Kourou

For other uses, see Kourou (disambiguation).
Kourou
Commune
From top to bottom, left to right: Guiana Space Centre, Sainte-Catherine Church, Dreyfus Tower, the beach of Kourou and the Salvation Islands.
Coat of arms of Kourou
Coat of arms
Location of the commune (in red) within French Guiana
Location of the commune (in red) within French Guiana
Location of Kourou
Map
Coordinates: 5°09′35″N 52°39′01″W / 5.1597°N 52.6503°W / 5.1597; -52.6503
CountryFrance
Overseas region and departmentFrench Guiana
ArrondissementCayenne
IntercommunalityCC des Savanes
Government
 • Mayor (2020–2026) François Ringuet[1]
Area
1
2,160 km2 (830 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[2]
24,612
 • Density11/km2 (30/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC−03:00
INSEE/Postal code
97304 /97310
Elevation2 m (6.6 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Kourou (/kuːˈruː/; French pronunciation: [kuʁu]) is a commune in French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France in South America. Kourou is famous for being the location of the Guiana Space Centre, the main spaceport of France and the European Space Agency (ESA). It is an administrative district in French Guiana and the main town there.

Geography

Beach at Kourou, 2005

Some 60 km (37 mi) northwest of the French Guianese capital Cayenne the Kourou River empties into the Atlantic Ocean. At the mouth of this river sits the town of Kourou, which is ringed by four hills: Carapa, Pariacabo, Café and Lombard, with the Singes and Condamine mountains not far behind. There are three lakes within the town's city limits: Lake Bois Diable (where one can take lessons in jetski and other aquatic sports), Lake Marie-Claire (the smallest and calmest), and Lake Bois Chaudat (the biggest of the three; also open to sport lovers, especially canoers and kayakers). Long white sand beaches and some rocky outcrops line the town's ocean coast, the riverbank and all points inland consisting mostly of mangrove and dense tropical rainforest.

The town had a population of 24,805 inhabitants at the 2020 census.[3] Its inhabitants can be classified into three ethnic groups of roughly equal size:

The Saramaka mostly settled in the quartier Saramaka, along the river. In 2006, a fire rendered 55 people homeless.[4]

Guiana in general has a high level of crime compared to the rest of France's départements; Kourou has an average of two armed robberies a day. A march protesting the high level of insecurity felt by most of the population was held in Kourou on 27 October 2006.[5] Shopkeepers of Chinese descent in particular are often targeted by armed robbers, their cash registers emptied and some products stolen.

Kourou is the port of departure for those going to the Iles du Salut, of which the most famous is Devil's Island. It is also common for many to go up the river in canoes on weekends to camp in the forest.

The Guiana Space Centre, where the European Space Agency starts missions, is located a little behind and outside the town. Part of the town and the islands are closed during rocket launches.

In 2010, the Kourou solar power plant was built near Kourou on Aubanèle Savannah. It is the largest solar power plant in Overseas France.[6]

History

Era of Kalini people

Kourou's Bois Chaudat lake during the rainy season.

Not much is known of the pre-colonial era. The area was mostly populated by Kalina, or Galibi before the arrival of the French in the late 17th century.

Not far from the town at Les Roches Gravées (The Carved Rocks), indigenous art can be seen on the rock walls.

Early colonization

Vicente Yáñez Pinzón sailed along most of the north coast of South America and passed by the current location of Kourou in 1500.

The Jesuits Lombard and Creuilly baptised a few Galibis at the church of Saint Nicholas in Cayenne in December 1710 and returned with them soon after to farm the land at Guatémala, across the river from Kourou. The Society of Jesus was disbanded (in Guiana) in 1762, however, and Kourou was nothing more than a small village until the arrival of the Expedition.

In 1744, La Condamine, in charge of the expedition sent to Peru in 1735 to determine the length of a degree of the meridian arc in the neighbourhood of the equator, passed by and gave his name to one of the mountains behind Kourou.

Expedition

The Bourg, 2006

The mission at Kourou being abandoned by the Jesuits, the engineers Mentelle and Tugny designed the layout of the future town. This resulted in the neighbourhood called the Bourg, around the Church of Saint Catherine and next to the port on the river.

That same year, 1763, as agreed in the Treaty of Paris, Great Britain took control of New France. Having lost their largest and richest colony, the French decided to send a large expedition to Guiana, commanded by Choiseul. Around 10,000 to 12,000 people, mostly Frenchmen, tempted by stories of an El Dorado on the other side of the ocean, settled in Kourou.

The small town, surrounded by marshes and rainforest, was unprepared for such a massive influx of people, and around 6,000 of the pioneers died within the year due to fevers and other illnesses. Those remaining fled to the îles du Salut, free of mosquitoes due to constant winds, to recover before being repatriated to Metropolitan France. Hence the name, "Salvation Islands." Previously they had been known as the îles du Diable ("Devil's Islands"), and one of the islands retains the name to this day.

The failure of the Expedition only served to discourage settling in Guiana. The colony earned the nickname Enfer Vert ("Green Hell"), which it is still trying to shake. No other project of mass colonisation was undertaken, and the population of Whites was always drastically lower than that of the slaves. The population of the colony, of all races, did not rise above 20,000 until the gold rush (starting in 1855), the second abolition of slavery in 1848 and the founding of the prisons.

Prisons

The Dreyfus Tower on the Pointe des Roches, 2005

Kourou was formerly the home of the "Kourou Prison" which was one of the main prisons in French Guiana, and which was also a part of the notorious Devil's Island Prison System. The Kourou Prison was dedicated mostly to agriculture.

In 1852 the three main islands off of Kourou's coast, the Salut island group (which included Devil's Island) also became prisons. These island prisons held mostly political prisoners, as well as some of France's toughest criminals. The first prisoners arrived in 1862.

In 1938, a law was passed prohibiting the transport of any new prisoners from France to French Guiana. In 1946 eight years later, the Kourou Prison was finally shut down, while some prisoners were kept in other Guyanese prisons until as late as 1953.

After the closing of the prison, most of the prison buildings were demolished to make room for the Hôtel des Roches, but some vestiges of that period remain. One notable remnant of the prison is the Dreyfus Tower, which stands where the river meets the ocean. This tower was used in pre-radio days to communicate with the islands via Semaphore. Other prison ruins that remain are the prison bakery — now on private property, but still visible from a cul-de-sac — and an old prison fountain near the moucaya palm trees.

CSG and the French Foreign Legion

In 1965, the Guiana Space Centre was founded a little behind the town by the CNES. With the launch facility being used by the European Space Agency since 1975, the urbanisation of Kourou began in earnest.

The 3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment of the French Foreign Legion, whose mission is to protect the CSG, has had a base in the Forget neighbourhood since 1973. They clashed with the Creoles in 1985 and 2006.[7]

Demographics

Historical population

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1961 659—    
1967 3,117+29.45%
1974 4,720+6.11%
1982 7,061+5.60%
1990 13,873+8.79%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1999 19,107+3.63%
2009 25,514+2.99%
2014 25,868+0.28%
2020 24,805−0.70%
Source: SPLAF,[8] INSEE.[3]

Migrations

The places of birth of the 26,221 residents in the commune of Kourou at the 2015 census were the following:[9]

These were the countries of birth of the immigrants living in the commune of Kourou at the 2009 census:[10]

  • born in Suriname: 3,035
  • born in Haiti: 1,857
  • born in Brazil: 1,806
  • born in other countries: 1,327

Climate

Like most of French Guiana, Kourou has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am) with a short dry season centered between the months of August and October when the Intertropical Convergence Zone is furthest north. During the remainder of the year rainfall is always heavy. Between November and July a total of 2,396.4 millimetres or 94.35 inches can be expected in nine months, with rain on most days and very cloudy skies.

Climate data for Kourou (CSG, altitude 17m, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1965–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 31.3
(88.3) 		31.7
(89.1) 		31.6
(88.9) 		31.8
(89.2) 		32.4
(90.3) 		33.0
(91.4) 		33.9
(93.0) 		33.7
(92.7) 		34.2
(93.6) 		34.5
(94.1) 		33.5
(92.3) 		32.7
(90.9) 		34.5
(94.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.2
(84.6) 		29.3
(84.7) 		29.6
(85.3) 		29.7
(85.5) 		29.7
(85.5) 		29.9
(85.8) 		30.6
(87.1) 		31.2
(88.2) 		31.9
(89.4) 		32.2
(90.0) 		31.4
(88.5) 		30.0
(86.0) 		30.4
(86.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.6
(79.9) 		26.7
(80.1) 		27.0
(80.6) 		27.1
(80.8) 		26.9
(80.4) 		26.6
(79.9) 		26.7
(80.1) 		27.1
(80.8) 		27.4
(81.3) 		27.6
(81.7) 		27.4
(81.3) 		26.9
(80.4) 		27.0
(80.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 24.0
(75.2) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.2
(75.6) 		23.4
(74.1) 		22.9
(73.2) 		22.9
(73.2) 		22.9
(73.2) 		22.9
(73.2) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.6
(74.5)
Record low °C (°F) 19.2
(66.6) 		20.0
(68.0) 		19.5
(67.1) 		19.0
(66.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		19.1
(66.4) 		19.1
(66.4) 		19.0
(66.2) 		18.1
(64.6) 		18.8
(65.8) 		18.1
(64.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 319.5
(12.58) 		251.6
(9.91) 		246.4
(9.70) 		405.6
(15.97) 		489.0
(19.25) 		382.2
(15.05) 		165.1
(6.50) 		82.3
(3.24) 		28.0
(1.10) 		41.5
(1.63) 		124.7
(4.91) 		273.6
(10.77) 		2,809.5
(110.61)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 19.6 17.4 16.9 20.1 24.7 23.8 16.5 8.3 3.9 5.9 11.6 19.9 188.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 118.6 120.8 150.9 145.2 145.5 174.9 223.4 253.8 264.3 258.1 203.8 150.9 2,210.2
Source 1: Meteo France[11][12][13]
Source 2: Meteociel (sunshine 1981-2010)[14]
Climate data for Kourou (Plage, altitude 3m, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1995–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.0
(89.6) 		32.2
(90.0) 		32.7
(90.9) 		32.2
(90.0) 		33.3
(91.9) 		33.5
(92.3) 		34.7
(94.5) 		35.5
(95.9) 		35.7
(96.3) 		35.8
(96.4) 		33.2
(91.8) 		32.5
(90.5) 		35.8
(96.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.3
(84.7) 		29.3
(84.7) 		29.7
(85.5) 		29.9
(85.8) 		29.9
(85.8) 		30.0
(86.0) 		30.7
(87.3) 		31.5
(88.7) 		31.8
(89.2) 		31.9
(89.4) 		31.3
(88.3) 		30.1
(86.2) 		30.4
(86.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 27.2
(81.0) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.7
(81.9) 		27.7
(81.9) 		27.4
(81.3) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.4
(81.3) 		28.0
(82.4) 		28.4
(83.1) 		28.7
(83.7) 		28.4
(83.1) 		27.7
(81.9) 		27.8
(82.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 25.1
(77.2) 		25.2
(77.4) 		25.6
(78.1) 		25.5
(77.9) 		25.0
(77.0) 		24.3
(75.7) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.5
(76.1) 		25.0
(77.0) 		25.5
(77.9) 		25.5
(77.9) 		25.2
(77.4) 		25.0
(77.0)
Record low °C (°F) 21.8
(71.2) 		21.3
(70.3) 		21.7
(71.1) 		21.6
(70.9) 		22.5
(72.5) 		21.2
(70.2) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.3
(72.1) 		22.5
(72.5) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.7
(72.9) 		21.6
(70.9) 		21.2
(70.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 282.4
(11.12) 		236.7
(9.32) 		207.9
(8.19) 		356.8
(14.05) 		471.6
(18.57) 		340.4
(13.40) 		159.3
(6.27) 		67.9
(2.67) 		23.7
(0.93) 		36.7
(1.44) 		94.8
(3.73) 		245.1
(9.65) 		2,523.3
(99.34)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 17.6 15.5 14.9 18.5 24.3 22.1 15.4 6.7 2.9 4.7 9.8 18.8 171.2
Source: Météo-France[15]

Economy

See also: Economy of French Guiana

Kourou's economy is largely dominated by the CSG, from which the European Ariane rockets are launched, as well as the Russian Soyuz and the Italian Vega rockets.

Transportation

Kourou is served by Kourou Airport, located 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) at the west of the city.

Politics

See also: Politics of French Guiana

Kourou is the main town on an "administrative district" of French Guiana. Such a district is equivalent to a county in the United States. Kourou is represented in Paris as part of French Guiana's 2nd constituency, which has been held by former Kourou city councilor Davy Rimane since 2022.

Tourism

  • The Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG) gets many visitors all year round.
  • The Musée de l'Espace is a museum devoted to space and space exploration.
  • The Salvation Islands: Of the three islands, only two, Île Royale and Île Saint-Joseph, can be visited. The third is Devil's Island.
  • Les Roches gravées: Indigenous rock art, not far from the small industrial zone called Pariacabo.
  • There are several marked public footpaths in the jungle, of which the most well-known and used is the one on the Montagne des Singes.
  • Kourou River: Many people go up the river on canoes or small boats to camp along the shore in open dwellings, or simply in hammocks.
  • The ocean may not be clear (it is brown due to the Amazonian silt), but both it and the beaches are clean.

This Commune is also featured in the 2021 video game Battlefield 2042 as the setting of multiplayer map Orbital.[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.
  2. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
  3. ^ a b INSEE (27 June 2023). "Population en historique depuis 1968" (in French).
  4. ^ "Un incendie cette nuit au village Saramaca". Blada (in French). Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  5. ^ (in French) http://www.blada.com/jodlas/1561-Kourou_:_une_ville_sans_oreilles.htm Article on Blada.com about the march (with photos).
  6. ^ "Kourou solar power plant". Albioma. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  7. ^ "En Guyane, des légionnaires se livrent à une ratonnade anti-Noirs" (in French). Le Monde. Archived from the original on August 23, 2006. Retrieved July 9, 2024.
  8. ^ SPLAF. "Agglomérations et villes de la Guyane". Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  9. ^ "Recensement de la population de 2015 - Individus localisés au canton-ou-ville en 2015". INSEE. Retrieved 2019-02-03.
  10. ^ "Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane" (PDF). INSEE. Retrieved 2019-02-03.
  11. ^ "Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1991-2020 et records" (PDF) (in French). Météo-France. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
  12. ^ "Données climatiques de la station de Kourou" (in French). Meteo France. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
  13. ^ "Climat Guyane". Météo-France. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
  14. ^ "Normales et records pour Kourou Csg (973)". Meteociel. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  15. ^ "Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1991-2020 et records" (PDF) (in French). Météo-France. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
  16. ^ Arts, Electronic (2021-06-07). "Battlefield 2042 Maps – Electronic Arts". Electronic Arts Inc. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kourou.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kourou.

Read other articles:

Sastra kontekstual

Sastra Kontekstual adalah gerakan kesusastraan yang berawal dari pemahaman bahwa nilai-nilai sastra tidak mengenal universalitas, melainkan tumbuh dan berkembang sesuai waktu, tempat, dan peradabannya. Konsep ini digagas dalam acara Sarasehan Kesenian Sastra Kontekstual, di Surakarta, 28-29 Oktober 1984 oleh sastrawan Ariel Heryanto dan Arief Budiman. Keduanya merupakan akademisi dari Universitas Kristen Satyawacana, Salatiga, Jawa Tengah. Perhelatan ini berhasil menghimpun karya-karya sejuml...

 

 

Ampezzo

AmpezzoKomuneComune di AmpezzoNegaraItaliaWilayahFriuli-Venezia GiuliaProvinsiProvinsi Udine (UD)FrazioniCima Corso, Oltris, VoltoisLuas • Total73,5 km2 (284 sq mi)Ketinggian560 m (1,840 ft)Populasi (Desember 2004) • Total1.137 • Kepadatan1,5/km2 (4,0/sq mi)Zona waktuUTC+1 (CET) • Musim panas (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Kode pos33021Kode area telepon0433Situs webSitus web resmi Ampezzo merupakan sebuah nama kota di Italia...

 

 

الانتقائية في العمارة

تعدّ كنيسة ساغرادا فاميليا في برشلونة التي صممها المعماريّ الكبير أنطوني غاودي مثالًا على الانتقائيَّة حيث دُمج فيها عناصر من العمارة القوطيَّة مع أشكال وزخارف مشرقيَّة مستوحاة من العالم الطبيعي مما ينتج عنه صرحًا معماريًا أصيلًا ومتفردًا من نوعه.[1] وهذا رغمًا عن تص�...

Aguadulce

Bendera Aguadulce. Aguadulce merupakan sebuah kota yang terletak di wilayah Provinsi Sevilla, Andalusia, Spanyol. Lihat juga Daftar munisipalitas di Seville Daftar munisipalitas di Spanyol lbsKota di Provinsi Sevilla Aguadulce Alanís Albaida del Aljarafe Alcalá de Guadaíra Alcalá del Río Alcolea del Río Algámitas Almadén de la Plata Almensilla Arahal Aznalcázar Aznalcóllar Badolatosa Benacazón Bollullos de la Mitación Bormujos Brenes Burguillos Camas Cantillana Carmona Carrión de...

 

 

Sprite (Eternal)

Fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics Comics character SpriteSprite as depicted in Eternals (vol. 5) #1 (January 2021). Art by Jeff Johnson.Publication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFirst appearanceThe Eternals #9 (March 1977)Created byJack KirbyIn-story informationFull nameSpriteSpeciesEternalsTeam affiliationsEternalsDeviantsNotable aliasesPuckRobin GoodfellowColínPeter Frickin' PanAbilitiesControl over cosmic energy allowing energy blasts a...

 

 

Sultanato d'Egitto

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando il sultanato medievale (XIII-XVI secolo), vedi Sultanato mamelucco (Il Cairo). Sultanato d'Egitto Sultanato d'Egitto - Localizzazione     Sultanato d'Egitto     Sudan Anglo-Egiziano     Ceduto dal Sudan alla Libia italiana nel 1934 Dati amministrativiNome completoal-Salṭana al-Miṣriyya Nome ufficialeالسلطنة المصرية Lingue ufficialiarabo Lingue parlatearaboinglese ...

E. J. Brady

Australian journalist and poet E. J. BradyBrady c. 1911BornEdwin James Brady(1869-08-07)7 August 1869Carcoar, New South Wales, AustraliaDied22 July 1952(1952-07-22) (aged 82)Pambula, New South Wales, AustraliaOther namesNedi WoolliOccupation(s)Poet, journalist Edwin James Brady (7 August 1869 – 22 July 1952) was an Australian journalist and poet.[1] Personal life From Irish parents, Brady was born at Carcoar, New South Wales, and was educated both in the United States[...

 

 

Titel

This article is about the Serbian town and municipality. For other uses, see Titel (disambiguation). Town and municipality in Vojvodina, SerbiaTitel Тител (Serbian) Titel (Hungarian)Town and municipalityPanorama view of Titel, seen from Titel Hill Coat of armsLocation of the municipality of Titel within SerbiaTitelShow map of VojvodinaTitelShow map of SerbiaTitelShow map of EuropeCoordinates: 45°12′17″N 20°18′0″E / 45.20472°N 20.30000°E / 45....

 

 

Menit busur

Menit busurIlustrasi ukuran menit busur (bukan skala). Sebuah bola sepak standar (dengan diameter 22 cm atau 8,7 inci) membentuk sudut 1 menit busur pada jarak kira-kira 756 m (827 yard).Informasi umumSistem satuanSatuan non-SI yang disebutkan dalam SIBesaranSudutSimbol′ or arcminDalam satuanTanpa dimensi dengan panjang busur kira-kira. ≈ 0.29091000 dari jari-jari, yakni 0.2909 mmmKonversi 1 ′ dalam ...... sama dengan ...    derajat   160°...

South Eastern Regional College

This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: South Eastern Regional College – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) South Eastern Regional CollegeOther nameSERCMottoInspiring, Transforming, EnrichingTypeFurther & Higher Education CollegeEstablishedAugust 2007 (August 2007) (pred...

 

 

Modular lambda function

Symmetric holomorphic function Modular lambda function in the complex plane. In mathematics, the modular lambda function λ(τ)[note 1] is a highly symmetric Holomorphic function on the complex upper half-plane. It is invariant under the fractional linear action of the congruence group Γ(2), and generates the function field of the corresponding quotient, i.e., it is a Hauptmodul for the modular curve X(2). Over any point τ, its value can be described as a cross ratio of the bran...

 

 

Couleur 3

Radio station in Switzerland You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: t...

Knoxville Challenger 2011

Knoxville Challenger 2011Sport Tennis Data8 novembre - 13 novembre Edizione8ª LocalitàKnoxville, USA CampioniSingolare Jesse Levine Doppio Steve Johnson / Austin Krajicek 2010 2012 Il Knoxville Challenger 2011 è stato un torneo professionistico di tennis maschile giocato sul cemento. È stata l'8ª edizione del torneo, facente parte dell'ATP Challenger Tour nell'ambito dell'ATP Challenger Tour 2011. Si è giocato a Knoxville nrgli USA dall'8 al 13 novembre 2011. Indice 1 Partecipanti 1.1 T...

 

 

Alexander Borodai

Russian politician and former Ukrainian terrorist leader In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Yurevich and the family name is Borodai. This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2023) Alexander BorodaiАлександр БородайBorodai in 2017Member of the State DumaIncumbentAssumed office 12 October 2021First Deputy Prime Minister of Donetsk People's ...

 

 

Social medicine

Understanding how culture and larger groups of people shape health procedures This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A group of Chilean 'Damas de Rojo', volunteers on their local hospital and an example of social medicine Social medicine is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on the profou...

Nainville-les-Roches

Peta infrastruktur dan tata guna lahan di Komune Nainville-les-Roches.  = Kawasan perkotaan  = Lahan subur  = Padang rumput  = Lahan pertanaman campuran  = Hutan  = Vegetasi perdu  = Lahan basah  = Anak sungaiNainville-les-RochesNegaraPrancisArondisemenÉvryKantonMennecyAntarkomuneCC du Val d'EssonneKode INSEE/pos91441 /  Nainville-les-Roches merupakan sebuah desa kecil dan komune di département Essonne, di region Île-de-France di Prancis. Demogr...

 

 

约翰·伊夫林

John EvelynFRSPortrait of John Evelyn by Sir Godfrey Kneller（英语：Godfrey Kneller）, 1687出生(1620-10-31)1620年10月31日 英格蘭王國薩里郡沃頓（英语：Wotton, Surrey）逝世1706年2月27日(1706歲—02—27)（85歲） 英格蘭王國米德爾塞克斯郡梅費爾（現大倫敦）国籍英格兰职业作家、园艺家 约翰·伊夫林（英語：John Evelyn 1620年10月31日—1706年2月27日），英格兰作家、园艺家、日记作家，皇家学会...

 

 

STS-7

STS-7Challenger difoto oleh satelit SPAS-1 pada 22 Juni 1983Jenis misiPeluncuran satelitPenelitian mikro gravitasiOperatorNASACOSPAR ID1983-059ASATCAT no.14132Durasi misi6 hari, 2 jam, 23 menit, 59 detikJarak tempuh4.072.553 kilometer (2.530.567 mi)Frekuensi orbit97 Properti wahanaWahana antariksaPesawat Ulang Alik ChallengerMassa luncur113.025 kilogram (249.177 pon)Massa mendarat92.550 kilogram (204.040 pon)Massa muatan16.839 kilogram (37.124 pon) AwakJumlah awak5Awa...

Панграмма

Панграмма (с греч. — «все буквы»), или разнобуквица, — короткий текст, использующий все или почти все буквы алфавита, по возможности не повторяя их. Содержание 1 Применение 2 История 3 Типы панграмм 4 Панграммы в русском языке 5 Панграммы в других языках 6 Панграм�...

 

 

中国統一

この項目では、中国と台湾の統一について説明しています。中国の統一王朝については「中国の歴代王朝一覧」をご覧ください。 中国統一中華人民共和国支配地域（紫色）および中華民国支配地域（橙色）。小さな島は、視認性のためにこの地図では誇張されている。繁体字 中國統一 簡体字 中国统一 発音記号標準中国語漢語拼音Zhōngguó tǒngyī両岸（再）統一繁体字 ...