reichskommissar für Preußen (Reich Commissioner for Prussia). [51][50]
Heinrich Hölscher [de] July 1932 23 March 1933 As Reich Commissioner for Prussia, Franz von Papen, appointed Hölscher to head the Prussian ministry of Justice as a Reich Commissioner. On 30 January 1933 Adolf Hitler seized power and the era of Nazi Germany began. [52][53]
Nazi Germany era (1933–1935)
Hanns Kerrl Hanns Kerrl 23 March 1933

[or 29 March 1933]

17 June 1934 As Hölscher before him, Kerrl was at first appointed as Reich Commissioner on 23 [or 29] March 1933. He became an ordinary Prussian minister of justice on 21 April 1934. On 17 June 1934, the Verreichlichung (federalization) of the Prussian justice system started and Kerrl became Reichsminister without Portfolio. [54][53][55]
Franz Gürtner Franz Gürtner 17 June 1934 31 March 1935 Gürtner held the office only in a caretaker capacity because after the Verreichlichung (federalization) of the Prussian justice system, the administration of justice was transferred to the Reich in 1934 and 1935. On 1 April 1935 the Verreichlichung was completed and the office of Prussian minister of justice abolished. [56]

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b Bassewitz, Magnus Friedrich von (1847). Die Kurmark Brandenburg: ihr Zustand und ihre Verwaltung unmittelbar vor dem Ausbruch des französischen Kriegs im Oktober 1806. Leipzig. p. 44. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  2. ^ a b Stölzel 1888b, p. 94, 97.
  3. ^ Isaacsohn, Siegfried (1882). "Katsch, Christoph von". Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 15. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 453–455.
  4. ^ Isaacsohn, Siegfried (1882). "Katsch, Christoph von". Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 15. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 453–455.
  5. ^ Stölzel 1888b, p. 104.
  6. ^ Sonnenschmidt 1879, pp. 431–432.
  7. ^ Stölzel 1888b, p. 121, 122.
  8. ^ a b Stölzel 1888b, pp. 121, 122, 166, 233.
  9. ^ a b c d Stölzel 1888a, p. XXXIV.
  10. ^ Straubel 2009, p. 461-462.
  11. ^ Straubel 2009, pp. 288–289.
  12. ^ Straubel 2009, pp. 165–166.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i Stölzel 1888a, p. XXXV.
  14. ^ a b Straubel 2009, pp. 323–324.
  15. ^ Sonnenschmidt 1879, pp. 163–164.
  16. ^ Stölzel 1888b, pp. 165, 241–242.
  17. ^ Stölzel 1888b, pp. 241–242.
  18. ^ Wiggermann 2010, p. 58.
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  31. ^ Sonnenschmidt 1879, pp. 164, 171.
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  36. ^ "Allerhöchste Kabinetsordre vom 23. April 1825 (No 930)". Gesetzsammlung für die Königlich-Preußischen Staaten: 40. 1825.
  37. ^ von Bülow (1875). "Über die Aussetzung und Teilung gerichtlich erkannter Strafen". Justiz-Ministerialblatt für die preußische Gesetzgebung. 37: 134 [139].
  38. ^ a b Sonnenschmidt 1879, p. 216.
  39. ^ Wippermann, Karl (1885), "Mühler, Heinrich von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 22, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 468–469
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  41. ^ a b c "Allhöchste Kabinetsordre vom 20. März 1848 (No 97 and No 98)". Ministerial-Blatt für die Preussische innere Verwaltung (in German). 9: 90. 1848.
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  43. ^ Baumgart, Winfried (2016). Der König und sein Beichtvater. Deutsche Geschichtsquellen des 19. Und 20. Jahrhunderts (in German). Vol. 72. Duncker & Humblot. p. 457. doi:10.3790/978-3-428-55044-9. ISBN 978-3-428-55044-9.
  44. ^ a b c d e Neugebauer, Wolfgang, ed. (2001). Handbuch der preußischen Geschichte (in German). Vol. III (Vom Kaiserreich zum 20. Jahrhundert und Große Themen der Geschichte Preußens). pp. 142–144. doi:10.1515/9783110906691. ISBN 978-3-11-014092-7.
  45. ^ Jahrbuch der preussischen Gerichtsverfassung (in German). Vol. 25. R. v. Decker. 1902. p. 202.
  46. ^ Huber, Ernst Rudolf (1978). Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789: Struktur und Krisen des Kaiserreichs (in German) (2 ed.). W. Kohlhammer. pp. 289 (Footnote 10).
  47. ^ Neubach, Helmut (22 May 1846). "Peter Spahn". Konrad Adenauer Foundation (in German). Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  48. ^ Engel, Gerhard; Holtz, Bärbel; Materna, Ingo, eds. (1993). Groß-Berliner Arbeiter- und Soldatenräte in der Revolution 1918/19 (in German). Akademie Verlag. pp. 36 (footnote 7). ISBN 978-3-05-006883-1.
  49. ^ a b Lindenberg (1920). "Personalverhältnisse der Juristen in Preußen". Deutsche Juristen-Zeitung (in German). 25: 340.
  50. ^ a b Neugebauer, Wolfgang, ed. (2000). Handbuch der Preußischen Geschichte (in German). Vol. 3 (Vom Kaiserreich zum 20. Jahrhundert und Große Themen der Geschichte Preußens). De Gruyter. pp. 314–316. doi:10.1515/9783110906691. ISBN 978-3-11-090669-1.
  51. ^ Strauch, Dieter (2019). "Die rheinischen Obergerichte im Wandel der Zeit". In Haferkamp, Hans-Peter; Gräfin von Schwerin, Margarete (eds.). Das Oberlandesgericht Köln zwischen dem Rheinland, Frankreich und Preußen (in German). Böhlau. p. 85. ISBN 9783412513146.
  52. ^ Gruchmann, Lothar (2002). Justiz im Dritten Reich 1933-1940: Anpassung und Unterwerfung in der Ära Gürtner (3 ed.). Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. p. 132. doi:10.1524/9783486595475. ISBN 9783486538335.
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