Ancient Egyptian deities were an integral part of ancient Egyptian religion and were worshiped for millennia. Many of them ruled overnatural and social phenomena, as well as abstract concepts[1] These gods and goddesses appear in virtually every aspect of ancient Egyptian civilization, and more than 1,500 of them are known by name. Many Egyptian texts mention deities' names without indicating their character or role, while other texts refer to specific deities without even stating their name, so a complete list of them is difficult to assemble.[2]
Anubis – The god of funerals, embalming and protector of the dead [8]
Aten – Sun disk deity who became the focus of the monolatrous or monotheistic Atenist belief system in the reign of Akhenaten, was also the literal Sun disk[9]
Horus – A major god, usually shown as a Falcon or as a human child, linked with the sky, the Sun, kingship, protection, and healing; often said to be the son of Osiris and Isis[14]
Osiris – A god of death and resurrection who rules the Underworld and enlivens vegetation, the sun god, and deceased souls[25]
Ptah – A creator deity and god of craftsmen, the patron god of Memphis[26]
Set – An ambivalent god, characterized by violence, chaos, and strength, connected with the desert. Mythological murderer of Osiris and enemy of Horus, but also a supporter of the Pharaoh[27]
Shu – Embodiment of wind or air, a member of the Ennead[28]
Hathor – One of the most important goddesses, linked with the sky, the Sun, sexuality and motherhood, music and dance, foreign lands and goods, and the afterlife. One of many forms of the Eye of Ra, she is often depicted as a Cow[35]
Isis – Wife of Osiris and mother of Horus, linked with funerary rites, motherhood, protection, and magic. She became a major deity in Greek and Roman religion[40]
Maat – A goddess who personified truth, justice, and order[41]
Sekhmet – A Lioness goddess, both destructive and violent and capable of warding off disease, protector of the Pharaohs who led them in war, the consort of Ptah and one of many forms of the Eye of Ra[52]
The Gate deities – Many dangerous guardian deities at the gates of the Underworld (flanked by divine Doorkeepers and Heralds), to be ingratiated by spells and knowing their names[209]
The Hemsut – Protective goddesses of Fate, destiny, and of the creation sprung from the primordial abyss; daughters of Ptah, linked to the concept of ka[210][211]
The Her-Hequi – Four deities in the fifth division of Duat[38]
The Horus of the day deities – Twelve divine embodiments of each hour of the day: partly major deities (first: Maat and Nenit, second: Hu and Ra em-nu, third: unknown, fourth: Ashespi-kha, Fifth: Nesbit and Agrit, sixth: Ahait, seventh: Horus and Nekait or Nekai-t, eighth: Khensu and Kheprit, ninth: Neten-her-netch-her and Ast em nebt ankh, tenth: Urit-hekau or Hekau-ur, eleventh: Amanh, and partly lesser-known ones (twelfth: "The One Who Gives Protection In The Twilight")[212]
The Horus of the night deities – Twelve goddesses of each hour of the night, wearing a five-pointed star on their heads Neb-t tehen and Neb-t heru, god and goddess of the first hour of night, Apis or Hep (in reference) and Sarit-neb-s, god and goddess of the second hour of night, M'k-neb-set, goddess of the third hour of night, Aa-t-shefit or Urit-shefit, goddess of the fourth hour of the night, Heru-heri-uatch-f and Neb[t] ankh, god and goddess of the Fifth hour of the night, Ari-em-aua (god) or Uba-em-tu-f and Mesperit, neb-t shekta or Neb-t tcheser, god and goddess of the sixth hour of the night, Heru-em-sau-ab and Herit-t-chatcha-ah, god and goddess of the seventh hour of the night, Ba-pefi and Ankh-em-neser-t or Merit-neser-t, god and goddess of the eighth hour of night, An-mut-f and Neb-t sent-t, god and goddess of the ninth hour of the night, Amset or Neb neteru and M'k-neb-set, god and goddess of the tenth hour of night, Uba-em-tu-f and Khesef-khemit or M'kheskhemuit, god and goddess of the eleventh hour, Khepri and Maa-neferut-Ra, god and goddess of the twelfth hour of the night[212]
^ abShorter, Alan W.; with a new bibliography by Petry, Bonnie L. (1994). The Egyptian gods: a handbook (Rev. ed.). San Bernardino (Calif.): the Borgo press. p. 125. ISBN0-89370-535-7.
^Georg Meurer: Die Feinde des Königs in den Pyramidentexten (= Orbis biblicus et orientalis, vol. 189). Saint-Paul, 2002, ISBN3525530463, pp. 5 & 325.}}
^ abLorton, Claude Traunecker. transl. from the French by David (2001). The gods of Egypt (1st English-language, enhanced and expanded ed.). Ithaca, N.Y [u.a.]: Cornell University Press. pp. 59. ISBN0-8014-3834-9.
^A survey of the literary and archaeological evidence for the background of Hermes Trismegistus as the Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian god Thoth may be found in Bull, Christian H. (2018). "The Myth of Hermes Trismegistus". The Tradition of Hermes Trismegistus: The Egyptian Priestly Figure as a Teacher of Hellenized Wisdom. Religions in the Graeco-Roman World. Vol. 186. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 31–96. doi:10.1163/9789004370845_003. ISBN978-90-04-37081-4. ISSN0927-7633. S2CID172059118.
^Hermann Alexander Schlögl: Das alte Ägypten. Beck, München 2008, ISBN 3-406-48005-5, S. 123.
^Gerald Massey (2008) [1907]. Ancient Egypt - The Light of the World: A Work of Reclamation and Restitution in Twelve Books. NuVision Publications. p. 319. ISBN978-1595476067.
^Durdin-Robertson, Lawrence (1979). Communion With The Goddess: Idols, Images, and Symbols of the Goddesses; Egypt Part III. Cesara Publications. p. 1.
^ abcdefDurdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 2.
^Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 21.
^ Kim Ryholt, The Assyrian invasion of Egypt in Egyptian literary tradition, in Assyria and Beyond, Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten 2004, ISBN9062583113, p. 501
^Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 22.
^ abDurdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 24.
^ abcdefghijBudge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 162.
^ abBudge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 24. ISBN978-1-61640-460-4.
^ abcBudge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary s. New York. p. 23.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ abcdefghBudge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. New York. p. 46.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ abcdefgBudge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary s. p. 47.
^ abcdefghiBudge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 48.
^Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 59.
^ abcdefghiBudge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 67.
^Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 13.
^ abcBudge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 474.
^ abcdefBudge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary s. p. 472.
^ abcdefBudge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 556.
^ abcdefghBudge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 267.
^Ritner, Robert K. (1984). "A uterine amulet in the Oriental Institute collection". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 43 (3): 209–221. doi:10.1086/373080. PMID16468192. S2CID42701708.
^ abcdefghiBudge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 403.
^ abcdefghiBudge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 336.
^ abcdefghijklmBudge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 358.
^ abcdefghijklmBudge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 359.
^ abcdefghijklBudge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 360.
^ abcdefghijklmBudge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 363.
^ abcdefgBudge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 404.
^ abcdefgBudge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 172.
^ abcdeBudge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 165.
Allen, James P. (2000). Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs. Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-77483-7.
Hart, George (2005). The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, Second Edition. Routledge. ISBN0-203-02362-5.
Porter, Bertha; Moss, Rosalind (1991). Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings. Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum Oxford. ISBN978-0-900416-82-8.
Lorton, Claude Traunecker. Transl. from the French by David (2001). The gods of Egypt (1st English-language edn, enhanced and expanded). Ithaca, N.Y [u.a.]: Cornell University Press. ISBN0-8014-3834-9.
Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets). New York: Cosimo Classics. ISBN978-1-61640-460-4.
Petry, Alan W. Shorter; with a new bibliography by Bonnie L. (1994). The Egyptian gods : a handbook (rev. edn). San Bernardino (Calif.): The Borgo Press. ISBN0-89370-535-7.
Nelson, Thomas (2017). The Woman's Study Bible: Receiving God's Truth for Balance, Hope, and Transformation. Biblica, Inc.
"GVC09-24: Mystical creatures and gods -Egyptian". [1]
Durdin-Robertson, Lawrence (1979). Communion With The Goddess: Idols, Images, and Symbols of the Goddesses; Egypt Part III. Cesara Publications.
translations, translated by Raymond O. Faulkner; with additional; Wasserman, a commentary by Ogden Goelet JR.; with color illustrations from the facsimile volume produced in 1890 under the supervision of E.A. Wallis Budge; introduced by Carol A. R. Andrews; edited by Eva Von Dassow; in an edition conceived by James (1994). The Egyptian Book of the dead : the Book of going forth by day : being the Papyrus of Ani (royal scribe of the divine offerings), written and illustrated circa 1250 B.C.E., by scribes and artists unknown, including the balance of chapters of the books of the dead known as the theban recension, compiled from ancient texts, dating back to the roots of Egyptian civilization (1st edn). San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN0-8118-0767-3.
