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Although the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) existed as an alliance and conducted joint military exercises throughout the Cold War period, it engaged in no military operations during this time. All of its military operations occurred in the post-Cold War era. The first of these was in Bosnia, where NATO engaged to an increasing extent. This engagement culminated in NATO's 1995 air campaign, Operation Deliberate Force, which targeted the Army of Republika Srpska, whose presence in Bosnia posed a danger to United Nations Safe Areas. This engagement ultimately helped to bring about the Dayton Accords.

The organization played a prominent role in Afghanistan after the September 11 attacks, when the United States invoked Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty, which interprets an external attack on any member to be an attack on all NATO members under the idea of collective defense. NATO has participated in a wide range of roles elsewhere, including relief efforts, counter-piracy, enforcing no-fly zones and naval blockades.

Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–2004)

NATO was prominent in Bosnia during the early 1990s, and gradually its role became larger with some operations escalating, for instance Operation Sky Monitor turned into Operation Deny Flight which gave NATO "all measures necessary" to enforce a more stringent no-fly zone unlike Sky Monitor during which the no-fly zone was violated over 500 times. It took 46 years after NATO's inception in 1949 for the organization first ever military intervention took place in 1995, Operation Deliberate Force which was targeted the Army of Republika Srpska in Bosnia whose presence posed a danger to designated United Nations "safe areas". The air campaign helped bring about the Dayton Accords.

Date	Operation	Location	Type	Information
16 July 1992 – 22 November 1992	Operation Maritime Monitor	International waters off former Yugoslavia	Naval blockade	Naval blockade aimed at enforcing sanctions stipulated in UN Security Council Resolutions 713 and 757.
16 October 1992 – 12 April 1993	Operation Sky Monitor (Resolution 781)	Bosnian airspace	No-fly zone	Established a no-fly zone over the airspace of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Effectiveness of the no-fly zone is debatable as by April 1993 500 violations (by all sides) of the no-fly zone had been recorded. NATO members voted for an "all necessary measures" resolution by the United Nations to allow NATO a mandate to enforce the no-fly zone more stringently.
22 November 1992 – 15 June 1993	Operation Maritime Guard (Resolution 787)	International waters in Adriatic Sea	Naval blockade	Authorized NATO to use force, and included stopping, inspecting, and diverting ships bound for the former Yugoslavia. All ships bound to or coming from the territorial waters of the former Yugoslavia were halted for inspection and verification of their cargoes and destinations.
13 April 1993 – 20 December 1995	Operation Deny Flight (Resolutions 816 and 836)	Bosnian airspace	No-fly zone	Resolution 816 extended the ban to cover flights by all fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft over the country, and to use all measures necessary to ensure compliance with the ban. Resolution 836 authorized the use of force by UNPROFOR in the protection of specially designated UN "safe areas".
15 June 1993 – 2 October 1996	Operation Sharp Guard (Numerous resolutions)	Yugoslavia	Naval blockade	A widespread naval blockade aimed at all former Yugoslavia.
30 August – 20 September 1995	Operation Deliberate Force	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Air campaign	Involving approximately 400 aircraft, Deliberate Force targeted at the Army of Republika Srpska whose presence in Bosnia posed a danger to United Nations "safe areas".
20 December 1995 – 20 December 1996	Operation Joint Endeavour	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Peacekeeping force	NATO-led Implementation Force (IFOR) peacekeeping force was established which was a force tasked with enforcing the peace under the Dayton Accords.
21 December 1996 – 19 June 1998	Operation Joint Guard	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Peacekeeping force	NATO-led Stabilisation Force (SFOR) peacekeeping force which replaced the IFOR which was a force tasked with enforcing peace under the Dayton Accords.
20 June 1998 – 2 December 2004	Operation Joint Forge	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Peacekeeping force	A continuation of Operation Joint Guard.

Serbia and Kosovo (1999–present)

Date	Operation	Location	Type	Information
24 March 1999 – 10 June 1999	Operation Allied Force	FR Yugoslavia	Air campaign	A sustained air campaign targeting infrastructure in Serbia and Serbian forces in Kosovo with the aim of getting the 'Serbs out [of Kosovo], peacekeepers in, refugees back' in the eyes of one NATO spokesman. The bombing lasted for nearly 3 months before all sides accepted the Kumanovo Treaty which ended the Kosovo War and the deployment of KFOR. The legitimacy of the NATO air campaign has been questioned, as too was the number of civilian casualties in the operation.^[1]
12 June 1999 – present	KFOR	FR Yugoslavia→ Serbia→ Kosovo	Peacekeeping force	A NATO-led Kosovo Force (KFOR) international peacekeeping force responsible for establishing a secure environment in Kosovo to enforce Resolution 1244.

2001–present

Date	Operation	Location	Type	Information
27 August 2001 – 26 September 2001	Disarmament of the Albanian UÇK fighters	North Macedonia	Security mission	Its aim was to disarm the Macedonian UÇK fighters. Their weapons were handed over to the NATO forces in Macedonia. 3500 soldiers were involved.
9 October 2001 – 16 May 2002	Operation Eagle Assist	United States airspace	Aerial counter-terrorism	The 11 September attacks in the United States, a NATO member, invoked Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty. It remains the only time since NATO's inception that an attack from an external party or state has been deemed an attack on all NATO members. Operation Eagle Assist, which involved aerial patrols over the United States to prevent further attacks, was the first of two NATO operations undertaken in defense of the United States under Article 5.^[2]
16 October 2001 – 9 November 2016	Operation Active Endeavor	Mediterranean Sea (confined to eastern Mediterranean prior to March 2004, entire sea thereafter)^[2]	Maritime counter-terrorism and anti-trafficking	The 11 September attacks in the United States, a NATO member, invoked Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty. It remains the only time since NATO's inception that an attack from an external party or state has been deemed an attack on all NATO members. Operation Active Endeavor, which involved maritime patrols to monitor shipping in the Mediterranean Sea "to detect and deter terrorism", was the second of two NATO operations undertaken in defense of the United States under Article 5.^[2]
20 December 2001 – 28 December 2014	International Security Assistance Force	Afghanistan	Security mission	On 20 December 2001, UN Security Council Resolution 1386 unanimously approved the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), a multi-national coalition with the aim of enforcing peace in Afghanistan. ISAF was led by NATO from August 2003 to December 2014. ISAF ceased combat operations in 2014, with a minority of troops remaining behind as the advisory Resolute Support Mission.
26 February 2003 – 3 May 2003	Operation Display Deterrence	Turkey	Border defense	Deterrence to Iraq aggression against Turkey during the Iraq War.^[3]
8 October 2005 – 9 February 2006^[4]	Pakistan earthquake relief	Pakistan	Relief effort – Airlift	NATO took on another new responsibility in the post-Cold War era by providing aid in the wake of 2005 Kashmir earthquake in Pakistan. NATO accepted a request from the Pakistani government for assistance and in total 3,500 tons of relief supplies were delivered to Pakistan whilst also sending medical teams and engineers.
17 August 2009 – 15 December 2016	Operation Ocean Shield (Resolution 1838 and 1950)	Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Indian Ocean Somalia and Yemen	Counter-piracy (Piracy in Somalia)	In October 2008, NATO announced they would send NATO warships to counter the rising problem of piracy off the coast of Africa.^[5] In August 2009, the mission was upgraded to Operation Ocean Shield which was a concerted effort to eradicate piracy. With no successful piracy attacks since 2012, the operation ended in 2016.^[6]
27 March 2011 – 31 October 2011	Operation Unified Protector (Resolution 1973)	Libya	No-fly zone; Air campaign	By March 2011, the Arab Spring had spread to Libya, with protests against the regime of Muammar Gaddafi. Amid reports that Libyan Air Force pilots had been ordered to bomb protesters, two pilots refused to carry out this order and defected, landing their fighter jets in Malta.^[7] UN SC Resolution 1973 gave NATO a mandate to enforce a no-fly zone using "all necessary measures" to protect civilians.
4 December 2012 – present	Operation Active Fence	Turkey	Anti-missile defense	Turkey asked for NATO support to protect itself from Syrian missiles. NATO agreed to install MIM-104 Patriot Systems from the United States, Italy, the Netherlands and Germany.
1 January 2015 – 12 July 2021	Resolute Support Mission	Afghanistan	Training, advisory, and assistance mission	The objective of the mission was to provide training, advice and assistance for the Afghan security forces and institutions. The Resolute Support Mission envisaged the deployment of approximately 12,000 personnel from NATO and partner nations in Afghanistan with the central hub at Kabul and Bagram Airfield supporting four spokes.

References

^ "Civilian Deaths in the NATO Air Campaign – The Crisis in Kosovo". www.hrw.org. Archived from the original on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Collective defence – Article 5". North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
^ "Conclusion of Operation Display Deterrence". North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
^ "Pakistan earthquake relief operation". NATO. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011. The mission came to an end, on schedule, on 1 February 2006.
^ "Nato to target Somalia's pirates". BBC. 9 October 2008. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
^ "NATO Ends Anti-Piracy Mission in Indian Ocean". 24 November 2016.
^ "Two Libyan fighter pilots defect, fly to Malta". Reuters. 21 February 2011. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2017.