List of governors of Michigan

Governor of Michigan
Seal of the governor
Flag of the governor
since January 1, 2019
StyleHer Excellency[1]
Status
ResidenceMichigan Governor's Mansion
Term lengthFour years, renewable once
PrecursorGovernor of Michigan Territory
Inaugural holderStevens T. Mason
FormationNovember 3, 1835
DeputyLieutenant Governor of Michigan
Salary$159,300 (2019)
Websitewww.michigan.gov/gov

The governor of Michigan, is the head of government of the U.S. state of Michigan as well as the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces.[2] The governor has a duty to enforce state laws;[3] the power to either approve or veto appropriation bills passed by the Michigan Legislature;[4] the power to convene the legislature;[5] and the power to grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment.[6] The governor is also empowered to reorganize the executive branch of the state government.[7]

In the 17th and 18th century, Michigan was part of French and then British holdings, and administered by their colonial governors. After becoming part of the United States, areas of what is today Michigan were part of the Northwest Territory, Indiana Territory and Illinois Territory, and administered by territorial governors. In 1805, the Michigan Territory was created, and five men served as territorial governors, until Michigan was granted statehood in 1837. Forty-seven individuals have held the position of state governor. The first female governor, Jennifer Granholm, served from 2003 to 2011.

After Michigan gained statehood, governors held the office for a 2-year term, until the 1963 Michigan Constitution changed the term to 4 years. The number of times an individual could hold the office was unlimited until a 1992 constitutional amendment imposed a lifetime term limit of two 4-year governorships. The longest-serving governor in Michigan's history was William Milliken, who was promoted from lieutenant governor after Governor George W. Romney resigned to become Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, then was elected to three further successive terms. The only governors to serve non-consecutive terms were John S. Barry and Frank Fitzgerald.

List of governors

Territory of Michigan

Michigan Territory was organized on June 30, 1805, from the north half of Indiana Territory.[8] It had three governors appointed by the president of the United States, including the longest-serving governor of any territory, Lewis Cass, who served for 18 years.[9]

Governors of Michigan Territory
No. Governor Term in office[a] Appointed by
1 William Hull
(1753–1825)
[10] 		March 1, 1805[b]
–
October 29, 1813
(successor appointed)[c] 		Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
2 Lewis Cass
(1782–1866)
[9] 		October 29, 1813[d]
–
August 1, 1831
(resigned)[e] 		James Madison
James Monroe
John Quincy Adams
3 George Bryan Porter
(1791–1834)
[24] 		August 6, 1831[f]
–
July 6, 1834
(died in office) 		Andrew Jackson
— Stevens T. Mason
(1811–1843)
[27][28] 		July 6, 1834
–
September 21, 1835
(successor appointed)[g] 		Territorial
secretary
acting
— John S. Horner
(1802–1883) 		September 21, 1835[33]
–
July 3, 1836
(resigned)[h] 		Territorial
secretary
acting

State of Michigan

Michigan was admitted to the Union on January 26, 1837. The original 1835 Constitution of Michigan provided for the election of a governor and a lieutenant governor every 2 years.[35] The current constitution of 1963 increased this term to four years.[36] There was no term limit on governors until a 1993 constitutional amendment limited governors to two terms.[37]

Should the office of governor become vacant, the lieutenant governor becomes governor, followed in order of succession by the secretary of state and the attorney general.[38] Prior to the current constitution, the duties of the office would devolve upon the lieutenant governor, without that person actually becoming governor.[39] Beginning in 1850, the term begins at noon on January 1 of the year following the election;[40] before, it had no set start date, and terms would last until when their successor was inaugurated, which would be at least the first Monday in January following their election.[41] Prior to the modern 1963 constitution, the governor and lieutenant governor were elected through separate votes, allowing them to be from different political parties. In 1963, this was changed, so that votes are cast jointly for a governor and lieutenant governor of the same political party.[36][42]

Governors of the State of Michigan
No. Governor Term in office Party Election Lt. Governor[i]
1   Stevens T. Mason
(1811–1843)
[27][28] 		November 3, 1835[43]
–
January 7, 1840
(did not run)[27] 		Democratic[44] 1835   Edward Mundy
1837
2 William Woodbridge
(1780–1861)
[45][46] 		January 7, 1840[47]
–
February 24, 1841
(resigned)[j] 		Whig[49] 1839 James Wright Gordon
3 James Wright Gordon
(1809–1853)
[50][51] 		February 24, 1841[43]
–
January 3, 1842
(did not run) 		Whig[52] Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Thomas J. Drake
4 John S. Barry
(1802–1870)
[53][54] 		January 3, 1842[55]
–
January 5, 1846
(did not run)[k] 		Democratic[49] 1841 Origen D. Richardson
1843
5 Alpheus Felch
(1804–1896)
[56][57] 		January 5, 1846[58]
–
March 3, 1847
(resigned)[l] 		Democratic[59] 1845 William L. Greenly
6 William L. Greenly
(1813–1883)
[56][60] 		March 3, 1847[61]
–
January 3, 1848
(did not run) 		Democratic[52] Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Charles P. Bush
7 Epaphroditus Ransom
(1798–1859)
[62][63] 		January 3, 1848[64]
–
January 7, 1850
(lost nomination)[62] 		Democratic[59] 1847 William M. Fenton
8 John S. Barry
(1802–1870)
[53][54] 		January 7, 1850[65]
–
January 1, 1852
(did not run) 		Democratic[59] 1849
9 Robert McClelland
(1807–1880)
[66][67] 		January 1, 1852[68]
–
March 7, 1853
(resigned)[m] 		Democratic[69] 1851[n] Calvin Britain
1852 Andrew Parsons
10 Andrew Parsons
(1817–1855)
[70][71] 		March 7, 1853[o]
–
January 3, 1855
(did not run) 		Democratic[52] Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		George Griswold
11 Kinsley S. Bingham
(1808–1861)
[72][73] 		January 3, 1855[p]
–
January 5, 1859
(did not run)[q] 		Republican[75] 1854 George Coe
1856
12 Moses Wisner
(1815–1863)
[76][77] 		January 5, 1859[r]
–
January 2, 1861
(did not run) 		Republican[75] 1858 Edmund Burke Fairfield
13 Austin Blair
(1818–1894)
[78][79] 		January 2, 1861[43]
–
January 4, 1865
(did not run) 		Republican[80] 1860 James M. Birney
(resigned April 3, 1861)
Joseph R. Williams
(died June 15, 1861)
Henry T. Backus
1862 Charles S. May
14 Henry H. Crapo
(1804–1869)
[81][82] 		January 4, 1865[43]
–
January 1, 1869
(did not run) 		Republican[52] 1864 Ebenezer O. Grosvenor
1866 Dwight May
15 Henry P. Baldwin
(1814–1892)
[83][84] 		January 1, 1869[85]
–
January 1, 1873
(did not run) 		Republican[52] 1868 Morgan Bates
1870
16 John J. Bagley
(1832–1881)
[86][87] 		January 1, 1873[43]
–
January 3, 1877
(did not run) 		Republican[52] 1872 Henry H. Holt
1874
17 Charles Croswell
(1825–1886)
[88][89] 		January 3, 1877[43]
–
January 1, 1881
(did not run) 		Republican[52] 1876 Alonzo Sessions
1878
18 David Jerome
(1829–1896)
[90][91] 		January 1, 1881[43]
–
January 1, 1883
(lost election) 		Republican[52] 1880 Moreau S. Crosby[s]
19 Josiah Begole
(1815–1896)
[92][93] 		January 1, 1883[94]
–
January 1, 1885
(lost election) 		Democratic[t] 1882
20 Russell A. Alger
(1836–1907)
[97][98] 		January 1, 1885[43]
–
January 1, 1887
(did not run)[97] 		Republican[52] 1884 Archibald Buttars
21 Cyrus G. Luce
(1824–1905)
[99][100] 		January 1, 1887[43]
–
January 1, 1891
(did not run) 		Republican[52] 1886 James H. MacDonald
1888 William Ball
22 Edwin B. Winans
(1826–1894)
[101][102] 		January 1, 1891[103]
–
January 1, 1893
(did not run)[101] 		Democratic[52] 1890 John Strong
23 John Treadway Rich
(1841–1926)
[104][105] 		January 1, 1893[43]
–
January 1, 1897
(did not run)[104] 		Republican[52] 1892 J. Wight Giddings
1894 Alfred Milnes
(resigned June 1, 1895)
Joseph R. McLaughlin
24 Hazen S. Pingree
(1840–1901)
[106][107] 		January 1, 1897[108]
–
January 1, 1901
(did not run) 		Republican[52] 1896 Thomas B. Dunstan
1898 Orrin W. Robinson
25 Aaron T. Bliss
(1837–1906)
[109][110] 		January 1, 1901[111]
–
January 2, 1905
(did not run) 		Republican[52] 1900
1902 Alexander Maitland
26 Fred M. Warner
(1865–1923)
[112][113] 		January 2, 1905[114]
–
January 1, 1911
(did not run) 		Republican[52] 1904
1906 Patrick H. Kelley
1908
27 Chase Osborn
(1860–1949)
[115][116] 		January 1, 1911[u]
–
January 1, 1913
(did not run) 		Republican[52] 1910 John Q. Ross[s]
28 Woodbridge N. Ferris
(1853–1928)
[118][119] 		January 1, 1913[120]
–
January 1, 1917
(did not run) 		Democratic[52] 1912
1914 Luren Dickinson[s]
29 Albert Sleeper
(1862–1934)
[121][122] 		January 1, 1917[123]
–
January 1, 1921
(did not run) 		Republican[52] 1916
1918
30 Alex J. Groesbeck
(1873–1953)
[124][125] 		January 1, 1921[126]
–
January 1, 1927
(did not run) 		Republican[52] 1920 Thomas Read
1922
1924 George W. Welsh
31 Fred W. Green
(1871–1936)
[127][128] 		January 1, 1927[129]
–
January 1, 1931
(did not run) 		Republican[52] 1926 Luren Dickinson
1928
32 Wilber M. Brucker
(1894–1968)
[130][131] 		January 1, 1931[132]
–
January 1, 1933
(lost election) 		Republican[52] 1930
33 William Comstock
(1877–1949)
[133][134] 		January 1, 1933[v]
–
January 1, 1935
(lost nomination)[w] 		Democratic[52] 1932 Allen E. Stebbins
34 Frank Fitzgerald
(1885–1939)
[136][137] 		January 1, 1935[138]
–
January 1, 1937
(lost election) 		Republican[52] 1934 Thomas Read
35 Frank Murphy
(1890–1949)
[139][140] 		January 1, 1937[141]
–
January 1, 1939
(lost election) 		Democratic[52] 1936 Leo J. Nowicki
36 Frank Fitzgerald
(1885–1939)
[136][137] 		January 1, 1939[x]
–
March 16, 1939
(died in office) 		Republican[52] 1938 Luren Dickinson
37 Luren Dickinson
(1859–1943)
[143][144] 		March 16, 1939[145]
–
January 1, 1941
(lost election) 		Republican[52] Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Matilda Dodge Wilson
38 Murray Van Wagoner
(1898–1986)
[146][147] 		January 1, 1941[148]
–
January 1, 1943
(lost election) 		Democratic[52] 1940 Frank Murphy
39 Harry Kelly
(1895–1971)
[149][150] 		January 1, 1943[151]
–
January 1, 1947
(did not run) 		Republican[52] 1942 Eugene C. Keyes
1944 Vernon J. Brown
40 Kim Sigler
(1894–1953)
[152][153] 		January 1, 1947[154]
–
January 1, 1949
(lost election) 		Republican[52] 1946 Eugene C. Keyes
41 G. Mennen Williams
(1911–1988)
[155][156] 		January 1, 1949[157]
–
January 1, 1961
(did not run) 		Democratic[52] 1948 John W. Connolly
1950 William C. Vandenberg[s]
1952 Clarence A. Reid[s]
1954 Philip Hart
1956
1958 John Swainson
42 John Swainson
(1925–1994)
[158][159] 		January 1, 1961[160]
–
January 1, 1963
(lost election) 		Democratic[52] 1960 T. John Lesinski[y]
43 George W. Romney
(1907–1995)
[161][162] 		January 1, 1963[163]
–
January 22, 1969
(resigned)[z] 		Republican[52] 1962
1964 William Milliken
1966
44 William Milliken
(1922–2019)
[164][165] 		January 22, 1969[166]
–
January 1, 1983
(did not run) 		Republican[52] Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Thomas F. Schweigert
1970 James H. Brickley
1974 James Damman
1978 James H. Brickley
45 James Blanchard
(b. 1942)
[167] 		January 1, 1983[168]
–
January 1, 1991
(lost election) 		Democratic[167] 1982 Martha Griffiths
1986
46 John Engler
(b. 1948)
[169] 		January 1, 1991[170]
–
January 1, 2003
(term-limited)[aa] 		Republican[169] 1990 Connie Binsfeld
1994
1998 Dick Posthumus
47 Jennifer Granholm
(b. 1959)
[172] 		January 1, 2003[173]
–
January 1, 2011
(term-limited)[aa] 		Democratic[172] 2002 John D. Cherry
2006
48 Rick Snyder
(b. 1958)
[174] 		January 1, 2011[175]
–
January 1, 2019
(term-limited)[aa] 		Republican[174] 2010 Brian Calley
2014
49 Gretchen Whitmer
(b. 1971)
[176] 		January 1, 2019[177]
–
Incumbent[ab] 		Democratic[176] 2018 Garlin Gilchrist
2022

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The range given is from the date the governor was confirmed by the Senate, or appointed by the President during a Senate recess, to the date the governor left office.
  2. ^ Hull was nominated on February 26, 1805,[11] confirmed by the Senate on March 1,[12] and took office on July 1.[10] He was reconfirmed by the Senate on March 31, 1808,[13] and January 12, 1811.[14]
  3. ^ Hull was court-martialed for surrendering Detroit to the British during the War of 1812, and sentenced to death; that was later commuted.[10] but other sources say he never resigned.[15]
  4. ^ Cass was appointed on October 29, 1813,[9] during a Senate recess; nominated on January 31, 1814;[16] and confirmed by the Senate on February 11, 1814.[17] He was reconfirmed by the Senate on January 21, 1817;[18] January 24, 1820;[19] December 20, 1822;[20] December 22, 1825;[21] and December 24, 1828.[22]
  5. ^ Cass resigned, having been appointed United States Secretary of War.[9] He submitted his resignation on July 21, 1831, to take effect on August 1.[23]
  6. ^ Porter was appointed on August 6, 1831,[24] during a Senate recess; nominated on December 7, 1831;[25] and confirmed by the Senate on February 8, 1832.[26] He took office on September 17, 1831.[24]
  7. ^ Henry D. Gilpin was appointed on November 5, 1834, during a Senate recess, but he returned his commission on November 8, without declining it, saying he could not leave his present duties for several weeks.[29] He was nominated on December 18, 1834,[30] but was rejected by the Senate on January 20, 1835.[31] Charles Shaler was then appointed on August 29, 1835, but declined the post.[32] His replacement was finally appointed on September 21, 1835. Mason would win the election to be the first state governor on October 5.
  8. ^ In October 1835, Michigan authorized a state constitution and elected Stevens T. Mason as governor of the new state, although Michigan was not admitted until 1837. Horner was mostly ignored by the people of Michigan, and resigned to be Secretary of Wisconsin Territory in July 1836;[34] the date given is the organization of Wisconsin Territory.
  9. ^ Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
  10. ^ Woodbridge resigned, having been elected to the United States Senate.[45] His resignation, dated February 23, was accepted by the Senate on February 24.[48]
  11. ^ Sobel writes that Barry was term-limited under the terms of the 1835 constitution, but no such limit existed.[53]
  12. ^ Felch resigned, having been elected to the United States Senate.[56]
  13. ^ McClelland resigned, having been confirmed as United States Secretary of the Interior.[66]
  14. ^ The 1850 constitution adjusted the election schedules, shortening this term to one year.[66]
  15. ^ Sources are split on when McClelland resigned and Parsons took office, with Sobel saying both occurred on March 7,[70] and the Michigan Legislative Manual saying McClelland resigned on March 6, and Parsons took office March 7.[43]
  16. ^ Sources are consistent that Bingham took office on January 3;[72][43] however, the constitutional start date was January 1, and one contemporary source does note that he would have been inaugurated on January 1, and delivered his inaugural address on January 3.[74] However, as this is the only source yet found saying so, this article uses January 3.
  17. ^ Bingham was instead elected to the United States Senate.[72]
  18. ^ Sources are split on if Wisner took office on January 3,[76] or January 5[43] despite the constitutional start date being January 1.
  19. ^ a b c d e Represented the Republican Party
  20. ^ Sobel and Kallenbach say Begole was nominated by both the Democratic and Greenback parties;[92][95] Glashan labels him as "National (or Greenback Labor)" and lists him separate from the Democratic Party.[96]
  21. ^ The constitutional start date of the gubernatorial term was January 1; Osborn was not sworn in until January 2, presumably because January 1 was a Sunday.[117]
  22. ^ The constitutional start date of the gubernatorial term was January 1; Comstock was not sworn in until January 2, presumably because January 1 was a Sunday.[135]
  23. ^ Comstock lost the Democratic nomination to Arthur J. Lacy.[133]
  24. ^ January 1 was on a Sunday; Fitzgerald took the oath of office early so he could properly take office on January 1, while his formal inauguration was the next day.[142]
  25. ^ Represented the Democratic Party
  26. ^ Romney resigned, having been confirmed as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.[161]
  27. ^ a b c Under a 1992 amendment to the constitution, no one can be elected more than twice to the office.[171]
  28. ^ Whitmer's second term began on January 1, 2023, and will expire January 1, 2027; she will be term-limited.

References

General
  • "Former Michigan Governors". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  • McMullin, Thomas A. (1984). Biographical directory of American territorial governors. Westport, CT : Meckler. ISBN 978-0-930466-11-4. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
  • Sobel, Robert (1978). Biographical directory of the governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Vol. II. Meckler Books. ISBN 9780930466008. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  • Dubin, Michael J. (2003). United States Gubernatorial Elections, 1776-1860: The Official Results by State and County. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1439-0.
  • Dubin, Michael J. (2014). United States Gubernatorial Elections, 1861-1911: The Official Results by State and County. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-5646-8.
  • Kallenbach, Joseph Ernest (1977). American State Governors, 1776-1976. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-00665-0. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
  • Glashan, Roy R. (1979). American Governors and Gubernatorial Elections, 1775-1978. Meckler Books. ISBN 978-0-930466-17-6.
  • "Our Campaigns - Governor of Michigan - History". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
Constitutions
Specific
  1. ^ Macomb, Alex (1837). "No. 20: Letter from Major General Macomb, to His Excellency the Governor of Michigan, Accompanying a Copy of Military Tactics". Documents Accompanying the Journal of the Senate. Detroit: John S. Bagg, State Printer. p. 167 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ 1963 Michigan Constitution, Article 5, Section 12
  3. ^ 1963 Michigan Constitution, Article 5, Section 8
  4. ^ 1963 Michigan Constitution, Article 5, Section 19
  5. ^ 1963 Michigan Constitution, Article 5, Section 15
  6. ^ 1963 Michigan Constitution, Article 5, Section 14
  7. ^ 1963 Michigan Constitution, Article 5, Section 2
  8. ^ 2 Stat. 309
  9. ^ a b c d McMullin 1984, pp. 189–191.
  10. ^ a b c McMullin 1984, pp. 187–189.
  11. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 8th Cong., 2nd sess., 484, accessed March 9, 2023.
  12. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 8th Cong., 2nd sess., 484, accessed March 9, 2023.
  13. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 10th Cong., 1st sess., 78, accessed March 9, 2023.
  14. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 11th Cong., 3rd sess., 162, accessed March 9, 2023.
  15. ^ Van Syckle, Raymond E. (1916). Year Book of the Michigan Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. p. 50.
  16. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 13th Cong., 2nd sess., 464, accessed March 9, 2023.
  17. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 13th Cong., 2nd sess., 472, accessed March 9, 2023.
  18. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 14th Cong., 2nd sess., 72, accessed March 9, 2023.
  19. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 16th Cong., 1st sess., 196, accessed March 9, 2023.
  20. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 17th Cong., 2nd sess., 314, accessed March 9, 2023.
  21. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 19th Cong., 1st sess., 457, accessed March 9, 2023.
  22. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 20th Cong., 2nd sess., 624, accessed March 9, 2023.
  23. ^ Carter, Clarence Edwin (1945). The Territorial Papers of the United States. Vol. XII: The Territory of Michigan 1829-1837, continued. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 310–311.
  24. ^ a b c McMullin 1984, pp. 191–193.
  25. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 22nd Cong., 1st sess., 178, accessed March 9, 2023.
  26. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 22nd Cong., 1st sess., 209, accessed March 9, 2023.
  27. ^ a b c Sobel 1978, pp. 741–742.
  28. ^ a b "Stevens Thomson Mason". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  29. ^ Carter, Clarence Edwin (1945). The Territorial Papers of the United States. Vol. XII: The Territory of Michigan 1829-1837, continued. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 814.
  30. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 23rd Cong., 2nd sess., 447, accessed March 9, 2023.
  31. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 23rd Cong., 2nd sess., 463, accessed March 9, 2023.
  32. ^ Dunbar, Willis F. & May, George S. (1995). Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State (Third Revised ed.). William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 187. ISBN 9780802870551.
  33. ^ Carter, Clarence Edwin (1945). The Territorial Papers of the United States. Vol. XII: The Territory of Michigan 1829-1837, continued. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 979.
  34. ^ Dunbar, Willis F. & May, George S. (1995). Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State (Third Revised ed.). William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 208–211. ISBN 9780802870551.
  35. ^ 1835 Const. art. V, § 1
  36. ^ a b MI Const. art. V, § 21
  37. ^ MI Const. art. V, § 30
  38. ^ MI Const. art. V, § 26
  39. ^ 1835 Const. art. V, § 13
  40. ^ "Executive Branch". State of Michigan. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  41. ^ 1835 Const. art. XII, § 10
  42. ^ 1835 Const. art. V, § 3
  43. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Michigan Legislative Manual and Official Directory. 1895. p. 146.
  44. ^ Dubin 2003, p. 120.
  45. ^ a b Sobel 1978, p. 742.
  46. ^ "William Woodbridge". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  47. ^ Michigan Legislature. Journal of the House of Representatives. 1840 sess., 9, accessed September 27, 2023
  48. ^ Michigan Legislature. Journal of the Senate. 1841 sess., 207, accessed September 27, 2023
  49. ^ a b Dubin 2003, p. 121.
  50. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 742–743.
  51. ^ "James Wright Gordon". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  52. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Kallenbach 1977, pp. 298–299.
  53. ^ a b c Sobel 1978, p. 743.
  54. ^ a b "John Stewart Barry". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  55. ^ Michigan Legislature. Journal of the Senate. 1842 sess., 7, accessed September 27, 2023
  56. ^ a b c Sobel 1978, p. 744.
  57. ^ "Alpheus Felch". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  58. ^ Michigan Legislature. Journal of the Senate. 1846 sess., 4, accessed September 27, 2023
  59. ^ a b c Dubin 2003, p. 122.
  60. ^ "William L. Greenly". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  61. ^ "Resignation of Gov. Felch". Detroit Free Press. March 4, 1847. p. 2. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  62. ^ a b Sobel 1978, p. 745.
  63. ^ "Epaphroditus Ransom". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  64. ^ Michigan Legislature. Journal of the House of Representatives. 1848 sess., 7, accessed September 27, 2023
  65. ^ Michigan Legislature. Journal of the House of Representatives. 1850 sess., 4, accessed September 27, 2023
  66. ^ a b c Sobel 1978, pp. 745–746.
  67. ^ "Robert McClelland". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  68. ^ "Gov. McClelland". Detroit Free Press. January 1, 1852. p. 2. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  69. ^ Dubin 2003, pp. 122–123.
  70. ^ a b Sobel 1978, p. 746.
  71. ^ "Andrew Parsons". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  72. ^ a b c Sobel 1978, p. 747.
  73. ^ "Kinsley Scott Bingham". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  74. ^ "From Lansing". Detroit Free Press. January 3, 1855. p. 1. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
  75. ^ a b Dubin 2003, p. 124.
  76. ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 747–748.
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  78. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 748.
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