In 1861, as colonel and first cavalry officer on the staff of John C. Frémont, he organized the Second Missouri Volunteer Cavalry, usually known as Merrill's Horse to fight the secessionist Missouri State Guard and guerrillas in central Missouri. His regiment was well known for its strict military organization and its aggressiveness in carrying out its anti-guerrilla mission. Colonel Merrill later commanded the District of St. Louis and then the Department of Northern Missouri. In 1864 he was commander of the cavalry bureau at St. Louis and took part in the engagements at Franklin, Missouri. The next year he was sent against guerrillas in northern Georgia and Alabama. On January 13, 1866, PresidentAndrew Johnson nominated Merrill for appointment to the grade of brevetbrigadier general, U.S. Volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.[2]
York County, South Carolina
After various western assignments he was placed in command of a military district in York County, South Carolina with orders to break up the Ku Klux Klan.[3]
In February 1871 before Merrill arrived in South Carolina, local black preacher Elias Hill met with local Ku Klux Klan leaders to negotiate the safety of blacks in the community. These negotiations were not successful, and around February 12, eight black men were killed by 500 to 700 whites in black gowns with masks, and was followed by nightly Klan raids for months.[4]
An important black leader in York County of that time was a former Union soldier and local militia leader named James Rainey, also known as Jim Williams. At that time, black militias like this were known as Union Leagues. On February 11, 1871, Jim Williams, along with June Moore (nephew of Elias Hill) and a group of blacks met with a group of whites led by J. Rufus Bratton at a crossroads near Clay Hill to seek to deescalate tensions. Williams suggested that he would be willing to relinquish his militia weapons and Black Union League leaders agreed to cease nighttime meetings. The truce was broken the next day when a race riot broke out involving 500 to 700 whites in neighboring Union County killing eight blacks. On March 6, 1871, Bratton led a group of about seventy white men who attacked a number of houses and hung Williams.[4]
Companies B, E, and K of George Armstrong Custer's Seventh U.S. Cavalry led by Merrill arrived in the area to try to quell the violence,[5] Elias Hill stepped in to lead the league, now in disarray. In another raid shortly later, Hill's nephews, Solomon Hill and June Moore, were attacked and forced to renounce their Republican Party affiliation in the local paper, the Yorkville Enquirer.[4] Elias Hill was also attacked on May 5, 1871. This was the first episode of Ku Klux Klan violence Merrill saw in York County first hand, and he was unable to immediately step in to protect the black citizens of York County. Eight days after the attack on Hill, Merrill met with community leaders demanding change, although violence continued over the summer.[6] Merrill's efforts eventually led to the dismantling of much of the Klan in the county, although Bratton, who ran away to Canada for a number of years to escape prosecution, was never successfully prosecuted.[3]
From 1871 to 1873, he succeeded in this so well that he received the thanks of the War Department. When similar conditions arose in the Red River district of Louisiana he was made commander there in 1875, remaining until the following year. As a consequence of his activities his nomination as lieutenant colonel in the regular army was held up for several years in the Senate by Southern sympathizers, but it was finally confirmed on September 27, 1890 retroactive to January 9, 1886. Merrill had retired as a major on May 21, 1886.[7]
One reason his appointment was held up in the Senate was because he was not highly regarded by his peers in the Seventh Cavalry. Major Marcus Reno labeled Merrill as a "notorious coward and shirk." Captain Frederick Benteen, who disliked Reno, commented, "Poor a soldier as Reno was, he was a long way ahead of Merrill," whom he also labeled a "chump." Finally Merrill was accused of accepting cash rewards from a Carpetbagger government for the Ku Klux Klan members his command captured and of accepting a bribe while acting as a judge advocate in a court-martial.[8]
On February 27, 1890, Merrill was made a brevet brigadier general of the United States Army for his gallant service with the 7th Cavalry during the Battle of Canyon Creek, Montana in September 1877.[7]
^ abcWitt, John Fabian. Patriots and Cosmopolitans: Hidden Histories of American Law. Harvard University Press, Jun 30, 2009 p85-86, 128-149
^Martinez, James Michael. Carpetbaggers, Cavalry, and the Ku Klux Klan: Exposing the Invisible Empire During Reconstruction. Rowman & Littlefield, 2007 p1-5
^Martinez, James Michael. Carpetbaggers, Cavalry, and the Ku Klux Klan: Exposing the Invisible Empire During Reconstruction. Rowman & Littlefield, 2007 p76-78
^James Donovan, *A Terrible Glory: Custer and the Little Big Horn* (Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 2008), 107
^"Lewis Merrill". Twenty-seventh Annual Reunion of the Association of the Graduates of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. Saginaw, Michigan: Seemann & Peters, Printers and Binders. 11 June 1896. pp. 136–137. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
^"Merrill, Lewis". ANCExplorer. U.S. Army. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
