La Unión is situated in the Region of Murcia in the southeast of Spain. It has an area of 24.6 km², and had a population of 19,907 on 1 January 2018.[2] It has an elevation of 86 m. Its average annual temperature is 17 °C. It has balmy winters. The sun shines 320 days per year. La Unión is situated in one of the sunniest areas in Europe; this kind of climate makes possible the many leisure activities, popular fiestas, sports, and cultural activities that are held in the town. The town is linked by a regular train to Cartagena which allows views of the past industrial heritage of the area (lead, alum and silver mining) and the more modern occupations of agriculture and tourism. La Unión lies within the built-up area of Cartagena and is surrounded on all landward sides by the City of Cartagena.
The rich mines of La Union provided most of the silver and lead needed by the Late Roman Republic, as it was studied by the archaeologist Eulalia Sintas Martínez.
Geography
This municipality has varied relief. This is due to the fact that part of Sierra Minera (a mountain range) occupies the municipality. The most important mountain of this territory is probably Sancti Spiritu.[3][4][5]
Besides the mountain reliefs, there are other geographic spots in La Unión. There are some beaches such as Playa El Lastre and Playa de San Bruno. A bay also occupies the territory and its name is Bahía de Portmán.[6][3]
Demography
This municipality was inhabited by 20,225 people in 2019. These inhabitants live in the localities of Portmán (997), Roche (1,488) and La Unión (17,740).[7] 9.99% inhabitants are foreigners.[8]
The table below shows the population evolution from the year 1860 to the year 2011.[9]
1860
1877
1887
1897
1900
1910
1920
1930
De facto population
8,001
22,122
21,103
21,594
30,275
30,249
24,837
11,776
De jure population
21,332
20,127
21,260
28,479
29,599
30,016
12,280
Households
1,647
5,341
5,905
6,257
7,545
7,874
6,815
3,405
1940
1950
1960
1970
1981
1991
2001
2011
De facto population
10,079
10,031
11,687
13,145
14,097
13,732
De jure population
10,604
10,156
11,679
13,227
14,262
13,940
14,451
18,965
Households
2,612
2,821
2,843
3,365
3,664
3,866
4,392
6,545
History
The sea location of Portmán led to the arrival of Phoenician vessels whose people were interested in the place. In this place, the Phoenicians developed mining activities. Their reason was just commercial.[10]
In this municipality ceramic pots originating from Hellenic civilization were discovered in the archaeological site of Cabezo Agudo. There are also remains of the Iberian people in this area.
During the period of Carthaginian control in no little part of the Iberian Peninsula, these people found mining resources in the area of this current municipality. These materials and the esparto were the main resources of the Carthaginian economy. In spite of that fact, mining activities were not more relevant until the Roman Hispania period.
The Romans conquered Kart-Hadast (the current city of Cartagena in Spain) in the year 209 BC and established in this area. In the place of the previous Kart-Hadast, they set the city Carthago Nova. The area of this current municipality became a space for setting villae and mining areas. Some remaining structures are Villa Paturro.[11]
After the Roman Hispania period and in the era of the arrival and presence of the Visigoths in Murcia, there was a decline in the littoral of Campo de Cartagena. The reasons for that fact were the continuous invasions of the Byzantines and the mining activities did not practically take place.[12]
During the Islamic presence era there were not many inhabitants in this territory. In this period, as well as the previous one, there was not much interest in the mining activities in La Unión. This kind of activities began to be considered more interesting after the Reconquista.[12]
After this period of the Reconquista, after the Treaty of Alcaraz, and after Alfonso X of Castile had established the Kingdom of Murcia, the mining in La Unión became more relevant. The property and the usufruct of some mines were allowed only to the monarchs of the Crown of Castile, but they could be awarded to individuals with the payment of fees. A law in which there was an authorisation about looking for, trying and digging mines in the court of Briviesca in the year 1387. In the reign of the Catholics Monarchs ordinances, in which services and rights of miner people were awarded, were signed.[4]
There is little information and knowledge about La Unión in the Early modern period. In spite of the fact that the mining in this area began to gain weight, it was not relevant until the 19th century. Before that century, the inhabitants of the future municipality made their livings with the cattle industry and agriculture, but the mining activities were part of the economic activities of this territory.[4]
In the year 1527, the emperor Charles V conceded Francisco de los Cobos a permit for utilising the metals of the municipality of Cartagena, to which La unión used to belong. There are some documentary sources about the Sierra minera of Cartagena and La Unión (a mountain range in both current municipalities). King Philippe II of Spain signed an order which awards Felipe del Río permission to extract silver and lead. The mountain of the extraction of these two metals is Sancti Spiritu, where the current town of La Unión is settled.[4]
There was a resurgence in the Late modern period in La Unión and it happened especially after 1840. This resurgence was part of the mining activities dynamic of Spain.[13]
One of the main consequences of this mining boom was the large increase of the population in this area. This increase in inhabitants had its origin in the waves of immigration coming from Andalusia whose people settled in the areas in Región de Murcia where there were more mining activities. The people who settled in La Unión came mostly from Almería.[13]
On 1 January 1860, La Unión, Roche and Portmán were conceded a town council, in that time its name was Villa El Garbanzal. In 1868, there were some disagreements among the locals and this led to the name change of this new municipality — its name became the current name of "La Unión".[13] The town was connected by railway to Cartagena in 1874 by what is now known as the Cartagena-Los Nietos Line.
A period of new splendour took place in this recent municipality from the last years of the 19th century and the first of the 20th century. This mining boom did not just result in an increase of population - As a result of it, there were relevant urban alterations. Concrete cases are the constructions of la Casa del Piñón, the building for the public market (antiguo Mercado Público) and the church of El Rosario.[13]
From the first decades of the 20th century, the mining decline became inevitable, especially from 1914, the year when World War I began. The years during the Spanish Civil War were hard for the inhabitants of La Unión. Impoverishment and hunger were predominant in this period. Despite that hard situation, there was not any riot or revolution unlike the case of Asturias, other mining area.[13]
In the 1950s, there was an economic and mining improvement, as methods in the use of mining came to this territory. Mining areas which had been neglected were reused and their residue materials were taken advantage.[13]
The period of prosperity did not last long, and the definitive closing of the mining areas occurred in 1991. The exhaustion of the mining sources did not make it possible for the business to remain because it stopped being profitable.[13]
In the 1980s, La Unión gradually became a dormitory-town.[13]
Economy
18.1% of the territory is utilised as croplands in 2019[14] and the most widely grown products are the celeries, the lettuces, the potatoes, the melons and the citrus.[15] 10.78% agreements were written for jobs of the agriculture and fishing sector in 2019. 69.59% agreements occurred in the service sector in 2019.[16]
Facilities
Healthcare
A consultorio (primary care centre with the fewest functions) can be found in Portmán and another one in Roche. There is a centro de salud (primary care centre) in the main town.[17][18]
Education
The main town hosts 4 early childhood and primary education centres (CEIP) and 2 secondary education centres (IES). There is also an early childhood and primary education centre in Portmán and another one in Roche.[19]
Building for the former public market in La Unión.
Main sights
Antiguo Mercado Público de La Unión: The Antiguo Mercado Público de La Unión (building for the former public market) is one of the most prominent Modernist buildings in Región de Murcia. It was built in the year 1907.[20]
Acid lake in 'Agrupa Vicenta' mine in La Unión (Spain).
Casa Zapata o del Tío Lobo:This building was built in the year 1913 and it has an Art Nouveau architectural style.[21]
Liceo del Obrero: It was built in the year 1906.[22]
Casa del Piñón: This edifice was built in the year 1899 and it is an example of architectural eclecticism in La Unión. The purpose of Casa del Piñón was to be a rental building for families with high purchasing power.[23][24]
Villa romana El Paturro: This former construction has two sections, the first was a living area and the second one was an industrial area. This area had two stages. The first one was related to the Roman Late Republican period, dated in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, and it was a commercial settlement before becoming a mining area. In the 1st century AD, the former mining area became a salting factory.[25]
Agrupa Vicenta Mine: It was a former mining extraction area and it is currently an musealizated mine. Its purpose was the mining extraction from 1860 to the middle of the 20th century. There is a reddish pond as a result of pyrite action.[26]
Festivities
Semana Santa Minera (Mining Holy Week): During these festive days there is a parade or festive pilgrim or walk named Stations of the Cross. This act is conducted in the territories whose religion is Catholicism during the Holy Week, but the special feature of these walks in La Unión is that the statue which is carried is about an unconventional version of Christ which is dedicated to the mining and the miners, this is called 'Cristo de los mineros' (Christ of the miners). There are also other processions (organised religious and sometimes festive walkings) such as one that is held on Good Friday (The previous Friday to Eastern Monday) and another one whose name is Procesión del Santo Entierro.[27]
Virgen del Rosario Festivity: It is held on 7 October. There are some activities that are carried out during the festivity such as amusement rides. Other activities are parades in which people are disguised and floats and carried. There are also dances, concerts and performances during this festive day.[28]
Notable people
Antonio Grau Mora (1847–1907), flamenco singer[29]
Juan Pujol Martínez (1883–1968), poet, novelist and journalist[30]
SINTAS, E.: "Prospección arqueológica en la Sierra Minera de La Unión", Evolución de la industria metalúrgica en la Región de Murcia, I Jornadas Técnicas, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 1990.
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