Psychedelic film
The legal status of unauthorised actions with psilocybin mushrooms varies worldwide. Psilocybin and psilocin are listed as Schedule I drugs under the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances.[1] Schedule I drugs are defined as drugs with a high potential for abuse or drugs that have no recognized medical uses. However, psilocybin mushrooms have had numerous medicinal[2][3][4] and religious uses in dozens of cultures throughout history and have a significantly lower potential for abuse than other Schedule I drugs.[5]
Psilocybin mushrooms are not regulated by UN treaties.[6] Many countries, however, have some level of regulation or prohibition of psilocybin mushrooms (for example, the US Psychotropic Substances Act, the UK Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, and the Canadian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act).
In some jurisdictions, Psilocybe spores are legal to sell and possess, because they contain neither psilocybin nor psilocin.[7][citation needed] In other jurisdictions, they are banned because they are items that are used in drug manufacture. A few jurisdictions (such as the US states of California, Georgia and Idaho) have specifically prohibited the sale and possession of psilocybin mushroom spores. Cultivation of psilocybin mushrooms is considered drug manufacture in most jurisdictions and is often severely penalized, though some countries and one US state (New Mexico) has ruled that growing psilocybin mushrooms does not qualify as "manufacturing" a controlled substance.[citation needed]
In the United States, psilocybin (and psilocin) were first subjected to federal regulation by the Drug Abuse Control Amendments of 1965, a product of a bill sponsored by Senator Thomas J. Dodd. The law—passed in July 1965 and effected on 1 February 1966—was an amendment to the federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and was intended to regulate the unlicensed "possession, manufacture, or sale of depressant, stimulant and hallucinogenic drugs".[8]: 25 The statutes themselves, however, did not list the "hallucinogenic drugs" that were being regulated.[8]: 25 Instead, the term "hallucinogenic drugs" was meant to refer to those substances believed to have a "hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system".[8]: 25
Despite the seemingly strict provisions of the law, many people were exempt from prosecution. The statutes "permit[ted] ... people to possess such drugs so long as they were for the personal use of the possessor, [for] a member of his household, or for administration to an animal".[8]: 25 The federal law that specifically banned psilocybin and psilocin was enacted on 24 October 1968[which?]. The substances were said to have "a high potential for abuse", "no currently accepted medical use", and "a lack of accepted safety".[8]: 26 On 27 October 1970, both psilocybin and psilocin became classified as Schedule I drugs and were simultaneously labeled "hallucinogens" under a section of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act known as the Controlled Substances Act.[9] Schedule I drugs are illicit drugs that are claimed to have no known therapeutic benefit. Johns Hopkins researchers suggest that if psilocybin clears the current phase III clinical trials, it should be re-categorized to a schedule IV drug such as prescription sleep aids, but with tighter control.[10][11]
The United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances (adopted in 1971) requires its members to prohibit psilocybin, and parties to the treaty are required to restrict use of the drug to medical and scientific research under strictly controlled conditions. However, the mushrooms containing the drug were not specifically included in the convention, due largely to pressure from the Mexican government.[12]
Most national drug laws have been amended to reflect the terms of the convention; examples include the UK Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, the US Psychotropic Substances Act of 1978,[9] Australia Poisons Standard (October 2015),[13] the Canadian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act of 1996,[14]: 178–9 and the Japanese Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Law of 2002.[14]: 167–86 The possession and use of psilocybin is prohibited under almost all circumstances, and often carries severe legal penalties.[12]
Possession and use of psilocybin mushrooms, including the bluing species of Psilocybe, is therefore prohibited by extension. However, in many national, state, and provincial drug laws, there has been a great deal of ambiguity about the legal status of psilocybin mushrooms, as well as a strong element of selective enforcement in some places.[15][8]: 25–48 Most US state courts have considered the mushroom a "container" of the illicit drugs, and therefore illegal. A loophole further complicates the legal situation—the spores of psilocybin mushrooms do not contain the drugs, and are legal to possess in many areas. Jurisdictions that have specifically enacted or amended laws to criminalize the possession of psilocybin mushroom spores include Germany (since 1998),[14] and California, Georgia, and Idaho in the United States. As a consequence, there is an active underground economy involved in the sale of spores and cultivation materials, and an internet-based social network to support the illicit activity.[16]: 177–178
On 3 November 2020, voters passed a ballot initiative in Oregon that made "magic mushrooms" legal for mental health treatment in supervised settings from 1 February 2021.[17][18][19] There currently is a bill pending in the California State Legislature that would legalize the "possession, obtaining, giving away, or transportation of, specified quantities of psilocybin, psilocyn, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), ibogaine, mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)." The bill has been approved by the California State Senate with 21 votes in favor of the same. The bill is currently in committee in the California State Assembly.[20]
In November 2020, the District of Columbia passed initiative 81; the short title of the initiative was the Entheogenic Plant and Fungus Policy Act of 2020 and it came into effect on March 15, 2021. This bill allows for the possession and non-for-profit gifting or distribution of psilocybin mushrooms, ibogaine, dimethyltryptamine (nn-DMT), and mescaline by similar measures as to the already in place bills for the possession and gifting of marijuana products.
On 5 October 2022, the Canadian province of Alberta announced it would be among the first to regulate and allow the use of psilocybin, LSD, MDMA, mescaline, ketamine, and DMT for medicinal purposes in drug-assisted psychotherapy. The new regulations came into effect in January 2023.[21] In 2022, Colorado became the second US state to decriminalize psilocybin mushrooms.[22]
On 5 February 2023, Australia approved psilocybin and MDMA in prescription medications for the treatment of PTSD and treatment resistant depression. This went into effect on 1 July 2023.[23]
However, the PDEA has conducted arrests of illegal drug peddlers who also sold psilocybin mushrooms alongside other illegal substances in the past.[85][86]
Although psilocybin and psilocin have long been listed as controlled substances in Switzerland, mushrooms themselves were only specifically banned in 2002, initially by the Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products and later, by a revision of the Swiss Narcotics Act in 2008. Until 2002, magic mushrooms were readily available in Switzerland and, according to a Swiss medical agency, their ban was an attempt to prevent their increasing popularity in the country. However, some local health and legal authorities have criticized magic mushroom's prohibition, since surveys have showed that it had little impact on decreasing their consumption in the country.[99][100]
The cities of Denver, Colorado,[112] Oakland, California,[113] Santa Cruz, California, and Ann Arbor, Michigan have decriminalized the drug.[114][115][116]
On 3 November 2020 during 2020 US presidential election, the state of Oregon voted in an initiative to legalize psilocybin for mental health treatment at licensed centers and to decriminalize the possession of small amounts of all drugs. The new law came into effect on 1 February 2021.[18] On the same day Washington, D.C. passed an initiative to decriminalize the cultivation and possession of "entheogenic plants and fungi".[117][118][119] In 2021, the City Councils of Somerville, Northampton, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Seattle, Washington, voted for decriminalization.[120][121][122] California introduced Senate Bill 58 in 2023 which would have decriminalized many psychedelics including psilocybin, but it was vetoed by Governor Newsom citing the need for 1) treatment and dosing guidelines, 2) rules to protect patients from being exploited during treatment, and 3) ways to make sure they have no underlying psychoses[123]. On 7 September 2022, San Francisco lawmakers had unanimously approved a measure calling for the decriminalization of the use of entheogenic plants.[124]
On 8 November 2022, Colorado voters passed Proposition 122, the Natural Medicine Health Act, decriminalizing psilocybin (including psilocybin mushrooms), psilocin, dimethyltryptamine (also known as DMT), ibogaine, and mescaline, for those aged 21 and over. This also legalized licensed "healing centers" where patients can experience psilocybin under supervision (which may also be expanded to include DMT, ibogaine, and mescaline), also only for those aged 21 and over. The initiative also allows those 21 and older to grow, possess and share the psychedelic substances but not sell them for personal use, effective immediately. The regulated natural medicine access program or "healing centers" will be established no later than the end of 2024.[125][126][106]
As you are aware, mushrooms containing the above substances are collected and used for their hallucinogenic effects. As a matter of international law, no plants (natural material) containing psilocin and psilocybin are at present controlled under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971. Consequently, preparations made of these plants are not under international control and, therefore, not subject of the articles of the 1971 Convention [emphasis added]. Criminal cases are decided with reference to domestic law, which may otherwise provide for controls over mushrooms containing psilocine and psilocybin. As the Board can only speak as to the contours of the international drug conventions, I am unable to provide an opinion on the litigation in question.
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