Despite the Philippines being one of the most liberal Asian countries for journalists,[2]Reporters Without Borders (RSF) has said that it is one of the world's deadliest for them. Violence against journalists continued even with the establishment of the Presidential Task Force on Media Security (PTFoMS) in 2016. In its press freedom index for 2022, the country ranks 147th out of the 180 countries evaluated by RSF.[3][4]
The 2009 Maguindanao massacre caused the country to be ranked 156th by RSF in 2010;[5] 3rd in the Global Impunity Index (GII) since then until 2014, the country's worst;[6] and to be listed as well in that year the world's deadliest for journalists;[7] all by the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ). The country had been on its list of the twenty deadliest from 2007 until being excluded in 2015.[7] In 2018, the country was given a special citation as one of those with an improved ranking. Likewise, the country was reported by the RSF as one of the five deadliest countries for journalists in the world from the mid-2010s until being delisted in 2018. One of the causes is the PTFoMS' immediate action on various cases of killings and threats against the press.[8]
The country, along with five others, has been in the GII since its launch by CPJ in 2008.[9][10] The index measures deliberate, work-related killings of journalists, beginning from ten years prior.[10] In the 2023 list, the country ranks 8th in terms of impunity in the killings, moving down from 7th in 2019–2022,[9][10] and 4th in 2015.[7]
Other groups also report similarly high numbers. Data from the CPJ shows 159 killed since 1992; UNESCO reported 117 since 1996, with the majority of them having the state's publicized responses to Director General's request for information on judicial follow-up. Both include the most recent killing, the death of Juan Jumalon in November 2023.[15][16]
Prior to Jumalon's death, PTFoMS reported that there were 142 work-related killings, also since 1986.[17]
RSF, on the other hand, has an estimate of directly work-related killings that is a little less than the estimate of the NUJP.[18]
Philippine Movement for Press Freedom (PMPF): tally since President Ferdinand Marcos declaredmartial law in 1972.[22] Until 1999, 87 journalists were reportedly slain. PMPF, defunct by the mid-2000s, was a media watchdog which monitored press freedom violations especially in the 1980s; also active during the administrations of C. Aquino and Ramos.[23][24][25]
Reports from Bulatlat in 2003 cited figures compiled by PMPF and by the Media for Peace through the CMFR and NUJP.[24] However, their tally differs from CMFR alone, for instance, the case of Nelson Nadura was counted by Bulatlat as 72nd, by CMFR as 43rd, both since 1986.[25]
Through a published letter in the Philippine Daily Inquirer in 2014, CMFR explained that in researching each case, they exclude those found to be non-work-related, making its count lower than that of NUJP.[26]
Various data show similarities seen in most of the killings. Incidents usually occurred in the provinces,[13] wherein victims working there as journalists exposed wrongdoings in their locality[28] and were critical about these issues.[18] For instance, a CPJ's database shows that among those journalists killed in 1992–July 2021, it was found that 94% were based in the provinces; a third of them had received prior threats.[29] On the other hand, suspects, unknown and presumably hired killers, were hardly caught;[28] very often they are motorcycle-riding assailants.[27]
Both CMFR and the Philippine National Police reported in 2005 that of the journalists slain in the line or duty, seven were killed in crossfire: five during encounter with or being killed by the New People's Army (including two in an ambush in 1986), and two during a coup attempt in 1989 perpetrated by RAM–SFP–YOU.[30][31]
The Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility (CMFR) has recorded, by April 2015, ten of those "killed in the line of duty since 1986" are women, four of them in the 2009 Maguindanao massacre case. Excluding more than a hundred arrested in connection with the 2009 murders, four alleged gunmen in two of the six cases were arrested; one of them has been released.[32]
Data shows that few out of the cases of media killings since the 1986 People Power Revolution have had developments. Combined data from CMFR (Nov. 2014) and PTFoMS (Jan. 2020) show at least 53 of the cases resulted in convictions;[8] the CMFR also reported, by Apr. 2016, six acquittals.[33][c] Meanwhile, CMFR recorded that, by 2011, 54% of the monitored cases were considered "cold or dead" where police have been unable to identify and arrest any suspect.[35] Furthermore, both PCIJ (in a February 2015 report) and CMFR stated that none of the masterminds have been prosecuted and convicted.[36][37][35][38] The CPJ shows in its database that assailants in 97% of the recorded killings (1992–July 2021) have not yet been punished; local government officials were suspected as the masterminds in more than half of the cases.[29]
PTFoMS, created through Administrative Order No. 1 issued by President Rodrigo Duterte in October 2016, has been acting on the later cases; also, it has been gathering all data from various sources to map prior cases in the country and to exercise investigative powers on them; the results (shown at the table) until the 2019 verdict on the Ampatuan massacre case are recorded.[8]
Cases recorded by PTFoMS (since 1986, as of Jan. 2020)
Description
No.
Killing (180)
Work-related (22)
Under investigation (including those cases with unidentified suspects, unavailable witnesses or evidence)
Victim's family is no longer interested to file a complaint or pursue the case
8
Reached acquittal
5
Dismissed
6
Not killing (64)
Threats
58
Survivors of physical attacks with the intention to kill
6
Cases involving journalists and media workers
244
Source: Presidential Task Force on Media Security[8]
For those cases prior to 1986, various sources document such. According to the National Press Club (NPC), about 35 journalists were killed during the Marcos administration.[19] NPC, as well as the military and a journalists' group in Manila, both reported more cases from mid-1984 to mid-1985, more than twice than the previous decade. Either military personnel or paramilitary units were the perpetrators in several cases. Few of these were said to be solved, few suspects were arrested, and at least a conviction was reported.[21][20][b]
In 2006, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo created Task Force Usig in response to the rising number of murders of journalists and activists. While the supervisory body reportedly accomplished police reform and increased coordination, among other accomplishments, it was criticized by media activists for failure to provide necessary logistics. Additionally, it was deemed ineffective as it operated from Camp Crame and relied on local police investigators vulnerable to political pressure.[35]
"Media killings" defined
The term has various definitions:
NUJP considers all media killings as work-related, assuming as such those cases that are uncertain if work-related or whose motives are unknown, unless there is proof otherwise.[35][23]
CMFR defines media killings "as the murder of journalists and media workers", anyone who works regularly in certain media and its aspects regardless of work quality or status, but with clarification on categorizing as work-related the cases of targeted killings due to their reports.[35] The case is classified as "in the line of duty" regardless of reported certain abuses in the practice being provoked the killing. Meanwhile, while CMFR acknowledges a case that maybe not work-related, it finds any evidence to indicate such motives until it is verified, delisting the case.[36]
For TF Usig, a journalist's murder must be "work-related" to be considered a media killing.[35]
PTFoMS focuses on the case depending on the definition of the "media members" or those considered as workers, which excludes guests invited by media entities;[39] initially presumes all reported killings of such personnel as work-related and takes initiative in the investigation as a matter of protocol.[8]
In the case of 32 journalists slain in 2009 in Maguindanao, they are said killed in the line of duty, thus recorded by both CMFR and NUJP. This is contrary to what was said by the TF Usig that the incident is considered to be election-related; they were not the target of the killers and are considered "collateral damage". Moreover, media activists had been concerned with the task force's count beginning from 2001 as they recorded only a few percent of those in the tally of CMFR and NUJP.[35]
Pre-1980s
Antonio Abad Tormis, Republic News editor and columnist, was shot on July 3, 1961, in front of the Masonic Temple building in Cebu City. Felipe Pareja, city treasurer at that time, had been the subject of Tormis' commentaries on graft. Pareja, the mastermind, and the gunman, Cesario Orongan, were convicted and imprisoned. This is the only such case in Cebu considered work-related.[36][40]
Ermin Garcia Sr., editor of the DagupanSunday Punch newspaper, was shot dead in his office by two hitmen in Dagupan, Pangasinan on 20 May 1966. The next edition of the Sunday Punch revealed that Garcia was working on exposing the illegal practices of some local politicians at the time, and that the killing was most likely related.[41][42]
Celso Tan, DYRL commentator, was shot dead in May 1967 in his home in Bacolod. He had been exposing in his program a criminal syndicate, which was later believed to be behind the killing. This is the first such killing in the city and in Negros Occidental.[43]
1980s
Pre-1986
Demosthenes "Demy" Dingcong, Lanao provincial correspondent of Bulletin Today, was shot by an unidentified gunman in his house in Iligan, Lanao del Norte on December 5, 1980. He had written exposés about anomalies in the local government activities, including that on the missing fund intended for the students of Mindanao State University; also on military abuses, and the situation of the political prisoners in the province. He had already received threats from local officials.[12][44]
Geoffrey Siao, radio commentator and writer of the Philippine Post in Iligan, was murdered on March 2, 1984.[12][44]
Florante "Boy" de Castro, lawyer and news commentator worked at DXCP, who had reported suspicious local government activities in South Cotabato, was gunned down on March 9, 1984, inside his house in General Santos.[12][44][e]
Vicente (Vic) Villordon, DYLA anchor, a critic of both the Marcos government and the communist movement, was shot by two gunmen on December 28, 1984, outside the station in Cebu City. The case has been unsolved. In a 2006 report by The Philippine Star, a former communist rebel claimed Villordon and Leo Enriquez III (killed in 1987), his former colleagues in the Communist Party of the Philippines–New People's Army (CPP–NPA), were killed by their comrades.[36][40]
Charles (or Charlie) Aberilla, DXWG (Iligan) commentator, on April 29, 1985, was killed by three armed men who had entered the announcer's booth while on-air.[21][46]
Nabokodonosor "Nabing" Velez, 47, DYLA anchor-commentator in Cebu, was attacked by six gunmen on June 1, 1985, while watching a beauty contest. Case is unsolved.[36][40]
Joselito Paloma, provincial journalist and publisher in Surigao, was fatally shot in his car on August 19, 1985.[20]
Deaths: Mabazza died same day; Vicoy died April 25 in Tuguegarao, same province
A convoy of army soldiers and journalists was ambushed by the NPA; also killed were eight soldiers. Mabazza and Vicoy, 45, who died later in a hospital, were the first journalists killed while covering the communist insurgency.
Along with five civilian guests, died on the spot when NPA gunmen attacked the radio station, then known for its anti-communist broadcasts, in the worst crime against the press in the city. Fernando "Ferdie" Lintuan survived the attack but would be assassinated in 2007.
Shot dead near his house. Case has been unsolved. The CPP–NPA were reported to be responsible; further claimed by a former communist rebel, former colleagues of Enriquez and Vic Villordon (killed in 1984), in a 2006 report by The Philippine Star.
Killed. A local businessman was reportedly identified as suspect and later charged, but escaped arrest. The killing is believed connected to his exposé of local illegal gambling.
Murdered in front of his house. Responsibility for the murder was unclear; though Arcones, an anti-communist, was generally believed to be killed by the NPA because of his stance. He had also criticized local politicians in Iloilo province.
Along with her husband, shot dead by unidentified men in what was said a robbery case. An exposé published by Ladringan implicating top Muslim officials at the Mindanao State University (MSU) in graft and corruption, which led to their dismissal, was seen as a possible motive.
Shot and killed. Toling had been exposing organized crime activities. Two suspects were arrested for the murder. Gerry Sarabia was convicted for the killing and had to serve a term of 17–20 years at the San Ramon Penal Colony.
His support to the workers in a local labor dispute was linked to the killing. Several arrests were made in connection with the murder; but the case was unsolved by year-end.
Reporter and columnist for dailies, Manila Bulletin and its sister publication Tempo President of the Pambansang Katipunan ng mga Barangay and of the Federation of Provincial Press Clubs of the Philippines
Died on the spot as being shot by two unidentified motorcycle-riding gunmen while driving on her way home. She had received death threats as she was criticizing the alleged failure of the government to stop the kidnappings in the municipality.
Iyas, 63, was shot at his home. He was said to be the campaign manager of the city's vice mayor who was running for mayor in the 1995 Philippine general election. Case remains unsolved.
With his lover, were stabbed dead near a street corner. Charges against Jecknel Inso, who had spent five years in jail as a suspect, was dismissed upon prosecution's failure to present witnesses. Case remains unsolved.
Murdered by a lone gunman. A soldier, contracted by military officials, was suspected as he had been critical of the Army on alleged abuses of their power.
Gunned down while broadcasting in the radio booth. Abdulwarid Ada was accused. Another journalist from the same station, Candelario Cayona, would be murdered in 2001; Ada would be also involved.
Shot dead in a betting station by unidentified motorcycle-riding men. This was said not work-related, killers have not been arrested. In 2004, the Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG) reopened its investigation on the case.
Murdered near his home. Gerardo Tocana, said to be the killer, was sentenced to life imprisonment for the killing in one of the first convictions among other cases since 1986
In the early 1990s, Pedro "Pete" Dahan, DXUM block-timer announcer, was shot dead in Davao City. The killing was linked to various angles more than being a journalist.[47]
Murdered in an assignment covering the visit of a son of President Joseph Estrada. On June 4, 2001, three accused in the killing, all members of the Rebolusyonaryong Hukbong Bayan, an NPA splinter group, were arrested in the same province. Case has filed but no update yet.
RSF reported two work-related cases: that of Ureta and Cayona. On the other hand, RSF said that by year-end, the killings of two other journalists could not be established if work-related.[h]
Killed by gunmen on motorcycles while on his way home from his evening broadcast. Ureta, had tackled issues on illegal gambling and illegal drugs in Aklan, was reported to had received death threats within five months due to his commentaries. Murder charges against four suspects were filed in 2004 but was dismissed by the provincial prosecutor's office, which rejected the lone witness' testimony. In 2007, the Department of Justice (DOJ) reversed the dismissal of two of the suspects, who then filed a motion for reconsideration asking for the retention of the case's dismissal. In 2008, the Supreme Court granted a petition by the Freedom Fund for Filipino Journalists (FFFJ) and the NUJP to transfer the venue of the cases of Ureta and of Herson Hinolan from Aklan to Cebu; both cases were raffled to the Cebu CityRegional Trial Court (RTC). Accomplice convicted of homicide; gunman, being dead, cleared.
While on his way home on his motorcycle, was reportedly shot and killed by two unidentified individuals. Police had no leads in the case. He had hosted a religious program and was not known to have broadcast any controversial reports. The station manager said that he was not aware of any threats against Yusop. Case underwent investigation.
Murdered by two unidentified gunmen on the way to the radio's offices. At the time, he was investigating drug trafficking in the region. He had received death threats as he carried out several interviews with leaders of the rebel group Abu Sayyaf especially during the Jolo hostage crisis, which angered the authorities, especially the Philippine Army. On May 28, 2002, the main suspect, hired killer Abduwarid Adda, was arrested in the same city. Adda was said to be involved in the 1998 murder of another journalist from the same station, Reynaldo Bancayrin. Case dismissed at the trial court.
Shot and killed by two armed people who had entered her home. Being an administrator of agricultural cooperatives, she was accused of corruption and became a target of Communist rebels. Although the motive for her murder remains unclear, police did not exclude the possibility that this was work-related.
Hernandez, 22, and her three companions, were shot reportedly by a group of Army troopers and paramilitary men while conducting a research in the area for the organization and for local newspapers. In August, a complaint was submitted by her family; no arrests were made.
Pagadian-based commentator and reporter at RPN–DXKP, managing director and editor of local The Zamboanga Scribe, editor (and correspondent) of Mindanao Gold Star; also worked in RPN-9
An award-winning journalist, Damalerio, 32 or 33, was fatally shot by one of two unidentified motorcycle-riding men that had stopped his open vehicle while about to return to his home from a press conference, along with two friends. He had criticized local politicians and police, including its chief, on corruption and the failure to crack down on illegal drugs and criminal activities, and had received death threats. Despite the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) opening an investigation, a series of cover-ups by police were reported. Two of three witnesses of the killing were later killed. After a trial in 2005 in Cebu, police officer Guillermo Wapile, an alleged hired killer identified as gunman by victim's companions, was sentenced to life in prison for the murder. Wapile had refused to name his accomplices and the instigators of the murder. One of two witnesses killed was Damalerio's fellow journalist, Edgar Amoro, who had identified the former's gunman, in 2005.
Presenter of a political program on private Celestron Cable TV and managing editor (and publisher) of the local biweekly magazine Kokus; also radio broadcaster
Shot by an unknown man as he rode from home. He had regularly criticized the municipal opposition and a former mayor, a businessman, which was said to had been behind the murder. He had received threats weeks prior to the killing. A witness later withdrew his evidence after being threatened. Cold case; murder suspects later killed.
Pobeda, 35, was shot by two unidentified gunmen on motorcycles who had stopped him while riding his motorcycle to work. He often criticized corrupt local officials, especially the mayor whom he had accused of involvement in the local illegal drug trade; he had received repeated numerous anonymous death threats. By early 2005, three suspects were arrested, all linked to the mayor's family, including brothers identified as bodyguards of the mayor's son, also a councilor; a third said shot and killed Pobeda; those behind the murder are still unidentified. Case underwent trial.
Shot by an unidentified gunman in front of his house. Gregorio wrote many articles critical of municipal officials including the mayor. No arrests were made.
Fatally shot by a gunman in front of his house. Villarante was believed killed because of his reports on drug trafficking, illegal gambling and local government corruption; another possible angle was his activity as a police informer. Concerns were expressed on the hesitant investigation as high-profile individuals are said to be involved. A suspect, a civilian police agent arrested few days after the killing, was released on bail in December 2004 as the investigation was shelved for lack of evidence. The former town police chief and three other policemen then shared a cash reward for the arrest of the presumed killer. For some time, police ransacked his house, confiscating articles he had written. Case dismissed at the trial court.
Ramirez, 25, was shot on the roadside. He had engaged in critical reporting on local politicians. The murder was believed to be due to his investigations into drug trafficking. Case remains unsolved. Underwent preliminary investigation.
Known for his anti-communist commentaries, pronounced dead on arrival when was shot by two unidentified motorcycle-riding gunmen while walking home with a bodyguard and a friend. The motive is unclear. Pala had survived first two attacks, the last was in April. Thereafter, Pala had been airing from his home his show that had exposed corruption among local politicians. No arrests were made.
Shot by two unidentified gunmen while on his motorcycle leaving the station after his daily broadcast. The motive is unclear. Nadura, a blocktimer, had a news program wherein he criticized local officials. The NPA, said to be the suspects, denied their involvement. By 2014, trial ongoing, other suspects at-large.
RSF, noticing surge in violence in the election period, reported 2004, when general elections were held, as the deadliest year for the press at that time.[50] That year and 2006 were the deadliest prior to the 2009 Maguindanao massacre, based on NUJP data.[3]
Name
Profile
Attack/death
Notes
Sources
Refs.
Rowell/Ruel Endrinal
Blocktime program host and political commentator on DZRC (Legazpi) and publisher of Bicol Metro News
Shot by two assailants as was just left his home and walked to work. He was critical of local politicians, especially the provincial governor. Endrinal had received death threats before, said to be linked to local politicians. Those behind the murder remain unidentified. Conviction reported; mastermind/s remained at large (as of 2014).
Gunned down by an assassin riding at the back of a motorcycle while riding home from the Prosecutor's office where he had just filed a formal complaint about being assaulted by thugs allegedly employed by the local mayor, whom he had criticized along with corrupt local police officials. Two suspects, a village chief whom he accused of corruption and believed the mastermind, and a former police intelligence official, either surrendered or were arrested in August. On March 6, 2006, a court acquitted a former police officer.
Gunned down by assailants while on his motorcycle after his program. Believed to be work-related. Mariano, a known critic of government affairs, was about to report a story on alleged scams at a local electric company. Two of the four suspects charged with murder, including a former policeman, were arrested following a witness' testimony. Upon order from the Supreme Court in 2006, the court records, as well as suspects, were transferred from Ilocos Norte to Manila before the trial; two more suspects remain at large. Acquittal reported.
Batangas-based; provincial correspondent for DZRH and Bulgar tabloid; columnist and correspondent for provincial newspapers (Dyaryo Veritas and People's Courier)
Shot dead by two motorcycle-riding gunmen. A contract killer was detained at the end of the month. The presumed instigator surrendered to the authorities the following month. Case dismissed at both the trial court and Ombudsman; accused gunman later killed.
Shot by a former soldier and former bodyguard of Manny Pacquiao following a heated argument; died after being under critical condition. Suspect remains at large as of 2012.
Misajon, 28, was said accidentally shot by one of four robbers who had stopped him, with a companion, in a vacant lot while he was driving. Another suspect later turned as witness. In a decision issued on Dec. 2012 and promulgated the following month, Iloilo RTC convicted three of the suspects of robbery with homicide and sentenced them to prison.
Lumawag, 26, arrived in Sulu with a MindaNews editor; shot and killed in the pier as he was heading back to a hotel. There were various theories for the attack (including an Abu Sayyaf initiation rite and possible reprisal for a corruption story the two were pursuing.) A murder complaint was later filed against two Abu Sayyaf members, who are at large. Colleagues believed that the claimed involvement of Abu Sayyaf is difficult to verify. Case archived as suspects later killed.
Shot by a masked man in a local carnival while attempting to run. Murder charges were later filed against Alfredo Arcenio, former mayor of Lezo, Aklan, but were downgraded to homicide in 2005. In 2008, the Supreme Court granted a petition by the FFFJ and NUJP to transfer the venue of the cases of Hinolan and of Rolando Ureta from Aklan to Cebu. In May 2009, a witness was arrested for defying a subpoena. Arcenio had been imprisoned for eight years prior to his conviction on August 10, 2016, by Cebu City RTC, which sentenced him to 14 years in prison.
Shot dead in a reclamation area by one of two men on a motorcycle as he tried to flee. Businessman Edgar Belandres, Dizon's neighbor and identified as a shooter, was convicted of murder by a court on January 19, 2006, despite the prosecution's failure to present a motive; but was freed upon reversal of ruling by the Court of Appeals in 2010.
Amoro, in his 40s, was the second and witness in the 2002 murder of his colleague, Edgar Damalerio, to be killed when shot by gunmen, said to be accomplices of Damalerio's killer, in front of a high school where he was teaching, while walking home. Amoro was said to had received a death threat since 2002, shortly after dismissal of a police chief. On January 26, 2010, a court sentenced to life imprisonment one of the gunmen, Muhammad Maulana, for the murder; another suspect remains at large.
Tacurong-based; columnist for provincial weekly The Midland Review and blocktime program presenter on DXKR President of Tri-Media Association in Soccksargen Region; former ombudsman in the Department of Agriculture–Region 12 (DA–12)
Her first husband, Severino Arcones, was murdered in 1989.
Fatally shot during a family dinner in her home. She had exposed misconduct in the local government and filed corruption charges against several officials; especially in DA–12, and even accused its officers, Osmeña Montañer and Estrella Sabay, who were among the suspected masterminds for the murder; as well as the Fertilizer Fund scam in which President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and her Secretary of Agriculture were implicated. On October 6, 2006, a Cebu City court convicted three men, including confessed killer Gerry Cabayag, of murder and sentenced them to life imprisonment; acquitted suspect-turned-state witness, a former military intelligence officer who admitted being the coordinator, for lack of evidence. Meanwhile, despite the witness' testimony and the support of the DOJ, charges against the suspected masterminds were dismissed by the Tacurong RTC, prompting a request to the Supreme Court to transfer the case to Cebu, wherein a motion to reinstate the cases was also dismissed. In 2008, murder charges were filed again and the Tacurong RTC eventually issued warrants of arrest. Case against masterminds reportedly archived.
Cantoneros, 34, was shot by three men on motorcycles as he stepped out of the station on his way home. He was known for his commentaries and criticisms of certain politicians, alleged corruption and illegal gambling. On January 29, 2010, Robert Woo was convicted of as an accomplice to the murder.
Agustin, 54, was shot in his daughter's home by two assailants on a motorbike. Weeks prior, he had published an exposé on irregularities in Dingalan, with a mayor being implicated of embezzlement. Indicted before the municipal trial court were a hired gun and two others, as well as the mayor as the alleged mastermind, who surrendered in 2006. The same year, the Supreme Court agreed to transfer the case from Aurora to the Manila RTC, citing safety concerns and the mayor's influence. On May 14, 2009, another suspected mastermind was arrested in Mabalacat, Pampanga. Murder case against alleged mastermind dismissed, case archived for other suspects.
Murdered inside his house. Uy criticized militarization in Sorsogon, letting the military to label him as a "communist supporter and NPA recruiter". Case archived.
Shot at a market. In October 2007, Roberto Jagdon, a former professional boxer originally charged of murder, was sentenced to 8–12 years in prison for homicide. Jagdon was believed to be a hired killer; mastermind remains free. No motive was established.
Shot while entering his house. Motives considered include his activity against illegal fishing. In September of that year, SPO1 Marcial Ocampo was sentenced by the court to 40 years in jail for murder. Two alleged accomplices and the mastermind remain unidentified.
A murder case was filed against two gunmen, one of them was a police officer who had been criticized by the victim for alleged gun display. He was earlier arrested and tried. The death affected journalists in Palawan, especially when DYPR clashed with its competitor, politician-run DYER, over the issue. Acquittal reported.
George, 36, and Maricel, 39, were gunned down by two or three motorcycle-riding assassins while on their way home from the city's public market. They had later reported and commented on local government issues. A case was filed against Juniver Madangguit, an alleged member of the Sparrow Unit of the NPA identified as a suspect along with three unknown individuals, which was later dismissed in late 2006 for lack of evidence. Human rights advocates saw evidence of a whitewash as the authorities linked NPA guerillas to the killing. When a new case was to be filed, this was become difficult as the task force investigating the case had been deactivated and with the suspicious death of Madangguit in 2007 in Makilala. On the other hand, the NBI reportedly stated that the gunmen were military operatives and that a politician might be the mastermind. Case underwent preliminary investigation.
Shot dead by two motorcycle-riding assailants on his way home from work. He had been facing libel lawsuits filed by politicians. On April 29, 2009, a court convicted Joy Anticamara, identified as a gunman, of homicide and sentenced him to 10–17 years in prison.
Associate publisher of a local weekly Lightning Courier (Cotabato City) Started in the broadcast industry; former editor-in-chief of another, then-defunct local Mindanao Newscast
Palacios, 41, who was last seen near police headquarters in Cabanatuan a day before, was found dead in a village. He sustained various wounds. Palacios was said to had "earned the ire" of certain people involved in crimes and corruption that he had reported. Cold case.
Survivor of the 1987 DXRA attack, was gunned down by motorcycle-riding assassins after leaving his radio program. His companions in a car he drove, two radiomen, left unhurt. On April 22, 2009, a court acquitted a man charged of murder, many believed as a fall guy, due to insufficient evidence.
Sison, 60, and his two daughters, also working for the said newspaper, were on their way home from a party when two unidentified motorcycle-riding men opened fire at his car. Sison died; the daughters survived. The suspects and the motive remain identified. Case dismissed in court due to insufficient evidence against suspects.
Roxas, 32, who denounced government corruption, was shot by a gunman on a motorcycle while on his way home from his noon time program. Roxas had discussed for two weeks the alleged anomalies on the financial aid during an administration of a mayor. Two suspects were arrested a few weeks later. Case underwent trial.
Cuesta, 38, who denounced government corruption, was fatally shot by one (believed to be a hired) of the motorcycle-riding assailants near a shopping mall while walking on his way home from work. Believed to be work-related. A month before, Cuesta had reported in his program water contamination in a village, with an association later investigated. He then received death threats. On July 13, 2009, the Supreme Court granted a petition to transfer the trial for the murder from General Santos to Makati. A police inspector related to the then-mayor, identified as the main suspect and one of the gunmen, remained at large despite an arrest order in 2009; the murder charge against him has been archived. Case remains unresolved.
Padrigao, 55, was gunned down by a motorcycle-riding assassin in front of a university. His killing appeared to be work-related. Padrigao criticized local government corruption as well as illegal logging activities in his province on his program and had received threats. Conviction reported for a suspect (pled guilty to homicide while trial is ongoing for another one).
Mila, 38, was on his way home from his afternoon program when unknown assailants shot him. Mila had received death threats because of his commentaries. Killing is believed to be work-related.
Shot by a gunman outside of his house. On April 14, 2016, the Lipa RTC acquitted police officer Darwin Quimoyog, accused in the murder, citing that the testimonies of some witnesses were "only circumstantial evidence".
Shot by two men. He was known for his criticism of local politicians in Masbate. In July, a murder case was filed against the suspects, one of them identified, both remain at large. Case archived
Thirty-two journalists were among 58 people murdered on November 23, 2009 in Maguindanao as they accompanied the convoy of the family and supporters of Buluan vice mayor Esmael Mangudadatu; and were about to cover the filing of candidacy on the latter's behalf for provincial governor of Maguindanao for the 2010 election. They had departed from Mangudadatu's residence and before reaching Shariff Aguak, came across the ruling Ampatuan family's "private army" of approximately 200, allegedly led by Datu Unsay mayor Andal Ampatuan Jr. and with law enforcement authorities, at Ampatuan town. The Ampatuans waylaid the group, as well as passers-by and diverted them to a hill wherein they shot the victims dead, with their bodies and some of the vehicles later buried in the pits by clan members. Within few days, all were retrieved except a body of one journalist which remains missing. This incident is the world's single worst attack on the media members and the country's worst incident of electoral violence.[8][32][36][35][47][11][68][82][83][27][84][79]
Journalists and media workers killed in Maguindanao massacre[j]
Betia: marketing director Caniban: news bureau chief Decena: circulation manager Legarta: contributor Merisco: columnist Razon: sales manager
Also: Caniban: Sultan Kudarat Gazette associate publisher Decena: worked in Rapido Merisco: worked in Tingog MindaNOW Legarta: Tingog Mindanao publisher, worked in Prontiera News
John Caniban
30
Noel Decena
Bienvenido Legarta Jr.
36
Rey Merisco
Fernando "Ranny" Razon
44
Romeo Jimmy "Pal-ak" Cabillo
From Midland Review:
Cabillo: correspondent Momay: photographer and messenger
Fifteen of the 197 accused were members of the Ampatuan clan including the masterminds, former provincial governor Andal Sr., died July 2015, and his sons, Andal Jr. and Zaldy, former Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao governor. On December 19, 2019, in a verdict by Quezon City RTC, 28 principal respondents, including eight Ampatuan clan members especially the brothers, were convicted for 57 counts of murder, including 31 media workers, and were sentenced with reclusión perpetua without parole; 15 were sentenced to lower prison terms for being accessories to the crime.[8][32][36][11][82][84]
By January 2020, four more accused, one of them among those acquitted, were under police custody; 77 remain at large.[8]
In the final month of the Arroyo administration, three radio journalists were killed. Desidario Camangyan was killed while hosting a singing contest at Manay, Davao Oriental on June 14. Within 48 hours, Joselito Agustin was murdered in Bacarra, Ilocos Norte, for his political reporting.[85] Nestor Bedolido was the last journalist killed that month.
Camangyan, 50, was shot dead while onstage hosting a singing contest; reportedly over his criticisms on illegal logging activity. Case underwent trial.
Agustin, 37, was gunned down by two men on motorcycles while on his way home; reportedly over his criticisms against corruption. Nephew injured. Case underwent trial.
Former journalist based in Kalinga Former DZRK Radyo ng Bayan broadcaster; former reporter-commentator of a Radyo Natin station; retired columnist of a provincial daily
Daguio, 75, was shot dead while having a dinner in his home. The police claimed he was killed by cattle rustlers he had exposed. Five suspects were later charged for the murder, including an arrested suspected gunman, another, Lando Bilog, who was found dead in the Kalinga–Isabela border before arrest warrants were about to be issued, and Edmund Bilog, who was convicted of homicide by the Roxas, Isabela RTC on Dec. 8, 2017.
Belen, 48, was shot by motorcycle-riding men while on his way home to Iriga. Murder charges were filed against suspects who were supposedly identified by him before his death. They include Eric Vargas, an alleged gunman convicted in 2015 by the Iriga RTC and sentenced to a 40-year prison term; another is an NPA member. This was cited in a 2013 report by PCIJ as the only case in the first six months of the Aquino III administration and considered work-related.
Murdered by a lone gunman in a store, after his broadcast. Ortega had criticized the misuse of the royalties arising from the Malampaya gas field off Palawan. The team of hired killers were arrested later. Nine suspects include the alleged masterminds, former Gov. Joel Reyes and his brother, former Coron mayor Mario Reyes, both indicted by the DOJ and later managed to escape amid the issuance of an arrest warrant; as well as self-confessed assailant Marlon Recamata who, in May 2013, was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. Mastermind/s remain at large.
Shot dead by a gunman near her house while on her way to her work. Sumera was president of a homeowners' group which was involved in land disputes, which she also covered in her program. She had received threats allegedly from another group in the said city. In April, charges were filed against four alleged members of the Partisanong Armadong Operatiba ng Partidong Marxista-Leninista ng Pilipinas who were identified as suspects. Suspects remain at-large.
Gunned down by one of two unidentified motorcycle-riding men while on his way to work. Olea had discussed issues on the city government in his program. The murder was classified as a cold case because of lack of information for possible suspects.
Based in Maddela, Quirino; acting editor-in-chief and columnist for the now-defunct FICO's Prime News, columnist of a local weekly Northeast Journal Branch manager of the First Isabela Cooperative (FICO) Bank in the same municipality
Shot dead by two motorcycle-riding men while driving a van from Alicia to Cauayan. The motive was said related to his work as a bank manager. A suspect was arrested in Oct. 2012 for the murder.
Murdered by a motorcycle-riding gunman reportedly while on his way back to the studios of his station. Cauzo was said to have received several death threats. Despite police having witnesses' accounts on two unidentified men at the scene prior to the crime and digital composite sketches of these men, their only lead, as well as a cash reward from local officials for their arrest, there was little progress in the case. PCIJ, on its Nov. 2013 report, noticed some faults in the investigation, including reports on the existence of any evidences. The motive remains unknown and no arrests were made.
Kho, 47, and Loreto, 59, were fatally shot by two assailants on motorcycles outside a convenience store. On Oct. 23, 2014, Benji Bate, entering into a plea bargaining, pleaded guilty before the Quezon City RTC for the killing. Other suspect remains at large
Shot while leaving a friend's house and crossing a street by an assailant, who later escaped on an accomplice's motorcycle. A critic of corruption and crime in the city, he had received threats; motive reportedly may be political. Case filed; suspect remains at large; other suspect found dead.
Bico, 40 or 41, was shot by two motorcycle-riding assailants. He had written on several issues, particularly the drug trade. Case underwent investigation.
Shot dead by four assailants in a gathering in front of a building. He was a critic of some politicians and government officials; attack was linked to his commentary. Suspects remain at large; case was filed against one of them.
Shot dead by gunmen; attack was linked to his commentary. Murder charges were later filed against eight suspects including the victim's wife, a police officer, and four unidentified, including the gunman. Family problems were said to be the motive.
Shot dead by one of unidentified motorcycle-riding men shortly after he concluded his program, which had tackled local issues, particularly corruption. This was linked to his criticisms, particularly issues in the Davao del Norte Electric Cooperative (DANECO). A mayor was implicated and was said to had directed a "death squad". No action was taken against him and his accomplices.
Had been working as a radio blocktimer a few weeks when was shot by two unidentified men in her house. A feud with a police officer was said to be a possible motive. Case underwent investigation.
Fatally shot by two motorcycle-riding attackers while driving home. Police confirmed his death was work-related and politically motivated. Case underwent preliminary investigation.
The CPJ excluded the country on its list of those twenty deadliest for journalists after eight years. It recorded at least seven media killings that year, though reportedly, none of them were work-related.[7] In contrast, the CMFR said that nine journalists were killed; at least three of them work-related:[7] Ybañez, Escanilla, and Maestrado.[103]
Nerlita "Nerlie" Ledesma, Abante tabloid reporter based in Balanga, Bataan, was shot and killed by unidentified motorcycle-riding gunmen on January 8 while she was on the way to work.[83]
Maurito Lim, dyRD, died Feb 14
Melinda "Mei" Magsino, Philippine Daily Inquirer, died Apr. 13[n]
Gregorio (Gregory) Ybañez, publisher of local weekly Kabayan News, president of Davao del Norte Press and Radio-TV Club (DNRPC), and a director of the National Electrification Administration (NEA) bloc, was fatally gunned down at his residence in Tagum, Davao del Norte on August 18. He had been writing a column about an ongoing dispute between two DANECO factions; in that conflict he was involved.[14][47][103]
Teodoro Escanilla, program anchor at a local radio station (DZMS), chairperson of a local workers' organization and spokesperson of human rights group Karapatan, was shot by two gunmen outside his home in Barcelona, Sorsogon on Aug. 19.[14] It was believed that his commentaries and being an activist are the possible motives.[103]
Cosme [Diaz] Maestrado, commentator at a local radio station (DXOC), was shot dead in front of a shopping center in Ozamiz, Misamis Occidental on Aug. 27.[14] He had received death threats; he survived an assassination attempt in 2011.[103]
Jose Bernardo, broadcaster (DWBL & DWIZ; Bandera Pilipino), was killed in Quezon City on Oct. 31. The motive is unclear.[103]
Apolinario Suan Jr. of Real FM, former President of the Barangay Chairmen of Bislig and provincial board Member; killed in Bislig, Surigao del Sur. Motive is inconclusive.[104][82] He had been critical of the mayor.[8]
Larry Que of Catanduanes News Now periodical, murdered in December in Virac, Catanduanes; had reported drug proliferation in Catanduanes. Case confirmed work-related.[104][82] A resolution from the DOJ was issued, dismissing the murder complaint against five individuals for lack of evidence. In Feb. 2019, the provincial police turned over the investigation to a regional unit of the CIDG.[8]
2017
Six deaths, all recorded by the NUJP, were also cited in a 2018 report by Vera Files. Three of them are confirmed work-related (That of Lozada is only considered the same by the PTFoMS):
Joaquin Briones of Remate periodical, murdered on Mar. 13 in Milagros, Masbate.[104][82] Four suspects were arrested for the killing. Possible motive was believed to be either local politics, which he had reported, or personal grudge.[8]
Leonardo (Leo) Diaz of Sapol News Bulletin periodical, also worked in Balita and Radio Mindanao Network; murdered on Aug. 7 in President Quirino, Sultan Kudarat; had reported on local corruption.[104][82] According to the provincial police, the killing was possibly due to his personal affairs and activities. An arrest warrant was issued by the Tacurong RTC against one of the two accused.[8]
Christopher (Chris) Iban Lozada of DXBF–Prime Broadcasting Network, murdered on Oct. 24 in Bislig, Surigao del Sur; had reported local politics and corruption.[104][82] By late 2019, suspects were indicted for the cases of murder and frustrated murder. Case is pending in court by early 2020.[8]
Two others are confirmed non-work-related:
Mario Contaoi of DZNS Radyo Totoo, former reporter and university professor; killed on Jan. 6 in Magsingal, Ilocos Sur; had reported local politics and environmental issues before he left the station in early 2016.[104][82] Possible motive for the killing was a personal grudge.[8]
Rudy Alicaway, program host at DXPB-fmRadyo ng Bayan, incumbent barangay kagawad; shot and killed Aug. 6 in Molave, Zamboanga del Sur.[104][82] The motive was said to be most likely personal as he was linked in the death of a barangay chairman.[8][i]
The motive of another case is reportedly inconclusive by mid-2018:
Michael Marasigan (retired journalist, former reporter and editor of BusinessWorld; independent producer for the Living Asia Channel; public relations person): With his brother, died when attacked by two unknown motorcycle-riding gunmen in San Juan on Aug. 3.[105] Case endorsed for investigation by early 2020.[8]
Alexi Bolongaita, 29 (89.1 Power FM disc jockey): Shot dead inside her home at Cebu City on Sept. 21. A suspect, who was arrested in a hospital a few hours later, admitted to the crime and was charged with robbery and homicide and was arraigned in court.[106] Case classified as non-work-related.[8]
2018
NUJP recorded four of those listed. The cases of Denora and Llana are considered work-related by the PTFoMS; that of Sestoso is confirmed the same by another source.
Edmund Sestoso, anchorman of DYGB-FMPower 91 Dumaguete, was riding a pedicab on Apr. 30 in Dumaguete when gunmen riding in tandem opened fire at him; was in critical condition until his death in a hospital on May 1; had reported local issues.[104][82] At least three witnesses identified the two suspects, including the gunman, said introduced themselves as NPA members, planned for the killing as Sestoso was alleged to be responsible for framing up another suspect, an NPA commander and uncle of the two, who had been arrested in 2014 in Tanjay. Murder charges were filed twice in 2018 against the three. The first, supported by various evidence, was withdrawn by Sestoso's widow; the second was dismissed for lack of evidence. One of the suspects, Richard Bustamante Jr., died in a shooting incident in La Libertad later that year; another was wounded. Police investigators sought a reopening of the case.[8]
Carlos Matas (volunteer broadcaster of DXCA-fm; retired soldier), died on the spot on May 12 in Labangan, Zamboanga del Sur when was ambushed by gunmen while riding on his way home to Pagadian.[82] Later in the afternoon, an operation was conducted by joint law enforcement personnel, with three suspects, as well as a policeman, killed; another suspect was wounded. Personal motive was reportedly the reason. Three more suspects remain at large by early 2020.[8]
Dennis Denora, publisher-editor of weekly Trends and Times (Panabo) and DNPRC president, was shot dead by motorcycle-riding assailants on June 7 in Panabo, Davao del Norte in what was suspected to be a politically motivated murder. He used to write a column for People's Daily Forum and Peryodiko Davao prior to setting up his own publication.[47][82] Murder complaint and information were filed against a suspect and his unidentified companions. Case is pending in court by early 2020.[8]
Joey Llana, Home Radio Legazpi, declared dead two hours after being shot while on his way to work in Daraga, Albay on July 20.[82] In 2019, an information for murder was filed against a suspect. The case was raffled at the Legazpi RTC. Case is pending in court.[8]
Gabriel Alburo, announcer of DYJL-fm Like Radio Guihulngan, candidate for councilor in Guihulngan, Negros Oriental; shot to death on Dec. 28 by two unidentified gunmen riding in tandem while on his way home from the La Libertad cockpit arena. It was reported that the victim had an argument with a betting rival because of their bets. Investigation is ongoing.[8][n]
Manny Lacsamana, 51 (contributor to the regional monthly The Media Messenger; chairman of the board of a provincial chapter of the Central Luzon Media Association; businessman and property developer): Shot by unidentified motorcycle-riding gunmen, died upon arrival in a hospital in Cabanatuan on June 23. The murder was reportedly related to his work as a property developer and occurred over quarrying issues in Nueva Ecija.[8][107]
Julius Barellano, 35 (volunteer reporter for 101.5 Radyo Bandera Sweet FMBacolod, disc jockey at Brigada News FMSan Carlos, Negros Occidental; chairman of a local chapter of the National Federation of Sugarcane Workers in San Carlos): Died on June 27 after being shot by one of two unknown motorcycle-riding assailants in front of his house in San Carlos while leaving. A personal grudge was revealed as the motive because of an argument between the victim and suspect.[8][108]
Nelvie Yu, 29 (reporter at 101.7 Spirit FMBaler, Aurora): Found dead in their residence in Dingalan, Aurora on Aug. 4. Her husband was considered a person of interest as the victim allegedly had an argument with him on the night before.[8]
Celso Amo, 66 (Bicol correspondent of The Philippine Star, Philippine News Agency stringer, also worked for the defunct Philippine Journal; editor-in-chief of government publication The Windows; former regional information officer of the Philippine Information Agency): stabbed to death at a basketball court in Daraga, Albay on Nov. 11 following an argument. Adam Johnson Abanes, charged with homicide, later pleaded guilty of death by tumultuous affray through the plea bargain and was sentenced to eight years in prison by the Legazpi RTC in 2021.[109]
John Michael Decano (part-time news correspondent, announcer of DWPYPasalingaya FM in Sorsogon; beautician), found dead on Jan. 9 inside a parlor in Sorsogon City. His death in what appeared as robbery with homicide is not work-related.[8][i]
Francisco Patindol (DXJM-FM Butuan daily program blocktime commentator, former program director of its sister station DXCO-AMOpol, Misamis Oriental; local coordinator of the Abante Mindanao partylist): On Apr. 20, he was stabbed by a drunk jeepney dispatcher who had got into an argument with him and his companion outside a photocopying center in Butuan; he managed to walk to a nearby hospital where he later died.[110]
Eduardo Dizon, station manager and host at Brigada News FMKidapawan station, was shot dead by motorcycle-riding gunmen while driving home on July 10 in Kidapawan, Cotabato.[4][82] He was critical of the Kapa investment scam in his commentaries over his program, which was later said as the motive for the killing. A suspect-turned-eyewitness identified a local Kapa leader, who was also a local broadcaster, as the mastermind. In late 2019, three other suspects were indicted for the murder in the Kidapawan RTC.[8] The request of CMFR and NUJP for the transfer of case, which would be heard by the Davao City RTC, was granted by the Supreme Court in 2021. In March 2024, one of the suspects, also a broadcaster of Radyo Natin FMKidapawan, was acquitted; the suspected gunman was arrested in April 2024, while the rest remain at large.[111]
Dindo Generoso, DYEM-FM Bai Radio, died in November in Dumaguete.[82]Charges were filed against suspect/s; case is pending in court.[8]
Virgilio Maganes; DWPR, Northern Watch; murdered on Nov 10 in Villasis, Pangasinan.[82] He was shot in a prior incident in 2016.[8]
Ronnie Villamor, Dos Kantos Balita, was gunned down on Nov 14 in Milagros, Masbate in an alleged encounter as authorities claimed. His colleagues denied the allegation.[82]
Orlando "Dondon" Dinoy; Newsline Philippines, Energy FM; died Oct 30
Jesus "Jess" Malabanan (Manila Standard, Manila Times, Bandera) was fatally shot in his home in Samar on Dec. 8. He went into hiding after receiving threats three years prior while he was based in Pampanga.[29]
2022
Six killings, all against radio journalists, took place.[9] The murders of Estrada, Gempesaw, Blanco and Mabasa are unsolved by August 2023, according to CPJ.[10] Meanwhile, the International Federation of Journalists documented four of these cases.
Jhannah Villegas (Sagad & Bugso, Radyo Ukay and Energy FM 106.7) was shot dead by unidentified assailants at her home in Maguindanao on Apr. 15. She had reportedly received threats due to her criticisms.[114][n]
Federico "Ding" Gempesaw, politicalcommentator and daily blocktimeprogram host at Radyo Natin106.3 FMCagayan de Oro, died immediately after being shot by two masked men in front of his residence on June 29.[114] An arrest warrant was later issued by the Misamis Oriental RTC Branch 39 against the suspects; the alleged gunman, was arrested by the police on Oct. 31, 2023; another is still at large.[115]
Renato (Rey) Blanco, broadcaster for Power 102.1 DYRY RFM in Mabinay, Negros Oriental, was declared dead on arrival in a local hospital in the town after being stabbed in an altercation at a house on Sept. 18. The killing was considered by the NUJP as work-related.[114]
Percival "Percy Lapid" Mabasa, commentator and program host at DWBL 1242, was shot dead by two unidentified armed assailants outside a village in Las Piñas on Oct. 3. A critic of the national government, he was known for criticizing political issues, particularly red-tagging and harassment against a Manila judge.[114] Eleven people were later indicted as principals, including two former Bureau of Corrections officials who are the alleged masterminds in the killing of Mabasa and alleged middleman Jun Villamor: deputy security officer Ricardo Zulueta, reportedly died in March 2024; and chief Gerald Bantag, who is still at large. Through plea bargaining, Joel Escorial, the self-confessed gunman who claimed that the plot came from the New Bilibid Prison, as well as four of the five inmates, later pleaded guilty and were given lower prison sentences by the RTC.[116]
2023
The following are based on media reports:
Cresenciano Bunduquin, 50, program host at DWXR-fm Kalahi Radio, was killed by two motorcycle-riding perpetrators outside his home in Calapan, Oriental Mindoro on May 31. One of the suspects died after being hit by a vehicle while fleeing; another, an alleged gunman, was taken into custody of the NBI–National Capital Region prior to his arrest in July. The case was filed before the Calapan RTC Branch 39.[117]
Mohammad Hessam Midtimbang, 32, blocktime program host at Gabay Radio 97.7 FM, an Islamic preacher and member of the Bangsamoro Darul Ifta', was killed by a gunman in Cotabato City on August 21. PTFoMS clarified later that he was not a journalist but an Islamic scholar (ustadz) invited by the station as guest. Possible motives being investigated are politics and personal issues.[118]
Juan Jumalon, 57, broadcaster at Gold FM 94.7 Calamba, was killed by two gunmen who entered his home and radio booth in Calamba, Misamis Occidental, while he was on air. The killing was caught on a livestream. Four possible motives being investigated include a land dispute. Three suspects were arrested in early 2024, including the suspected gunman in Dipolog, Zamboanga del Norte on April 29; charges for murder and theft against them are yet to be formally filed at the judicial court. Another, reportedly a possible suspect, had been apprehended in an anti-drug operation.[119]
2024
The following is based on media reports:
Maria Vilma Rodriguez, 56, program anchor at 105.9 eMedia, and former volunteer reporter at Brigada News FM, as well as a village secretary, was fatally shot by her nephew outside a store near her home in Zamboanga City on October 22. The police, clarifying that it is not work-related, said that the motive was allegedly a land dispute. The suspect was apprehended the next day.[120]
^ abc(As of November 5, 2023) NUJP still includes in their list of those killed since 1986, especially as one of the 17 during the Aquino administration, the case of Florante de Castro[11] despite the fact that he was killed in 1984, as reported by CMFR.[12] Considering this, the November 2023 death of Juan Jumalon should be counted by the NUJP as 198th and not 199th.[3]
^ abAside from official statistics, reports from various sources differ:
Citing an interview with a National Press Club (NPC) official in January 1989, there were about 35 reported cases during the Marcos administration.[19]
As reported in 1985 by The Washington Post: In a published open letter to President Ferdinand Marcos in 1985, the NPC noted 22 cases since 1979 (by August 1985); ten in the past two months. Many of these were perpetrated by either soldiers or paramilitary units. Only five were said to had been solved, few suspects had been arrested, and one conviction reported.[20]
As reported in 1985 by Associated Press: NPC tallied six cases between 1975 and mid-1984. Since then, the military reported 13 such cases and a disappearance of the police reporter (by August 1985); seven of those deaths were possibly work-related; at least 3 were reportedly killed by the military although it is listed as suspect in several other cases, citing news reports; at least one, claimed to be a leftist rebel, reportedly killed in an encounter. The Tri-Media Association in Manila lists two others.[21]
CMFR reported (by Nov. 2014):[34] —Fourteen with conviction: Joaquin, 1987; Toling, 1991; Berbon, 1996; Mallari, 1998 (archived for other suspects); Palma, 1999; Ureta, 2001 (accomplice convicted of homicide, gunman cleared due to being dead); Damalerio, 2002; Endrinal, 2004; Esperat (case against masterminds archived), Cantoneros & Benaojan, 2005; Pace, 2006; Padrigao, 2008 (conviction for a suspect pled guilty to homicide; ongoing trial for another); Ortega, 2011 (ongoing trial for masterminds). —Four with acquittal: Binoya & Mariano, 2004; Batul, 2006; Lintuan, 2007. —Eight dismissed at the Regional Trial Court (RTC) level: Manrique, 1988; Cayona & Ramos, 2001; Villarante, 2003; Manalo, 2004 (at the trial court and Ombudsman; accused gunman killed); Agustin, 2005 (case against alleged mastermind dismissed; archived for other suspects); Canete, 2006; Sison, 2008 (insufficient evidence against suspects).
PTFoMS, in their inventory of cases, had obtained eighteen cases with convictions, as well as two (Loreto–Kho case, 2013) with a suspect pleaded guilty, with some discovered especially the unreported ones, prior to the 2019 verdict on the deaths of 31 of 32 journalists in Maguindanao in 2009 (the case of Momay was dismissed by the court and is for reinvestigation), thus reporting 49 overall:[8] —Fifteen work-related: Lingan (1990), Toling (1991), Palma (1999), Ureta (2001), Demalerio (2002), Endrinal & Hinolan (2004), Esperat & Benaojan (2005), Pace (2006), Roxas & Padrigao (2008), Camangyan & Belen (2010), Ortega (2011). —Three non-work-related: Hernandez (1997), Orsolino (2006), Daguio.
^Only 31 of 32 cases. That of victim Reynaldo Momay is for reinvestigation after it was dismissed.
^Florante de Castro had been listed in media organizations' databases,[45] including CMFR[30] which, in 2006, discovered that de Castro was killed on March 9, 1984, and not 1986, citing a 1984 issue of Malaya newspaper. Thus, de Castro was excluded then by CMFR from its official list of those killed in the line of duty since 1986.[12] Despite such fact, NUJP still includes de Castro in their list and remains until the present tally.[11]
^Leo Palo: Some sources also referred to as Leo Palomares[8] and Ed Palomares with Palo erroneously reported as being killed "during the Malacañang siege."[45]
^Some sources erroneously included the case of Noli Ebarle (Noel Esin),[45][63]Butuan-based radio broadcaster abducted by a criminal syndicate on Aug 31 (mistakenly recorded as date of death) and released on Sept. 3.[64] The RSF, at least, reported the same in its annual report.[59]
^All names of the 32 are from the CPJ data. Meanwhile, 30 are listed in the UNESCO data; not in their list are the names of Jepon Cadagdagon, Jolito Evardo, and Daniel Tiamson, but included there is a journalist whose name is Eugene Dohillo.
^A body of Reynaldo Momay, reportedly among those 32 died, remains missing; only the rest were recovered.[84]
^One of them, surrendered in Jan. 2020, is among those acquitted in the case.[8]
^The names are not included in any data from media watchdogs.
This publication includes the list of journalists killed (1986–Mar. 2005), same as that by National Union of Journalists of the Philippines. Also cited were Bulatlat, Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility, and the defunct Philippine Movement for Press Freedom. Detailed in this publication: Damalerio (2002), Pobeda (2003), Endrinal & Binoya (2005); as well as Bancairin (1998), Palma (1999), & Amoro (2005).
List from Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility, now outdated. Two entries in this list were excluded later: de Castro (1986) and Villanueva (2005); ten were added in updated list.
^ abcdefghGregorio V. Bituin Jr. (November 24, 2009). "Ang dyornalista bilang birador". Sanaysay ni Gorio (in Tagalog). Retrieved October 28, 2022. (Originally published as an article for the Diario Uno newspaper in 1998.)
^E. Arsenio Manuel, Dictionary of Philippine Biography, Volume Three, Filipiniana Publications, Quezon City (1986)
The source mistakenly mentioned the case of Edward Balida, a journalist based in Valencia, Bukidnon, who survived an assassination attempt in August 2004.
^2006 Melendrez case is mentioned: "Murder, She Wrought (PDF)"(PDF). PhilRights. Philippine Human Rights Information Center. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
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Électorat de SaxeKurfürstentum Sachsen 1356–1806 L'électorat au sein du Saint-Empire, à la veille de la guerre de Trente Ans (1618).Informations générales Statut Électorat- État du Saint-Empire romain germanique Capitale Wittemberg (jusqu'en 1547)Dresde Langue(s) Latin Histoire et événements 1356 Bulle d'or faisant de la Saxe-Wittemberg un électorat 1423 Acquisition par les margraves de Misnie 1485 Partition entre les branches albertine (Misnie) et ernestine (Saxe-Wittemberg et ...
Bunga yang dirangkai cara Ikebana Ikébana (生花code: ja is deprecated ) adalah seni merangkai bunga yang memanfaatkan berbagai jenis bunga, rumput-rumputan dan tanaman dengan tujuan untuk dinikmati keindahannya. Ikebana berasal dari Jepang tetapi telah meluas ke seluruh dunia. Dalam bahasa Jepang, Ikebana juga dikenal dengan istilah kadō (華道code: ja is deprecated , ka, bunga; do, jalan kehidupan) yang lebih menekankan pada aspek seni untuk mencapai kesempurnaan dalam merangkai bunga. ...
Marshall ApplewhiteApplewhite berbicara kepada penonton di sebuah videoLahir(1931-05-17)17 Mei 1931Spur, TexasMeninggalMaret 1997 (umur 65)Rancho Santa Fe, CaliforniaSebab meninggalBunuh diriKebangsaanAmerikaNama lainDo, Bo, Tiddly, Nincom, GuineaDikenal atasPendiri Heaven's GateSuami/istriAnn PearceOrang tuaMarshall Herff Applewhite Sr.Louise Applewhite Marshall Herff Applewhite Jr. (17 Mei 1931 – 22 Maret 1997; dikenal juga dengan nama Bo atau Do[a] di ant...
1939 film by Jack Conway Lady of the TropicsTheatrical Film PosterDirected byJack ConwayWritten byBen HechtProduced bySam ZimbalistStarringRobert TaylorHedy LamarrJoseph SchildkrautGloria FranklinCinematographyGeorge J. FolseyNorbert BrodineEdited byElmo VeronMusic byFranz WaxmanProductioncompanyMetro-Goldwyn-MayerDistributed byLoew's Inc.Release date August 11, 1939 (1939-08-11) Running time92 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$913,000[1]Box office$1,533,...
Municipality in Tarlac, Philippines Municipality in Central Luzon, PhilippinesPaniquiMunicipalityMunicipality of PaniquiDowntown area FlagSealEtymology: Paniki (Bats)Map of Tarlac with Paniqui highlightedOpenStreetMapPaniquiLocation within the PhilippinesCoordinates: 15°40′05″N 120°34′44″E / 15.6681°N 120.5789°E / 15.6681; 120.5789CountryPhilippinesRegionCentral LuzonProvinceTarlacDistrict 1st districtFoundedMarch 13, 1712Barangays35 (see Barangays)Governme...
QL Names Preferred IUPAC name 2-[Di(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl ethyl methylphosphonite Other names 2-(Diisopropylamino)ethyl ethyl methylphosphoniteN-[2-(Ethoxy(methyl)phosphanyl)oxyethyl]-N-isopropyl-propan-2-amineIsopropyl aminoethylmethyl phosphoniteO-(2-Diisopropylaminoethyl) O'-ethyl methylphosphonite Identifiers CAS Number 57856-11-8 N 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image Abbreviations QL ChemSpider 148925 Y PubChem CID 170325 UNII 8154M6X68L CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID70866655...
Class of sedimentary rock Carbonate ooids on the surface of a limestone; Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southern Utah, USA. Largest is 1.0 mm in diameter. Carbonate rocks are a class of sedimentary rocks composed primarily of carbonate minerals. The two major types are limestone, which is composed of calcite or aragonite (different crystal forms of CaCO3), and dolomite rock (also known as dolostone), which is composed of mineral dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2). They are usually classified based ...
Pemerintahan Insuler Amerika Serikat di Filipina1902–1935 Sejak tahun 1919, bendera Filipina adalah bendera resmi Lambang (1905–1935) Lagu kebangsaan: The Star-Spangled Banner, Lupang HinirangLokasi Filipina di Asia Tenggara.StatusTeritori Amerika SerikatPemerintahanPemerintahan insuler• 1921-1927 Leonard Wood• 1932-1933 Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.• 1933-1935 Frank Murphy LegislatifLegislatif Fiklipina - Dewan tinggiKomisi Filipina (1901-1916)Senat Filipina...
Chairperson of Nayati Healthcare Niira RadiaBornNira Menon (1960-11-19) 19 November 1960 (age 63)[1]Nairobi, Kenya[2]Alma materHaberdashers' Aske's School for Girls, LondonUniversity of WarwickOccupation(s)Corporate lobbyist, Hospital owner and chairpersonOrganization(s)Nayati Healthcare Pvt. Ltd.Sudesh FoundationKnown forRadia tapes controversy Niira Radia (née Nira Menon; born on 19 November 1960) is a former corporate lobbyist whose taped telephone conv...
Rainer WeissWeiss in December 2006Lahir29 September 1932 (umur 91)Berlin, JermanWarga negaraAmerika SerikatAlmamaterMITDikenal atasMempelopori observasi gelombang gravitasi interferometrik laser.PenghargaanPenghargaan Einstein (2007) oleh American Physical SocietyPenghargaan Fisika Dasar (2016)Penghargaan Gruber dalam bidang Kosmologi (2016)Penghargaan Shaw (2016)Penghargaan Kavli (2016) Penghargaan Harvey (2016) Penghargaan Putri Asturias (2017) Penghargaan Nobel Fisika (2017)Karier il...
City of Ipswich Tennis International 2013Doppio femminile Sport Tennis Vincitrici Noppawan Lertcheewakarn Varatchaya Wongteanchai Finaliste Viktorija Rajicic Storm Sanders Punteggio 4-6, 6-1, [10-8] Tornei Singolare donne Doppio donne 2012 Voce principale: City of Ipswich Tennis International 2013. Il doppio femminile del torneo di tennis City of Ipswich Tennis International 2013, facente parte della categoria ITF Women's Circuit, ha avuto come vincitrici Noppawan Lertcheewakarn e Var...
2018 studio album by Justin TimberlakeMan of the WoodsStudio album by Justin TimberlakeReleasedFebruary 2, 2018 (2018-02-02)Recorded2016–2017StudioConway, Los AngelesEastWest, Los AngelesJungle City, New York CityRed Bull, São PauloGenrePopR&Belectronic[1]funksoul[2]Americana[3]Length65:54LabelRCAProducerJustin TimberlakeDanjaLarrance DopsonJerome J-Roc HarmonEric HudsonElliott IvesRob KnoxThe NeptunesTimbalandJustin Timberlake chronology...
American educator For his grandson, the 62nd Governor of Massachusetts, see Endicott Peabody. Endicott PeabodyBorn(1857-05-31)May 31, 1857Salem, MassachusettsDiedNovember 17, 1944(1944-11-17) (aged 87)Groton, MassachusettsOther namesCottyEducationTrinity College, CambridgeEpiscopal Theological SchoolSpouseFannie PeabodyChildren6, including MalcolmParent(s)Samuel Endicott PeabodyMarianne Cabot LeeRelativesFrancis Peabody Jr. (brother)Marietta Peabody Tree (granddaughter)Endicott Peab...
American swimmer, Olympic gold medalist, actor (1908–1983) For the British diver, see Lionel Crabb. Buster CrabbeCrabbe, c. early 1940sBornClarence Linden Crabbe II(1908-02-07)February 7, 1908Oakland, California, U.S.DiedApril 23, 1983(1983-04-23) (aged 75)Scottsdale, Arizona, U.S.Burial placeGreen Acres Memorial Park, Scottsdale, ArizonaAlma materUniversity of Southern CaliforniaOccupationsActorstuntmanswimmerstockbrokerYears active1930–1983Spouse Adah Virginia Held&...
Para otros usos de este término, véase Fábula (desambiguación). Esopo. Ilustración en las Crónicas de Núremberg. La fábula es una composición literaria narrativa breve, ya en prosa o en verso, en la que los personajes principales suelen ser animales o cosas inanimadas que hablan y actúan como seres humanos. Cada fábula cuenta, en estilo llano, una sola y breve historia o anécdota que alberga una consecuencia aleccionadora. Posee «una intención y redacción didáctica de caráct...
Bài viết này cần được cập nhật do có chứa các thông tin có thể đã lỗi thời hay không còn chính xác nữa. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách cập nhật cho bài viết này. Sergio Agüero đạt nhiều nhất giải Cầu thủ xuất sắc nhất tháng với kỷ lục bảy lần. Harry Kane đã cân bằng thành tích giành 7 giải thưởng này với Sergio Aguero Cầu thủ xuất sắc nhất tháng (tiếng Anh: Premier League Player...
VII Campionati europei di corsa in montagnaEuropean Mountain Running Trophy 2001 Competizione Campionati europei di corsa in montagna Sport Atletica leggera Edizione 7ª Organizzatore European Athletic Association Date 1º luglio 2001 Luogo SloveniaCerklje na Gorenjskem Partecipanti 136 atleti Sito web european-athletics.org Risultati Vincitore Antonio Molinari Svetlana Demidenko Statistiche Miglior nazione Italia Gare 2 Cronologia della competizione Miedzygorze 2000 Camara ...
