Lifestyle disease

Smoking cigarettes can lead to lung cancer, considered a lifestyle disease

Lifestyle diseases can be defined as the diseases linked to the manner in which a person lives their life. These diseases are non-communicable, and can be caused by lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating, alcohol, substance use disorders and smoking tobacco, which can lead to heart disease, stroke, obesity, type II diabetes and lung cancer.[1][2] The diseases that appear to increase in frequency as countries become more industrialized and people live longer include Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, atherosclerosis, asthma, cancer, chronic liver disease or cirrhosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney failure, osteoporosis, PCOD, stroke, depression, obesity and vascular dementia.

Concerns were raised in 2011 that lifestyle diseases could soon have an impact on the workforce and the cost of health care. Treating these non-communicable diseases can be expensive.[3] It can be critical for the patient's health to receive primary prevention and identify early symptoms of these non-communicable diseases. These lifestyle diseases are expected to increase throughout the years if people do not improve their lifestyle choices.[4]

Some commenters maintain a distinction between diseases of longevity and diseases of civilization or diseases of affluence.[5] Certain diseases, such as diabetes, dental caries and asthma, appear at greater rates in young populations living in the "western" way; their increased incidence is not related to age, so the terms cannot accurately be used interchangeably for all diseases.[6]

Tamer

Diet and lifestyle are major factors thought to influence susceptibility to many diseases. Substance use disorders, such as tobacco smoking, and excessive consumption of alcohol, and a lack of or too much exercise may also increase the risk of developing certain diseases, especially later in life.[7][8][9]

In many Western countries, people began to consume more meat, dairy products, vegetable oils, tobacco, sugary foods, sugary beverages, and alcoholic beverages during the latter half of the 20th century. People also developed sedentary lifestyles and greater rates of obesity.[10] Rates of colorectal, breast, prostate, endometrial and lung cancer started increasing after this dietary change. People in developing countries, whose diets still depend largely on low-sugar starchy foods with little meat or fat have lower rates of these cancers.[11] Causes are not just from smoking tobacco and alcohol use. Adults can develop lifestyle diseases through behavioral factors that impact them. Behavioral factors including unemployment, unsafe life, poor social environment, working conditions, stress and home life can increase their risk of developing one of these non-communicable diseases.[12]

Death statistics in Australia

Between 1995 and 2005, 813,000 Australians were hospitalized due to alcohol.[13] In 2014, 11.2 million Australians were overweight or obese.

In 2013, there were 147,678 deaths within Australia mostly from lifestyle diseases. Smoking tobacco, alcohol use and other substances, violence, and unhealthy weight have impacted the Australians' death rate. The leading cause of death of Australian males was heart disease with 11,016 deaths, followed by lung cancer with 4,995 deaths, and chronic pulmonary disease killing 3,572. All these conditions were mainly attributed to smoking, excessive alcohol use or an unhealthy lifestyle.[14] In 2013, coronary heart disease was the leading cause of death in 8,750 women, mainly as a result of their lifestyle. Dementia and Alzheimer's disease came second, affecting 7,277 females and thirdly, cerebrovascular disease, killing 6,368. These top three causes of deaths could be minimized through lifestyle changes within the Australian population.[15]

The table shows the ages of people dying and the top five diseases for which they are dying.[15]

Age 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
45-64 Coronary heart disease Lung cancer Breast cancer Colorectal cancer Suicide
65-74 Coronary heart disease Lung cancer COPD Cerebrovascular disease Colorectal cancer
75-84 Coronary heart disease Cerebrovascular disease Dementia and Alzheimer's disease Lung cancer COPD
85-94 Coronary heart disease Dementia and Alzheimer's disease Cerebrovascular disease COPD Influenza and pneumonia

Death statistics in the United States

In 1900, the top three causes of death in the United States were pneumonia/influenza, tuberculosis, and diarrhea/enteritis. Communicable diseases accounted for about 60 percent of all deaths. In 1900, heart disease and cancer were ranked number four and eight, respectively. Since the 1940s, the majority of deaths in the United States have resulted from heart disease, cancer, and other degenerative diseases. By the late 1990s, degenerative diseases accounted for more than 60 percent of all deaths.[16]

Lifestyle diseases have their onset later in an individual's life; they appear to increase in frequency as countries become more industrialized and people live longer.[17] This suggests that the life expectancy at birth of 49.24 years in 1900[18] was too short for degenerative diseases to occur, compared to a life expectancy at birth of 77.8 years in 2004. Also, survivorship to the age of 50 was 58.5% in 1900, and 93.7% in 2007.[19]

Death statistics in India

According to a report[20] published by the Indian Council of Medical Research in 2017, 3 of the 5 leading individual causes of disease burden in India were non-communicable, with ischemic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as the top two causes and stroke as the fifth leading cause. The range of disease burden or DALY rate among the states in 2016 was 9-fold for ischemic heart disease, 4-fold for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 6-fold for stroke, and 4-fold for diabetes across India. Of the total deaths from major disease groups, 62% of all deaths were caused by non-communicable diseases.[citation needed]

Distribution of deaths from major disease groups, by age (2016)
Death rate per 1,000,000 [percent of total deaths in that age group]
Age group Communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional diseases Non-communicable diseases Injuries
0–14 years 22.6 [80.8] 3.4 [12.0] 2.0 [7.2]
15–39 years 5.9 [29.1] 6.9 [34.4] 7.3 [36.5]
40–69 years 19.6 [17.4] 82.4 [73.2] 10.5 [9.4]
70+ years 186.7 [23.0] 580.5 [71.6] 43.5 [5.4]
All ages 20.5 [27.5] 46 [61.8] 8.0 [10.7]

Prevention

Prevention of these non-communicable diseases involves remedies or activities that aim to reduce the likelihood of a disease or disorder affecting people. Lifestyle diseases are preventable for children if parents set them on the correct path, as early life decisions and influences can impact people later on in life.[12] Lifestyle diseases can be prevented through reduction in smoking of tobacco.[21] The Australian Government started by introducing plain packaging for all tobacco products and increasing the prices of tobacco production.[22] Obesity can be prevented through a well-balanced lifestyle through healthy eating and exercise. 30 minutes of moderate exercise daily or 150 minutes of moderate intensity exercise a week can be the start of a new lifestyle change.[23] Examples of moderate exercise include a brisk walk, swim, bicycle ride or it can also be everyday life activities like mowing the lawn or house cleaning.[24] In addition, studies have suggested that early life exercise can reduce the risk of developing metabolic diseases in adulthood.[25] All causes of lifestyle disease can be prevented through giving up smoking and other substances, reducing one's intake of alcohol, processed meats (like bacon and sausages), red meats (like pork, beef and lamb), fatty foods and by engaging in daily exercise. However, new studies also show preventive effects on recurrent respiratory tract infections in children through the intake of unprocessed food. Beef, green vegetables, and whole dairy can be beneficial because they are unprocessed compared to processed foods. Beef, unlike other types of red meat, can contribute to the health-promoting effects.[26] Eating an excess amount of these foods can have an impact on one's health. Certain foods and activities such as smoking and drinking should be done in moderation.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Lifestyle disease". MedicineNet. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  2. ^ Mathur, Prashant; Mascarenhas, Leena (2019). "Lifestyle diseases: Keeping fit for a better tomorrow". The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 149 (Suppl 1): S129–S135. doi:10.4103/0971-5916.251669. PMC 6515727. PMID 31070189.
  3. ^ "Lifestyle diseases 'cost economy'". Cape Argus. Cape Town. 13 September 2011. ProQuest 889325276.
  4. ^ Engelen, Lina; Gale, Joanne; Chau, Josephine Y.; Hardy, Louise L.; Mackey, Martin; Johnson, Nathan; Shirley, Debra; Bauman, Adrian (2017). "Who is at risk of chronic disease? Associations between risk profiles of physical activity, sitting and cardio-metabolic disease in Australian adults". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 41 (2): 178–183. doi:10.1111/1753-6405.12627. PMID 27960249. S2CID 34368321. ProQuest 2290216359.
  5. ^ Bitar, Adrienne Rose (January 2018). Diet and the Disease of Civilization. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-8964-0.
  6. ^ Pollan, Michael (2008). In Defense of Food: An Eater's Manifesto. Penguin Press HC, The. ISBN 978-1-59420-145-5.
  7. ^ Vaillant, George E.; Mukamal, Kenneth (June 2001). "Successful Aging". American Journal of Psychiatry. 158 (6): 839–847. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.6.839. PMID 11384887.
  8. ^ Fraser, Gary E.; Shavlik, David J. (9 July 2001). "Ten Years of Life: Is It a Matter of Choice?". Archives of Internal Medicine. 161 (13): 1645–1652. doi:10.1001/archinte.161.13.1645. PMID 11434797.
  9. ^ Steyn, K; Fourie, J; Bradshaw, D (1992). "The impact of chronic diseases of lifestyle and their major risk factors on mortality in South Africa". S Afr Med J. 82 (4): 227–31. PMID 1411817.
  10. ^ "Main Features - Key findings". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  11. ^ Key, TJ; Allen, NE; Spencer, EA (Sep 2002). "The effect of diet on risk of cancer". The Lancet. 360 (9336): 861–8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09958-0. PMID 12243933. S2CID 44965668.
  12. ^ a b Vallgårda, Signild (November 2011). "Why the concept 'lifestyle diseases' should be avoided". Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 39 (7): 773–775. doi:10.1177/1403494811421978. PMID 21948978. S2CID 33946127.
  13. ^ "Smoking, risky drinking and obesity". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Dec 2009. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  14. ^ "Health status". Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  15. ^ a b "Leading causes of death". Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  16. ^ National Center for Health Statistics, National Office of Vital Statistics, 1947 for the year 1900 (page 67), for the year 1938 (page 55).
  17. ^ Olshansky, S. Jay; Carnes, Bruce A. (2002). The Quest for Immortality: Science at the Frontiers of Aging. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 191. ISBN 978-0393323276.
  18. ^ Life expectancy by age, race, and sex, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, FastStats, 2007, retrieved 2009-06-11
  19. ^ Survivorship by age, race, and sex, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, FastStats, 2007, retrieved 2009-06-11
  20. ^ India: Health of the Nation's States 2017 Published by Indian Council of Medical Research. Retrieved: Jan 2020
  21. ^ "Preventing and treating ill health". Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Archived from the original on May 30, 2016. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  22. ^ "Tobacco product regulation and disclosure". Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  23. ^ "Lifestyle factors". Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Archived from the original on May 2, 2016. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  24. ^ "What is Moderate-intensity and Vigorous-intensity Physical Activity?". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  25. ^ Falcão-Tebas, Filippe; Kuang, Jujiao; Arceri, Chelsea; Kerris, Jarrod P.; Andrikopoulos, Sofianos; Marin, Evelyn C.; McConell, Glenn K. (1 January 2019). "Four weeks of exercise early in life reprograms adult skeletal muscle insulin resistance caused by a paternal high-fat diet". The Journal of Physiology. 597 (1): 121–136. doi:10.1113/JP276386. PMC 6312425. PMID 30406963.
  26. ^ van der Gaag, Ellen; Brandsema, Ruben; Nobbenhuis, Rosan; van der Palen, Job; Hummel, Thalia (20 January 2020). "Influence of Dietary Advice Including Green Vegetables, Beef, and Whole Dairy Products on Recurrent Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial". Nutrients. 12 (1): 272. doi:10.3390/nu12010272. PMC 7019298. PMID 31968697.

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