PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Stereo image
Stereo image
Left frame
Right frame
Parallel view ()
Cross-eye view ()
	Seed pods from Liquidambar tree

Liquidambar; Temporal range: Late Cretaceous – Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Saxifragales
Family:	Altingiaceae
Genus:	Liquidambar; L.
Type species
	Liquidambar styraciflua; L.
Synonyms
	Altingia Noronha; Cathayambar (Harms) Nakai; Sedgwickia Griff.; Semiliquidambar H.T.Chang;

Liquidambar, commonly called sweetgum^[2] (star gum in the UK),^[3] gum,^[2] redgum,^[2] satin-walnut,^[2] styrax or American storax,^[2] is the only genus in the flowering plant family Altingiaceae and has 15 species.^[1] They were formerly often treated as a part of the Hamamelidaceae. They are native to southeast and east Asia, the eastern Mediterranean and North America. They are decorative deciduous trees that are used in the wood industry and for ornamental purposes.

Etymology

Both the scientific and common names refer to the sweet resinous sap (liquid amber) exuded by the trunk when cut.

Species

Extant species

Scientific name	Common Name	Distribution
Liquidambar acalycina	Chang's sweet gum	central & southern China
Liquidambar cambodiana	Sdey	Cambodia
Liquidambar caudata		Fujian and Zhejiang, China
Liquidambar chinensis [ceb; sv; war]		south China to Vietnam
Liquidambar chingii		south China to Vietnam
Liquidambar excelsa	Rasamala [id]	Indonesia to Tibet
Liquidambar formosana	Chinese sweet gum	Vietnam, Laos, China, Taiwan and Korea
Liquidambar gracilipes [ceb; sv; war]		southeast China
Liquidambar multinervis [ceb; sv; war]		north Guizhou, China
Liquidambar obovata [ceb; sv; war]		Hainan, China
Liquidambar orientalis	Oriental sweetgum	southwest Turkey and Rhodes, Greece
Liquidambar poilanei [ceb; sv; war]		Vietnam
Liquidambar siamensis [ceb; nl; sv; war]		Southeast Asia to China
Liquidambar styraciflua	American sweetgum	eastern North America from Connecticut, USA, to Nicaragua
Liquidambar yunnanensis [ceb; sv; war]		southeast Yunnan, China to Vietnam

Fossils

†Liquidambar changii - Miocene (Washington state, North America)

Description

They are all large, deciduous trees, 25–40 m (82–131 ft) tall, with palmately 3- to 7-lobed leaves arranged spirally on the stems and length of 12.5 to 20 centimetres (4.9 to 7.9 in), having a pleasant aroma when crushed. Their leaves can be many colors such as bright red, orange, yellow, and even purple.^[4] Mature bark is grayish and vertically grooved.^[4] The flowers are small, produced in a dense globular inflorescence 1–2 centimetres (0.39–0.79 in) diameter, pendulous on a 3–7 centimetres (1.2–2.8 in) stem. The fruit is a woody multiple capsule 2–4 centimetres (0.79–1.57 in) in diameter (popularly called a "gumball"), containing numerous seeds and covered in numerous prickly, woody armatures, possibly to attach to fur of animals. The woody biomass is classified as hardwood.

At higher latitudes, Liquidambars are among the last of trees to leaf out in the spring, and also among the last of trees to drop its leaves in the fall/autumn, turning multiple colors. Fall/autumn colors are most brilliant where nights are chilly, but some cultivars color well in warm climates.

Distribution

Species within this genus are native to Southeast and east Asia, the western Mediterranean, and eastern North America.^[1] Countries and regions in which they occur are: Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara, Java, Sumatra); Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia); Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; China (including Tibet, Fujian, Guizhou, Hainan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan, South Korea, Laos, Myanmar, Bhutan, Turkey, Greece (Rhodes), Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, Belize, Mexico, and the eastern United States (from Texas to Connecticut). It is regarded as an artificially introduced species in India, Italy, Spain, and Belgium.^[1] In cultivation, they can be seen in warm temperate and subtropical climates around the world.

Fossil records

This genus is known in the fossil record from the Cretaceous to the Quaternary (age range: 99.7 to 0.781 million years ago).^[5] The genus was much more widespread in the Tertiary, but has disappeared from Europe due to extensive glaciation in the north and the east–west oriented Alps and Pyrenees, which have served as a blockade against southward migration. It has also disappeared from western North America due to climate change, and also from the unglaciated (but nowadays too cold) Russian Far East. There are several fossil species of Liquidambar, showing its relict status today.

Uses

The wood is used for furniture, interior finish, paper pulp, veneers and baskets of all kinds. The heartwood once was used in furniture, sometimes as imitation mahogany or Circassian walnut. It is used widely today in flake and strand boards. Sweetgum is a foodplant for various caterpillars. The American sweetgum is widely planted as an ornamental, within its natural range and elsewhere.

The hardened sap, or gum resin, excreted from the wounds of the sweetgum, for example, the American sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), can be chewed on like chewing gum and has been long used for this purpose in the Southern United States.^[4] The sap was also believed to be a cure for sciatica, weakness of nerves, etc.

In Traditional Chinese medicine, lu lu tong, or "all roads open," is the hard, spiky fruit of native sweetgum species. It first appeared in Chinese medical literature in Omissions from the Materia Medica, by Chen Cangqi, in 720 AD. Bitter in taste, aromatic, and neutral in temperature, lu lu tong is claimed to promote the movement of blood and qi, water metabolism and urination, expels wind, and unblocks the channels. It is supposedly an ingredient in formulas for epigastric distention or abdominal pain, anemia, irregular or scanty menstruation, low back or knee pain and stiffness, edema with difficult urination, or nasal congestion.^[6]

In the fall/autumn, the trees drop their hard, spiky seedpods by the hundreds, which can become a serious nuisance on pavements and lawns. Some US cities have expedited permits to remove sweetgum trees.^[7]

In Louisiana folklore, a sharpened stick from this tree can be used to wound a cryptid known as the Parlangua (a hybrid of man and alligator).^[8]

Gallery

Foliage of Liquidambar orientalis
Sweetgum fall foliage and seedpods, Brooklyn, New York
Sweetgum seed pods in Michigan during winter
Closeup on a sweetgum seed pod

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Liquidambar L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "USDA GRIN Taxonomy". Archived from the original on 2012-09-21. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
^ ^a ^b ^c Peterson, Lee Allen (1977). Edible Wild Plants. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 214–215. ISBN 0-395-31870-X.
^ "Liquidambar Linnaeus 1753 (sweetgum)". Fossilworks.org. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
^ Bensky, Clavey & Stöger 2004.
^ "Sunnyvale, CA - Tree Removal". sunnyvale.ca.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
^ "Half Man, Half Alligator". Discovery. Retrieved 2024-10-23.

References

Bensky, D; Clavey; Stöger, Erich (2004). Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica. Eastland Press. ISBN 978-0-939616-42-8.
Fergus, Charles (2002). Trees of Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Stackpole Books. pp. 160–162. ISBN 978-0-8117-2092-2.
Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev., 1985, 24 (3), pp 836–844
Hsu, E.; Andrews, S. (2005). "Tree of the year: Liquidambar" (PDF). International Dendrology Society Yearbook. 2004: 11–45. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-22. Retrieved 2017-10-26.
Svenning, Jens-Christian (July 2003). "Deterministic Plio-Pleistocene extinctions in the European cool-temperate tree flora". Ecology Letters. 6 (7): 646–653. Bibcode:2003EcolL...6..646S. doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00477.x.

External links

Media related to Liquidambar at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Liquidambar at Wikispecies
"Highlights of American Chemical Society meeting in Atlanta". chemistry.org. American Chemical Society. Archived from the original on June 7, 2007.
Liquidambar styraciflua: Sweetgum at University of Florida IFAS Extension