Legio III Parthica

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Legio III Parthica
Active	197 to sometime in the 5th century
Country	Roman Empire
Type	Roman legion (Marian)
Role	Infantry assault (some cavalry support)
Size	Varied over unit lifetime. Approx. 3,500 fighting men + support at the time of creation.
Garrison/HQ	Resaena, Mesopotamia (197 – c. 4th century) Apatna, Osroene (5th century
Nickname(s)	Parthica, "Parthian" (since 197) Severiana, "Severus" (under Alexander Severus)
Mascot(s)	Bull
Engagements	Septimius Severus Parthian campaign (197) Caracalla Sassanid campaign (217) Sassanid campaign of Severus Alexander (231) Battle of Resaena (243) Odaenathus Sassanid campaign (264) Diocletian Sassanid campaign (298)
Commanders
Notable commanders	Septimius Severus (campaign) Caracalla (campaign) Alexander Severus (campaign) Odaenathus (campaign) Diocletian (campaign)

Legio III Parthica ("Parthian-conquering Third Legion") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army founded in AD 197 by the emperor Septimius Severus (r. 193–211) for his campaign against the Parthian Empire, hence the cognomen Parthica. The legion was still active in the Eastern provinces in the early 5th century. The legion's symbol was probably a bull.

Foundation

Together with its sister legions I Parthica and II Parthica, the third Parthian legion was levied for the attack on the eastern frontier. The campaign was a success and Ctesiphon, the Parthian capital, was taken and sacked. III Parthica remained in the region afterwards, garrisoning the new province of Mesopotamia. Their main base camp was Rhesaena, where they had the duty of securing the main roads and protect the province against the Sassanids.

Against the Sassanids

During the 3rd century, III Parthica took part in several other campaigns against the Sassanids; even if there are few direct proofs of its involvement, III Parthica was stationed in the region and was obviously employed in the wars between the two rival empires.

A first indecisive campaign was led by Emperor Caracalla in 217, during which he was assassinated.

In 230, the Sassanids invaded the Roman province, defeating the Third. The Emperor Alexander Severus then organized a successful campaign to restore Roman rule over Mesopotamia.

Emperor Gordian III organized another campaign in 243, and the Third won the Battle of Resaena, but in the following year Gordian died during the campaign, and his successor Philip the Arab, whose position had been confirmed by Shapur I, retreated. The Sassanids marked a major victory in 256, when they defeated the XV Apollinaris and conquered its fortress, Satala, sacking Trapezus in 258. Emperor Valerian tried to recover the lost territories, but was defeated and taken prisoner (260). The Romans successfully challenged the Sassanid rule, first with Odaenathus (261-267), leader of a secessionist Palmyrene Empire, and later with Emperor Diocletian (284-305), who signed a treaty of peace in 298 that marked the return of Northern Mesopotamia under Roman influence.

In the early 5th century, the legion was probably still active in the region under the Dux Osrhoenae, based in Apatna, modern Tell Fdyin, Iraq (Notitia dignitatum is corrupted, but shows that a legion is quartered in Apatna, and the III Parthica is not mentioned anywhere else).

References

livius.org account of Legio III Parthica

External links

Roma Victrix account

v t e Roman legions
Legio I Adiutrix Legio I Armeniaca Legio I Flavia Constantia Legio I Germanica Legio I Illyricorum Legio I Iovia Legio I Isaura Sagittaria Legio I Italica Legio I Macriana liberatrix Legio I Maximiana Legio I Minervia Legio I Parthica Legio II Adiutrix Legio II Armeniaca Legio II Augusta Legio II Flavia Constantia Legio II Flavia Virtutis Legio II Gallica Legio II Herculia Legio II Isaura Legio II Italica Legio II Parthica Legio II Traiana Fortis Legio III Augusta Legio III Cyrenaica Legio III Diocletiana Legio III Gallica Legio III Isaura Legio III Italica Legio III Parthica Legio IV Flavia Felix Legio IV Italica Legio IV Macedonica Legio IV Martia Legio IV Scythica Legio V Alaudae Legio V Iovia Legio V Macedonica Legio V Parthica Legio VI Ferrata Legio VI Herculia Legio VI Hispana Legio VI Victrix Legio VII Claudia Legio VII Gemina Legio VIII Augusta Legio IX Hispana Legio X Equestris Legio X Fretensis Legio X Gemina Legio XI Legio XI Claudia Legio XII Fulminata Legio XIII Gemina Legio XIV Gemina Legio XV Apollinaris Legio XV Primigenia Legio XVI Flavia Firma Legio XVI Gallica Legio XVII Legio XVIII Legio XIX Legio XX Siciliana Legio XX Valeria Victrix Legio XXI Rapax Legio XXII Deiotariana Legio XXII Primigenia Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix

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