Line signaling

For broader coverage of this topic, see Signaling (telecommunications).

Line signaling is a class of telecommunications signaling protocols.[1] Line signaling is responsible for off-hook, ringing signal, answer, ground start, on-hook unidirectional supervision messaging in each direction from calling party to called party and vice versa. After an off-hook, line signaling initiates register signaling to accomplish the exchange of telephone numbers of called party and in more modern line-signaling protocols, the calling party as well. While register signaling occurs, line signaling remains quiescent unless the calling party goes on-hook or an abnormal cessation of the call occurs, such as due to equipment malfunction or shutdown or due to network outage upstream in that call-attempt's series of spanned trunks.[citation needed]

Line signaling can be conveyed in a single DS0 channel of a trunk. In modern PCM telecommunications, line signaling is represented by the ABCD bits in DS0 #16 of an E1 or a selected DS0 within a T1.[citation needed][2]

Line signaling can also be conveyed within the channels being supervised, as in the original T1 scheme which used one out of every eight bits for supervision, or with robbed bits of a superframe format, or as in-band signaling, e.g. as in L1 signaling where 2280 Hz tone pulses are used.[3]

References

  1. ^ Annabel Z. Dodd (2002). The Essential Guide to Telecommunications (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall PTR. p. 219. ISBN 0-13-064907-4.
  2. ^ Sakhawat, Hossen Rakib. Switching and Signaling in Telecommunication Network. ResearchGate.
  3. ^ "Bell System | AT&T, Monopoly, Telecommunication | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-02-03.

Read other articles:

Смектические жидкие кристаллы

Смектики — наиболее упорядоченные 2-мерные кристаллы. Имеют слоистую структуру, в отличие от нематиков и холестериков. Смектические жидкие кристаллы типа А и С Бывают нескольких типов: А — длинные оси мезогенов в слоях направленны по нормали к слою; C — длинные о�...

 

 

KGPZ-LP

Radio station in Grants Pass, OregonKGPZ-LPGrants Pass, OregonFrequency106.7 MHzProgrammingFormatReligiousOwnershipOwnerSonSong Media(SonSong Media)HistoryFormer call signsKCGP-LP (2005–2022)Technical informationFacility ID133956ClassL1ERP70 wattsHAAT−44.6 meters (−146 ft)Transmitter coordinates42°25′22″N 123°23′57″W / 42.42278°N 123.39917°W / 42.42278; -123.39917 This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may...

 

 

Juling

Kondisi Strabismus pada anak-anak Juling atau strabismus merupakan kondisi kedua bola mata yang tidak sejajar lurus akibat kurangnya koordinasi otot-otot luar okulus yang mencegah mata untuk menatap ke arah yang sama dalam suatu objek atau ruang, sehingga mengacaukan daya penglihatan binokular dan juga memengaruhi persepsi internal.[1] Pada umumnya, juling disebabkan adanya gangguan terhadap koordinasi mata dalam otak. Bisa juga terdapat gangguan terhadap daya atau arah gerakan otot-o...

Sitiveni Rabuka

Sitiveni Ligamanda Rabuka Perdana Menteri Fiji ke-3PetahanaMulai menjabat 24 Desember 2022PendahuluFrank BainimaramaPenggantiPetahanaMasa jabatan2 Juni 1992 – 19 Mei 1999PendahuluRatu Sir Kamisese MaraPenggantiMahendra ChaudhryKetua Dewan Agung penasihat militerMasa jabatan1999 – 3 Mei 2001PenggantiRatu Epeli Ganilau Informasi pribadiLahir13 September 1948 (umur 75)Nakobo, on Vanua Levu IslandPartai politikPeople's AllianceSuami/istriSuluweti Camaivuna Tuiloma (...

 

 

Special Field Orders No. 15

Military orders issued during the American Civil War General William Tecumseh Sherman Special Field Orders, No. 15 (series 1865) were military orders issued during the American Civil War, on January 16, 1865, by General William Tecumseh Sherman, commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi of the United States Army.[1] They provided for the confiscation of 400,000 acres (160,000 ha) of land along the Atlantic coast of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida and the dividing...

 

 

Impulse (software)

Defunct video game distribution platform (2008-14) This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) ImpulseGames displayed on the...

Under-20 Intercontinental Cup

Football tournamentUnder-20 Intercontinental CupOrganising bodiesCONMEBOLUEFAFounded2022; 2 years ago (2022)RegionSouth AmericaEuropeNumber of teams2Current champions Boca Juniors (1st title)Most successful club(s) Benfica Boca Juniors(1 title each)Website(UEFA)(Conmebol) The Under-20 Intercontinental Cup (Spanish: Sub-20 Intercontinental, Portuguese: Intercontinental de Sub-20) is a football match organised by CONMEBOL and UEFA. The match is contested by the winners of the...

 

 

2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup

2017 CONCACAF Gold CupTournament detailsHost countryUnited StatesDatesJuly 7–26Teams12 (from 1 confederation)Venue(s)14 (in 14 host cities)Final positionsChampions United States (6th title)Runners-up JamaicaTournament statisticsMatches played25Goals scored58 (2.32 per match)Attendance875,667 (35,027 per match)Top scorer(s) Alphonso Davies Kévin Parsemain Jordan Morris(3 goals each)Best player(s) Michael BradleyBest young player Alphonso DaviesBest goalke...

 

 

Muradan Muthu

1964 film by B. R. Panthulu Muradan MuthuTheatrical release posterDirected byB. R. PanthuluScreenplay byM. S. SolaimalaiProduced byB. R. PanthuluStarringSivaji GanesanDevikaCinematographyV. RamamurthiEdited byR. DevarajanMusic byT. G. LingappaProductioncompanyPadmini PicturesRelease date 3 November 1964 (1964-11-03) CountryIndiaLanguageTamil Muradan Muthu (transl. Rogue Muthu) is a 1964 Indian Tamil-language film, directed and produced by B. R. Panthulu. The film stars Si...

Wake Up! (Album musik Paus Fransiskus)

Wake Up!Album studio karya Paus FransiskusDirilis27 November 2015 (2015-11-27)Genre Musik Kristen Rock progresif Durasi55:19LabelBelieve DigitalProduser Don Giulio Neroni Tony Pagliuca Singel dalam album Wake Up! Wake Up! Go! Go! Forward!Dirilis: 26 September 2015 Wake Up! Music Album with His Words and Prayers adalah album rock progresif oleh Paus Fransiskus yang dirilis pada 27 November 2015 di Believe Digital. Album ini terdiri dari pidato-pidato Paus Fransiskus yang direkam di be...

 

 

Ad valorem tax

Tax based on value of transaction Part of a series onTaxation An aspect of fiscal policy Policies Government revenue Property tax equalization Tax revenue Non-tax revenue Tax law Tax bracket Flat tax Tax threshold Exemption Credit Deduction Tax shift Tax cut Tax holiday Tax amnesty Tax advantage Tax incentive Tax reform Tax harmonization Tax competition Tax withholding Double taxation Representation Unions Medical savings account Economics General Theory Price effect Excess burden Tax inciden...

 

 

Linestrenol

Linestrenol Nama sistematis (IUPAC) (8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17R)-17-etinil-13-metil-2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16-dodekahidro-1H-siklopenta[a]fenantren-17-ol Data klinis Nama dagang Exluton, Ministat, dll AHFS/Drugs.com International Drug Names Kat. kehamilan ? Status hukum ? Rute Oral Pengenal Nomor CAS 52-76-6 Y Kode ATC G03AC02 G03DC03;G03AA03 G03AB02 G03FA07 G03FB02 (kombinasi dengan estrogen) PubChem CID 5857 ChemSpider 5648 Y UNII N2Z8ALG4U5 Y KEGG D01580 Y Sinonim Linen...

آلة الحمض النووي

جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولتقانة النانو نظرة عامة تأريخ تقنية النانو تأثيرات تقنية النانو تطبيقات تقنية النانو تنظيم تقنية النانو قائمة الهيئات المتخصصة في تقنية النانو تقنية النانو في الخيال هندسة نانوية مواد نانوية فوليرين غرافين أنابيب نانوية كربونية جسيم نانوي طب نانوي ...

 

 

Onager

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang spesies Equid. Untuk senjata, lihat Onager (senjata). Onager Periode 4.5–0 jtyl PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Early Pliocene – Holocene Equus hemionus Seekor onager Persia (Equus hemionus onager) di Kebun Binatang Rostov-on-Don, RusiaStatus konservasiHampir terancamIUCN7951 TaksonomiKelasMammaliaOrdoPerissodactylaFamiliEquidaeTribusEquiniGenusEquusSpesiesEquus hemionus Pallas, 1775 Tata namaSinonim taksonEquus onager Boddaert, 1785Subspesies...

 

 

Referendum konstitusi Azerbaijan 2009

Azerbaijan Artikel ini adalah bagian dari seri Politik dan KetatanegaraanRepublik Azerbaijan Konstitusi Presiden: Ilham Aliyev Wakil Presiden: Mehriban Aliyeva Kepresidenan Perdana Menteri: Artur Rasizade Kabinet Menteri Majelis Nasional Ketua: Sahiba Gafarova Partai politik Pemilihan umum Pembagian administratif Hubungan luar negeri Hak Asasi Manusia Lihat pula Negara lainnya Atlas lbs Referendum konstitusi Azerbaijan 2009 adalah sebuah referendum yang diselenggarakan di Azerbaijan pada tang...

Eungam station

Subway station in Eunpyeong, Seoul, South Korea 610 응암Eungam Korean nameHangul응암역Hanja鷹岩驛Revised RomanizationEungam-yeokMcCune–ReischauerŬngam-yŏk General informationLocation85-41 Yeokchon-dong, 477 Jeungsanno Jiha, Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul[1]Coordinates37°35′54″N 126°54′56″E / 37.59833°N 126.91556°E / 37.59833; 126.91556Operated bySeoul MetroLine(s)     Line 6Platforms1Tracks2ConstructionStructure typeUndergr...

 

 

Primera División 2006-2007 (Argentina)

Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Primera División (Argentina). Primera División 2006-2007 (Argentina) Competizione Primera División Sport Calcio Edizione 77ª Organizzatore AFA Date dal 4 agosto 2006 Luogo  Argentina Cronologia della competizione 2005-06 2007-08 Manuale L'edizione 2006-2007 del Campionato argentino di calcio era suddiviso in due fasi: il torneo di apertura e quello di Clausura. Quello di apertura fu vinto dall'Estudiantes mentre quello di Clausura dal San Lorenz...

 

 

Rockingham Whigs

Political party in the United Kingdom Rockingham Whigs LeaderMarquess of RockinghamFounded1765; 259 years ago (1765)Dissolved1784; 240 years ago (1784)Preceded byPittitesMerged intoPortlanditesHeadquartersNorthamptonshireIdeologyConservatism[1]Parliamentarism[2]Political positionCentre-rightPolitics of the United KingdomPolitical partiesElections The Rockingham Whigs (or Rockinghamites) in 18th-century British politics we...

Zavrč

ZavrčZavrč—  Thị xã và Khu tự quản  — Vị trí của Zavrč ở SloveniaVị trí của Zavrč ở SloveniaZavrčVị trí của Zavrč trong SloveniaQuốc gia SloveniaVùngPodravskaThủ phủThủ phủDiện tích • Tổng cộng19,3 km2 (75 mi2)Dân số (31 tháng 3 năm 2002) • Tổng cộng1.338 • Mật độ6,9/km2 (18/mi2)Múi giờCET (UTC+01) • Mùa...

 

 

Regioni di Malta

     Regione di Gozo      Regione Settentrionale      Regione Orientale      Regione del Porto      Regione Occidentale      Regione Meridionale Le regioni di Malta (in maltese: reġjuni) costituiscono la suddisivione territoriale di primo livello del Paese e sono in tutto sei. Nel 1993 il Local Councils Act dispose l'istituzione di tre regioni: Malta Maestrale (Malta Majjis...