Lanchester submachine gun

Lanchester
Lanchester
	Lanchester Mk.1
Type	Submachine gun
Place of origin	United Kingdom
Service history
In service	1941–1960
Used by	See Users
Wars	World War II; Indonesian National Revolution; Malayan Emergency; Mau Mau rebellion; Rhodesian Bush War; Suez Crisis; Dominican Civil War; Nigerian Civil War; 2023 Israel-Hamas war
Production history
Designer	George Lanchester
Designed	1940
Manufacturer	Sterling Armaments Company
Produced	1941–1943
Variants	Mk.I, Mk.I*
Specifications
Mass	9.57 lb (4.3 kg)
Length	33.5 in (850.9 mm)
Barrel length	8 in (203.2 mm)
Cartridge	9×19mm Parabellum
Action	Blowback, Open bolt
Rate of fire	600 round/min
Muzzle velocity	1,245 ft/s (379 m/s)
Effective firing range	150 m (490 ft)
Feed system	32- or 50-round detachable box magazine
Sights	Front blade; rear adjustable

The Lanchester is a submachine gun ("machine carbine") manufactured by the Sterling Armaments Company between 1941 and 1945. It is an evolution from MP28/II and was manufactured in two versions, Mk.1 and Mk.1*; the latter was a simplified version of the original Mk.1, with no fire selector and simplified sights. It was primarily used by the Royal Navy during the Second World War, and to a lesser extent by the Royal Air Force Regiment (for airfield protection). It was given the general designation of Lanchester after George Lanchester, who was charged with producing the weapon at the Sterling Armaments Company.

History

Following the Dunkirk evacuation in 1940, the Royal Air Force decided it required a submachine gun for airfield defence. With no time available for the usual research and development of a new weapon, it was decided to create a gun based on the German MP 28, after looking at two examples from Ethiopia.^[4]^[5] The British Admiralty decided to join with the RAF in adopting the new weapon, and played a key role in its design. Ultimately, it was within the Royal Navy that most of the Lanchesters that were produced went into service.^[6]

It was given the general designation of Lanchester after George Herbert Lanchester, who was charged with producing the weapon at the Sterling Armaments Company, the same company that later produced the Sterling submachine gun.^[6]

The Lanchester was envisioned as a weapon used for guarding prisoners and accompanying naval landing and assault parties. It was a very solid, well-made submachine gun of high-quality materials, in many ways the complete opposite of its direct contemporary, the Sten.^[6]

The Lanchester had a heavy wooden butt and stock, which was for simplicity copied from the British SMLE service rifle, a machined-steel action and breech block, a magazine housing made from solid brass^[6] (later steel) and a mounting on the muzzle for use of a long-bladed 1907 bayonet. The rifling differed from the German original in details to accommodate various lots of 9mm ammunition then being acquired for service use.

Produced in two versions, Mk.1 and Mk.1*. The Mk.1* was a simplified version of the original Mk.1, which omitted the fire mode selector (full automatic only) and used simplified sights.^[6]

Production

The first contract of 13 June 1941 produced an initial 50,000 Lanchesters that were nearly all for the Royal Navy use. The British Army by now had supplies of the relatively expensive US-produced Thompson SMG, whereas the RAF had chosen to instead test the S&W Model 1940 Light Rifle (also US-produced, chambered in 9mm), whose use was not adopted and was mostly discarded.

The final contract was issued on 9 October 1943. Production averaged 3,410 units per month over 28 months. According to contract records, Sterling was to have made guns serially numbered from 1 to 9999, then (S) A1 to about A64580. Certain numbers of Mk.1 were modified later in the war and designated Mk.1*, the key differences being the removal of the fire-selector switch and addition of simplified rear sights. This modification makes it difficult to ascertain exactly the production runs for each model.

There were four Lanchester assembly plants, though Lanchester assembly contracts were actually awarded to only three firms. Sterling assembly of the Lanchester was split between the Sterling Engineering Company Ltd in Dagenham (code S109), and the Sterling Armaments Company in Northampton (code M619).

Quantities produced:

Sterling (two factories; codes S109 and M619): approx. 74,579.
Greener (code M94): approx. 16,990.
Boss (code S156): approx. 3,900.

Some early version do not appear to be code marked at all except by the serial number prefix of "S", "A", or "SA". Pieces marked with the "A" prefix lacked perfect interchangeability and often required hand fitting of components.

Markings

The year of manufacture of any particular Lanchester can be found stamped in small almost indistinguishable numbers next to the crossed flags military proof mark on the top of the rearmost magazine housing flange.

Sterling-made MK.1 Lanchester guns are marked on top of the magazine housing as follows:

LANCHESTER
MK.I
SA.
XXXX

("S" indicates Sterling manufacture and "A" indicates serial number prefix)

Operation

The Lanchester is an open-bolt, self-loading blowback-operated weapon with a selective-fire option (located in front of the trigger) on early versions. A tubular receiver was attached to the front of the wooden stock, which could be pivoted barrel down for maintenance and disassembly. The wooden stock was patterned after that of the Lee–Enfield rifle, and a bayonet lug centred below the muzzle accepted the Pattern 1907 sword-bayonet as used on the Lee–Enfield No. 1 Mk. III* (previously called the S.M.L.E.)

It used a straight 50-round magazine containing 9×19mm Parabellum cartridges (special pouches were produced to hold three magazines each) which fit into the magazine housing from the left, with spent cartridges ejected on the right. It was interchangeable with the shorter 32-round Sten magazine. A magazine loading tool was needed to load both 32- and 50-round magazines more easily. One of the two magazine pouches had a special pocket on the front for this loader.

Mk.1s featured a front blade sight with adjustable rifle-type sights, marked between 100 and 600 yards. Mk.1* featured a much simplified flip-up sight marked 100 or 200 yards.

Manual safety is made in the form of locking cut, made in the receiver, which engages the bolt handle to lock bolt in open (cocked) position. It proved notoriously susceptible to accidental discharge if the weapon were dropped.^[6] For cleaning, the weapon had a brass oiler bottle and pull through held inside the butt stock (similar to the Lee–Enfield rifle).

Service

The Lanchester was in service with the Royal Navy, Royal Canadian Navy and other Commonwealth navies throughout the war and for some decades after. The last examples left Royal Naval service in the 1970s and are now collectors' items.

A large number of Lanchester's were subsequently sold off to foreign nations. These are often marked with two broad arrows, point-to-point (appearing as a six-pointed star), stamped just before the serial number. This symbol is sometimes accompanied by the letter "S" and denotes "Sold out of Service".

A number were acquired by Chile, Egypt and Argentina after purchasing former Royal Navy warships; those were often sold as “complete package” with everything aboard including the weapon's locker.^[3]

During the 2023 Israel-Hamas war, a Lanchester was spotted in a weapons cache seized from slain Hamas fighters by the Israel Defense Forces.^[7] It was used during the Be'eri massacre as well.

Users

Argentina^[3]
Australia^[3]
Biafra^[8]
Chile:In service until the 1970s^[3]
Canada:In service with the Royal Canadian Navy until the 1960s^[2]
Cyprus
Dominican Republic: Bought by the Dominican Army in the 1950s; used by the Constitutionalists in the Dominican Civil War of 1965.^[3]^[9]
Egypt:Inherited from British forces after independence; more were purchased between 1946 and 1947. Used by frontline military units until 1967. In 1969 remaining Lanchesters were transferred to the Central Security Forces; they remained in service with police until the 1980s. ^[3]
Greece Hellenic Navy
Indonesia (captured from Dutch)
Myanmar:Retired.^[10]
Netherlands^[1]
- Dutch East Indies^[1]
New Zealand^[3]
United Kingdom^[1]
Hamas