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Koreans in Iran
Total population
	405 (2011)
Regions with significant populations
	Tehran, Asaluyeh
Languages
	Persian; Korean;
Religion
	Christianity · Buddhism · Other
Related ethnic groups
	Korean diaspora

Koreans in Iran have a history dating back to the 1970s, when South Korean labour migrants began flowing into the country.^[2] However, most returned home or moved on to other countries; as of 2011^[update], only 405 Koreans lived in the country, according to the statistics of South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade.^[1]

Migration history

South Korean migration to Iran grew at an average annual rate of 90% between 1971 and 1977, although the total number of migrants from Korea grew only by an annual average of 18% during that same period; South Koreans departing their home country for Iran composed just 0.2% of all officially-registered emigrants in 1971 (roughly 150 individuals), and only 177 individuals in 1974, but 1.8% (2,402 individuals) in 1975 and 3.4% (6,264 individuals) in 1977. The vast majority were male.^[3]^[4] Hyundai Construction's first project in the entire Middle East was a 1975 contract for the construction of a shipyard for the Iranian Navy near Bandar-e Abbas, and they and other chaebol quickly expanded their business in the region. Between 1977 and 1979, nearly 300,000 South Korean workers from two dozen companies came to work in the Middle East. The largest proportion of those went to Saudi Arabia, though Iran was also a major destination; at one point, migration to Iran made up 17% of all migration to the region. In total, in the decade following 1975, 25,388 South Koreans went to Iran.^[4]^[5]

The 1979 Iranian Revolution would have a negative effect on South Korean business in Iran, as well as proving dangerous for Korean workers in the country; on one occasion, revolutionaries attacked a construction site seeking to drive away "foreign devils"; five workers were killed and twenty others injured in a traffic accident that arose as they fled. The Korean Air Force had to be called in to evacuate Korean nationals.^[5] The number of South Koreans going to Iran fell from 7,418 in 1978 to 64 in 1979 and only 30 in 1980, though by 1985 the rate of migration had recovered to almost half of its pre-revolutionary level, with 3,669 migrants.^[4] However, due to the economic effects of the revolution and the Iran–Iraq War, as well as South Korea's rising labour costs, the practise of importing labourers from South Korea to work in the Middle East slowly became less widespread during the late 1980s; for example, the proportion of Korean labourers working on construction projects for Hyundai declined from 70% to only 20-30%, with the shortfall being taken up by local labourers instead.^[6]

By 2009, only 614 South Korean nationals remained in the country.^[7] They consist primarily of government officials, corporate expatriates, and Koreans married to Iranians.^[8] By 2011, the number of South Korean nationals or former nationals in the country had shrunk further, to 405 persons. Among them, 42 (3 men, 39 women) had Iranian nationality, 20 were international students, and the remaining 342 had other kinds of visas. Most (315) lived in Tehran, with a smaller concentration of 32 at Asaluyeh.^[1]

North Koreans also have a presence in the country, mainly related to their assistance to Iran's nuclear programme; according to The Los Angeles Times, there is one hotel in Tehran and another on the Caspian Sea coast set aside for the use of North Korean diplomats.^[9]

Community organisations

The Korean Association of Iran (Korean: 이란한인회) was set up in 1970. Its president, Jo Seung-mi, graduated from Hanyang University and formerly worked as a ballet dancer. She met her Iranian husband while he was studying at the Seoul Agricultural College (now part of the University of Seoul) as an international student; in 1977, she followed him back to Iran. She was elected to her post in 1997.^[10]^[11] As of 2006^[update], the association had roughly 300 members.^[8]

Iran's sole school for South Korean nationals, the Tehran Korean School (테헤란한국학교; also known as the Korean Embassy School), was established on 30 April 1976; it uses Korean as the primary medium of instruction, with English used for science and computer classes, and Persian offered as a foreign language. As of 2002^[update], it enrolled 29 elementary-school students.^[12]^[13]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d 재외동포 본문(지역별 상세), Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2011-07-15, p. 285, retrieved 2012-02-25
^ Moghadam, Valentine M. (2005), "Gender and Social Policy: Family Law and Women's Economic Citizenship in the Middle East" (PDF), International Review of Public Administration, 1 (4): 23–44, doi:10.1080/12294659.2005.10805059, S2CID 153569073, archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-29, retrieved 2007-04-22
^ Korea Statistical Yearbooks for 1972, 1976, 1978. Quoted in Bonacich, Edna; Light, Ivan (1991), Immigrant Entrepreneurs: Koreans in Los Angeles, 1965-1982, United States: University of California Press, pp. 105–106, ISBN 0-520-07656-7
^ ^a ^b ^c Seok, Hyunho (1991). "Korean migrant workers to the Middle East". In Gunatilleke, Godfrey (ed.). Migration to the Arab World: Experience of Returning Migrants. United Nations University Press. pp. 56–103. ISBN 9280807455.
^ ^a ^b Steers, Richard M. (1999), Made in Korea: Chung Ju Yung and the Rise of Hyundai, United Kingdom: Routledge, pp. 109–117, ISBN 0-415-92050-7
^ Kwon, Seung-ho; O'Donnell, Michael (2001), The Chaebol and Labour in Korea: The Development of Management Strategy in Hyundai, United Kingdom: Routledge, pp. 104–105, ISBN 0-415-22169-2
^ 재외동포현황 [Current Status of Overseas Compatriots] (in Korean), South Korea: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2009, archived from the original on 2010-10-23, retrieved 2009-05-21
^ ^a ^b 차도르에 갇힌 도시 테헤란… ‘변화의 불씨’는 못가둬 [Tehran, the city hidden behind a chador ... the flames of change cannot be contained]. Donga Ilbo (in Korean). 2006-05-12. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
^ Frantz, Douglas (2003-08-04). "Iran Closes In on Ability to Build a Nuclear Bomb". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
^ 조승미 이란한인회장 "서울서 반정부 녹색 띠 차고 경기한 이란 축구선수들 대표팀서 모두 제외. Kukmin Ilbo (in Korean). 2009-06-23. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
^ "이란 사망자 100명도 넘는다": 이란 한인회장 ["Deaths in Iran exceeded 100": Korean Association of Iran president], Chosun Ilbo (in Korean), 2009-06-24, archived from the original on 2013-01-19, retrieved 2009-12-23
^ 테헤란한국학교/Tehran Korean School (in Korean), National Institute for International Education Development, Republic of Korea, 2002-03-01, archived from the original on 2007-09-05, retrieved 2007-04-22
^ 테헤란한국학교 (in Korean), Korean Education and Research Information Service, archived from the original on 2007-09-07, retrieved 2007-04-22