Aviation pioneers are people directly and indirectly responsible for the advancement of flight, including people who worked to achieve manned flight before the invention of aircraft, as well as others who achieved significant "firsts" in aviation after heavier-than-air flight became routine. Pioneers of aviation have contributed to the development of aeronautics in one or more ways: through science and theory, theoretical or applied design, by constructing models or experimental prototypes, the mass production of aircraft for commercial and government request, achievements in flight, and providing financial resources and publicity to expand the field of aviation.
The Wright brothers' first powered, controlled, and sustained flight (12 seconds covering 37 meters), captured on film on December 17, 1903
Table key
Pioneer type
Science: Contributions to aerodynamic theory, aviation principles, discoveries advancing aircraft development, etc.
Design: Original or derivative ideas or drawings for conceptual/experimental/practical methods of air travel
Construction: Building prototypes/experimental/practical aircraft
Manufacture: Building aircraft to fill commercial or government requests
Aviator: International firsts, major records, major awards received
Support: Significant industrial endorsements, philanthropic, founding of relevant organizations, etc.
(†) : A dagger following the pioneer's name indicates they died in or as a result of an aircraft accident. When available, the aircraft type/model and the place of the accident are included in the text.
Sorting
The table is organized by pioneer name in alphabetical order. Columns for Name, Date of birth/Date of death, Country and Achievement can be sorted in either ascending or descending order. If two pioneers are paired together, sorting by DOB or Country uses the information for the first of the pair. The Achievement column will sort according to the date of the pioneer's earliest significant contribution to aviation.
Inclusion criteria
The list is of outright records, irrespective of race, nationality or gender, and in which at least one of the following criteria is met:
Scientific contribution to theory and principles (whether correct or not) that were used as contemporary resources, building blocks, or influenced period thought, significant scientific or theoretical achievements with model aircraft;
Designing any aircraft (pre-1910), or a distinct/innovative new design;
Constructing a prototype aircraft (pre-1910);
Manufacturing aircraft (including some direct or supervisory control over design) for commercial and/or military contracts (intended to represent founders of the aviation industry);
Flying (Aviator) solo in an aircraft and receiving a relevant flying certificate (pre-1910); or any significant national (e.g., a flight representing a country's first) or international achievement, or flight award (initial record holders or demolishing existing records, but not simply breaking established records);
First female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean and set many other records; she was one of the first aviators to promote commercial air travel, wrote best-selling books about her flying experiences, and was instrumental in the formation of The Ninety-Nines, an organization for female pilots. Disappeared during a flight on a Lockheed Electra 10E from Lae Airfield to Howland Island.
First Mexican aviators to graduate from the Moissant School; Juan Pablo was the first to fly over the Statue of Liberty (12 Mar 1913).[nb 2] They also helped contribute to improve aerodynamics by designing a "thick wing" long before other inventors.[citation needed]
First airplane (Blériot VII) with a modern layout : monoplane, conventional tail, fully covered fuselage, front propeller / enclosed engine (1907).[31][32] First to use a combination of hand/arm-operated joystick and foot-operated rudder control.[33] First heavier-than-air crossing of the English Channel in a Blériot XI (25 Jul 1909).[34] First actual industrial aircraft manufacturer - By the end of September 1909, orders had been received for 103 Blériot type XI.[35] Just two years later 500 Blériots has been sold.[36]
First flight from Newfoundland to New York (1919);[42] organised the Japanese Naval Air Arm (1921-1924);[43] first Air Superintendent of Imperial Airways (1924);[44]
Experimented in aeronautics at age 13 with a Chinese top (1796);[28] first design of a fixed-wing aircraft (1799);[51] used a whirling arm to test aerofoils at varying angles (1804);[51] presented a paper outlining specific design parameters for building a glider (1810);[51] designed, constructed, and had flown (short hop) a tri-plane (1849). Cayley was one of the most significant pioneers in aviation history.[nb 14]
Designed Coandă-1910 with a propeller-less aero-reactive engine, exhibited Paris Air Show (Oct 1910),[55][56] followed by a claimed but generally discounted first flight (16 Dec 1910);[57] before WWI designed the Bristol-Coanda Monoplanes in Great Britain; discovered Coandă effect (1930).[58][nb 16]
Swiss pilot's license (1908); partner and chief pilot Ad Astra Aero (1920); designed and built aircraft (1923–35);[63] established an aviation school (1946–50).[64]
With his brother, built a monoplane which (accelerating down a slope) “staggered briefly into the air” (1874),[2] considered by some to be the powered take-off[74] or hop of a powered fixed-wing aircraft.[75][76]
First British serviceman to fly [1910]; gained Aero-Club de France license no. 81 on 12 April.[77]
Dickson took part in the Lanark flying meet in August 1910, where he won the £400 prize for the greatest aggregate distance flown.;[78] died 1913 of injuries from 1910 midair collision
Working together patented a design for a helicopter (1904), constructed and demonstrated a working model (13–17 Apr 1905);[79][80] designed and built the first Swiss airplanes,[81] including the biplaneDufaux 4 and Dufaux 5; Armand set a new over-water distance record of 66 km (41 mi) crossing Lake Geneva (28 Aug 1910).[82]
Discussed aeronautics and aviation with H.G. Wells (c. 1901);[83] member Royal Engineers, working on design and construction of the first British military airplane (1906–08);[83] in secret military trials, and with a career goal of improving stability during flight,[84] Dunne's aircraft flew approximately 40 meters (1908);[83] development of his V-shaped swept wing design significantly advanced flight stability.[nb 18]
(Based largely on self-report and a 1936 interview) Tethered glider flight (1893);[102] free glider flight (1894);[102] (claimed in 1927) controlled steam-powered aircraft flight (15 May 1902);[102] all records, papers, and aircraft were destroyed in a fire;[103] opened first commercial airfield (15 Mar 1907).[104]
Designed and built aircraft for Ernest Failloubaz and his record-setting flight (1910);[106] first snow takeoff and landing using skis (2 Feb 1912);[107] first water takeoff in a Swiss seaplane (4 Aug 1912).[108]
Invented the Box Kite (1893), greatly improving lift to drag ratio. Reached lift of 16 feet under a train of four of his box kites (1894). Invented a rotary engine (1889), which was much used in early aviation.
Assisted S.P. Langley (May – Nov 1895);[111] test pilot for Octave Chanute;[112] designed the Herring regulator; designed and constructed a compressed-air motorized biplane and reported a 15-meter hop (10 Oct 1898) and a 22-meter hop (12 Oct 1898);[113] business partners with Glenn Curtiss (1909).
Constructed and flew (15 minutes) the first airplane in Turkey (Vecihi K-VI) (28 Jan 1925);[114] founded Turkey's first flying school (27 Sep 1932).[114]
A 9th-century polymath covered himself with feathers and wings,[28] and “flew faster than the phoenix in his flight when he dressed his body in the feathers of a vulture” (c. 875).[10]
Engineer, thermodynamicist, pioneer developer of practical all-metal airframe structures, first used in the 1915-16 Junkers J 1, using all-cantilever structural concepts meant to place all strength-bearing components within an airframe's outer envelope and established all-metal aircraft manufacturing techniques later used by American designer William Bushnell Stout and Soviet designer Andrei Tupolev after World War I.[116]
Designed and developed the Aerodrome No. 5 as a successful steam engine powered model which flew for 90 seconds covering roughly 3,300 ft (6 May 1896);[118] conversion into a larger piloted aircraft was unsuccessful (1903).[119]
United States diplomat, head of State Department's early aviation committees; aviation specialist during Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman administrations. Also Chairman of United States Section at the International Technical Committee of Aerial Legal Experts.[citation needed]
Early pilot (1911) and barnstormer. Designed and manufactured numerous airplane models including the Longren AK with the first semi-monocoque body.[127]
Began flying at age 52 (1912); Curtiss Exhibition Flyers (1913–15);[128] winner, Round-Manhattan Race (13 Oct 1913);[nb 27] (†) critically injured (6 Sep 1915) in Sturgeon Falls, ON, Canada.
American pioneering aviator and test pilot who made the first high-altitude flights by man using Montgomery gliders in 1905.[130] (†) Glider, Santa Clara, California.
Patented a design for a steam-powered “flying machine” (1889, and refined in 1891);[131] successful track-tethered test of a steam-engine powered biplane (Jul 1894);[132] designed and constructed a biplane that never flew (1910)[133]
Designed and constructed a series of early gliders, first to achieve unpowered controlled flight in the United States (1884). Designed tandem-wing gliders flown from high-altitude balloon launches (1904–1905), including first public flight exhibition in United States (29 April 1905). Developed pitcheron systems for control (first developed and applied in 1886, re-applied in 1911);[130][136] (†) Glider, Evergreen, California.
Designed and constructed a steam-engine powered airplane that reportedly flew (hopped) (20–30 meters) with the assistance of a ramp (1884).[141][142][143]
Aeronautic theory: advancement of wind-tunnel design (1880s),[147] development of aerofoil design,[148] patented as “blades for deflecting air” (1884[149] and 1891);[150] designed multiplanes with multiple sets of lifting surfaces, patented (1890),[151] constructed (1893);[152] first powered “hop-flight” (500 ft) in Great Britain (1907).[93]
Designed and constructed hang-glider (The Bat), first to achieve unpowered controlled flight in Great Britain (12 Sep 1895);[153] (†) crash-related injuries suffered on 30 Sep 1899, glider (The Hawk), near Stanford Hall, England.[154]
Aero Club de France aviator certificate (28 Jul 1911); test pilot (1913–14);[69] began to design and construct (with Glen Curtiss) an aircraft capable of transatlantic flight (1914);[155] testing was successful, but the flight was cancelled due to the outbreak of World War I.[156]Royal Naval Air Service, Squadron Commander, RAF Hendon (1914); secret U.S. visit as an official envoy testing aircraft for the British Government (Sep 1915).[157] Commander, Royal Naval Airstation Felixstowe, conducted flying-boat research; designed and constructed the Porte Baby (1916).[69]
One of the first four British naval officers to train as a pilot;[164] first to fly an airplane (a Short S.27 biplane) off a moving ship (HMS Hibernia (May 1912).[165]
Winner, Deutsch Prize (19 Oct 1901);[166] first powered winged aircraft flight in Europe (13 Sep 1906);[167] winner, Archdeacon Cup (23 Oct 1906) and Aéro-Club de France Prize (12 Nov 1906);[167] designed a light-weight monoplane Demoiselle and released the second variant (No. 20) from copyright or license (late 1909).[168]
Secretary, Aerial Experiment Association (1907–09);[11] U.S. Army Lieutenant who assisted the AEA in engineering, designing and piloting the Red Wing; first U.S. Military officer to pilot a powered aircraft White Wing (19 May 1908);[citation needed] first fatality of powered flight (17 Sep 1908).[nb 30]
Designed and constructed the first four-engine aircraft, the Russky Vityaz cabin biplane, flew (13 May 1913);[172] and the Ilya Muromets, prototype for a commercial airplane (1914); first brief flight in a practical helicopter (14 Sep 1939).[173]
Royal Aero Club license No. 31 (22 Nov 1910); won £4000 Baron de Forest prize for the longest flight from England to the Continent in a British-built aeroplane, (169 miles (272 km) in 3 hours 40 minutes) in a Howard Wright 1910 Biplane (18 Dec 1910); established the Sopwith Aviation Company with Fred Sigrist (1912); and a Sopwith floatplane won the secondSchneider Trophy race 1913). The company produced more than 18,000 aircraft during World War I, including the Sopwith Camel fighter. Post war co-founded Hawker Aircraft.[177]
Licensed by the Académie d'Aérostation météorologique de France as a balloon pilot (1877);[citation needed] Swiss pioneer of ballooning and aerial photography;[nb 32] multiple crossings of the Alps;[178] assisted in medical research (1902).[nb 33]
Received patent (with Gustave de Struve) for a steam-engine powered “flying machine” capable of carrying 120 people (i.e., commercial passenger aircraft) (1864),[183] and for a navigable balloon (1883).[184]
Designed, built, and flew a glider (1909); a powered airplane Vlaicu Nr. I (17 Jun 1910); (†) Vlaicu Nr. II, near Câmpina, attempting to cross the Carpathian Mountains in flight for the first time.[187]Vlaicu Nr. III, the world's first metal-built aircraft, was under construction at the time of his death, but was completed in early 1914 by his collaborators.[188]
On the eve of the 50th anniversary of the Wright Brothers’ historic flight (1953) and thirty-eight years after Watson's death, his brother James claimed that Preston had achieved powered flight before the Wrights.[191] He recanted in 1955 stating he had never claimed it was powered flight.[93]
Regarded as "the grandfather of South African aviation”[193] and “South Africa's first aviator”;[194] 1907 to 1909, designed and constructed first aircraft built in South Africa;[193] founder of Aeronautical Society of South Africa (AeSSA); 1911 to 1912, gave numerous flying demonstrations throughout southern Africa to popularise flight.[193][195]
Designed and constructed a powered airplane (mid 1901);[196] claims to have made the first (1899),[197] second (14 Aug 1901),[197] and third (17 Jan 1902)[197] controlled powered airplane flights. This claim has long since been in dispute.[1][198][199][200]
Together, designed and constructed biplane kite (1899); invented wing warping for flight control (c. 1899) and the aeronautical concept of three-axis control.[201] designed and constructed the 1900, 1901, and 1902 Gliders; and the powered 1903 Flyer; used data from systematic wind tunnel testing to design efficient air foils and propellers; first powered, controlled, sustained flight (Orville) for 12 seconds covering 37 meters (17 Dec 1903) and documented; (Wilbur) first complete circle in a powered manned airplane (20 Sep 1904); (Wilbur) Wright Flyer III circular flight of 38.9 km (24 m) (23 Jun 1905).
^Geoffrey’s publication in 1138, almost 2,000 years after the alleged flight, is the first historical mention of Bladud.[30]
^This claim is disputed since the test pilot was a seasoned cyclist and it has been claimed that only someone with extreme conditioning and/or endurance could fly the Pedaliante.[40]
^From Santiago, Chile to Mendoza, Argentina, reaching an altitude of 8,100 m (26,575 ft).[46]
^From Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro in 79 days (with only 62 hours of flying time) using three different planes (two were lost at sea), and relying solely on astronomical navigation.[50]
^Wilbur Wright, in 1909, commented on Cayley: “About 100 years ago an Englishman, Sir George Cayley, carried the science of flying to a point which it had never reached before and which it scarcely reached again during the last century”.[51]
^Quote from Coanda: “A poet is a man who sees abstract worlds and tries to bring them in the concrete world. In this regard I believe that any inventor, engineer or scientist, regardless of
the aria of his concerns, is also a poet.”[59]
^From Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro in 79 days (with only 62 hours of flying time) using three different planes (two were lost at sea), and relying solely on astronomical navigation.[66]
^In January of 1912, Dunne demonstrated improved flight stability by taking a full page of notes on paper during a 6 minute solo flight with two turns.[84]
^Modifications for take-off required outfitting the ship with “an 83-foot-long ramp, sloping 5 degrees over the bow. The ramp’s forward edge was 37 feet above the water”.[85]
^“The landing platform, constructed of pine planks, was 130 feet long by 32 feet wide. Ten feet of it hung at an angle -- with a drop of four feet -- over the stern of the ship. The arresting gear comprised 21 ropes -- each with 50-pound sandbags attached to either end -- laid across the runway. Each rope was suspended 8 inches above the deck. Three hooks had been affixed to the underside of the aircraft to catch on the ropes when the landing was made”.[87]
^Born in France to a British family, Farman took French nationality in 1937.[91]
^“Awarded to the inventor of a flying machine who shall first accomplish a flight of one kilometer in a closed circuit without touching the ground…”.[92]
^The design was an adaptation of the device recovered by the Germans from the downed airplane of Roland Garros.[96]
^“German historians do not claim that he made proper flights, but only that he was the first in Germany to leave the ground in a powered aeroplane under its own power”.[93]
^A 60-mile circuit around Manhattan Island which he completed in just under 53 minutes.[129]
^Despite over 50 years of research on his achievements, no substantiated proof exists regarding the dates of his work.
^It has been suggested that Sarić’s first unobserved flight may have been in late June 1910.[170]
^While flying as a passenger with Orville Wright, Selfridge was the first to die in an aircraft accident.[171]
^With intermediate stops at Hawaii and Fiji) covering roughly 11,566 km (7,187 mi).
^Spelterini began aerial photography in approximately 1893 and began taking a camera on his flights. Some highlights include Egypt (1904) and South Africa (1911).[citation needed]
^Took a Swiss professor to high altitude to conduct blood-related experiments (1902).[179]
^AKA – Teleshova, Teleshev, Nicolas de Telescheff.[citation needed]
^ abZahm, Albert F. (1944–1945). "Conspectus of Early Powerplane Development". Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 46/47. Historical Society of Washington D.C.: 325–358. JSTOR40067638.
^"Clement Ader and the Aeroplane". Science. 61 (1586). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 533. 22 May 1925. doi:10.1126/science.61.1586.533. JSTOR1648968.
^ abWard, John W. (1958). "The Meaning of Lindbergh's Flight". American Quarterly. 10 (1): 3–16. doi:10.2307/2710171. JSTOR2710171.
^ abcdWhite, Jr., Lynn (1961). "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A case study of technological innovation, its context and tradition". Technology and Culture. 2 (2): 97–111. doi:10.2307/3101411. JSTOR3101411.
^"Crossing the Alps". International Service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation. 13 July 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
^ abcdeLaufer, Berthold (1928). "The Prehistory of Aviation". Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History. Anthropological Series. 18 (1): 1–97. JSTOR29782169.
^Biddlecombe, C.H. (1928). "The Development of the Heavier-Than-Air Machine". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 67 (3): 297–305. JSTOR984295.
^Brackley, Freida H, Brackles : Memoirs of a Pioneer of Civil Aviation, W. & J. Mackay, 1952
^Freudenthal, Elsbeth E. (1952-01-01). "Conquerors of Uspallata Pass: A Contribution to the History of Aviation in the Americas". The Americas. 9 (1): 17–28. doi:10.2307/977856. JSTOR977856. S2CID147035171.
^Freudenthal, Elsbeth E. (1952). "Conquerors of Uspallata Pass: A contribution to the history of aviation in the Americas". The Americas. 9 (1). Academy of American Franciscan History: 17–28. doi:10.2307/977856. JSTOR977856. S2CID147035171.
^ abcdGibbs-Smith, Charles H. (1962). "Sir George Cayley: 'Father of Aerial Navigation' (1773–1857)". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 17 (1): 36–56. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1962.0005. JSTOR531013. S2CID71545601.
^Cartier, Ray E. (2006). "Philatelic Fun Facts". Mekeel's & Stamps Magazine. 199 (13): 34. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
^ abStatiev, Alexander (2002). "Antonescu's Eagles against Stalin's Falcons: The Romanian Air Force, 1920–1941". The Journal of Military History. 66 (4): 1085–1113. doi:10.2307/3093265. JSTOR3093265.
^Neves, F. M. S. P.; Barata, J. M. M.; Silva, A. R. R. (4 January 2010). "Gago Coutinho and the Aircraft Navigation". 48th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting.
^ abHarwood, Craig; Fogel, Gary (2012). Quest for Flight: John J. Montgomery and the Dawn of Aviation in the West. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN978-0806142647.
^"Igor Sikorsky (1889 – 1972)". The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
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هنودمعلومات عامةنسبة التسمية الهند التعداد الكليالتعداد قرابة 1.21 مليار[1][2]تعداد الهند عام 2011ق. 1.32 مليار[3]تقديرات عام 2017ق. 30.8 مليون[4]مناطق الوجود المميزةبلد الأصل الهند البلد الهند الهند نيبال 4,000,000[5] الولايات المتحدة 3,982,398[6] الإمار...
Soviet archaeologist and anthropologist For the poet with the same name, see Mikhail Gerasimov (poet). Mikhail Gerasimov on a Russian coin Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gerasimov (Russian: Михаи́л Миха́йлович Гера́симов; 2 September 1907 – 21 July 1970) was a Soviet archaeologist and anthropologist who discovered the Mal'ta–Buret' culture and developed the first technique of forensic sculpture based on findings of anthropology, archaeology, paleontology...
Herefordshire TrailHerefordshire Trail leading to Wapley HillfortLength154 mi (248 km)LocationHerefordshire, EnglandDesignationLong-distance trailTrailheadsLedbury, Herefordshire Ledbury, HerefordshireUseHikingHighest pointHarley's Mountain, 376 m (1,234 ft)DifficultyEasySeasonAll year The Herefordshire Trail is a long distance footpath in Herefordshire, England. Route and distance The trail, running for 154 miles (248 km) as a circular tour of Herefordshire, links t...
Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando il dialetto del gruppo tedesco centrale occidentale, vedi Assiano (dialetto). Assiano Stato Italia Regione Lombardia Provincia Milano Città Milano CircoscrizioneMunicipio 7 Altitudine123 m s.l.m. Nome abitantiassianesi AssianoAssiano (Milano) Assiano (Assian in dialetto milanese) è una località rurale del comune di Milano, posta all'estrema periferia occidentale, oltre la tangenziale. Amministrativamente appartiene al Municipio 7 (B...
الثقافة الأعلام والتراجم الجغرافيا التاريخ الرياضيات العلوم المجتمع التقانات الفلسفة الأديان فهرس البوابات عدل بوابة تعمية علم التعمية أو علم التشفير أو الكريبتولوجيا (باللاتيني...
Related alphabets based on Cyrillic scripts This article is about the variants of the Cyrillic alphabet. For the writing system as a whole, see Cyrillic script. This article contains phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of phonetic symbols. Countries with widespread use of the Cyrillic script: Sole official script Co-official with another script (either because the official language is biscr...
OboiPotret Oboi Wali Dinasti QingMasa jabatan1661–1669Menjabat bersama Sonin, Ebilun, SuksahaPenguasa monarkiKaisar Kangxi Informasi pribadiLahirc. 1610Meninggal1669Orang tuaGuwalgiya Uici ((ayah)KabinetEmpat Wali Kaisar KangxiNama anumertaChaowu (超武)Karier militerMasa dinas1637-1646Pertempuran/perangDefeated Zhang XianzhongSunting kotak info • L • B Aobai (Hanzi: 鰲拜)(?-1669) atau Oboi adalah seorang pejabat semasa awal Dinasti Qing dari klan Guwalgiya. Di...
