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Korean Air Cargo Flight 8509
	HL7451, the aircraft involved in the accident, in 1992
Accident
Date	22 December 1999
Summary	Crashed after take off due to pilot error caused by instrument failure compounded by poor CRM
Site	Great Hallingbury, England, United Kingdom ; 51°51′23″N 0°12′59″E / 51.85639°N 0.21639°E
Aircraft
Aircraft type	Boeing 747-2B5F
Operator	Korean Air Cargo
IATA flight No.	KE8509
ICAO flight No.	KAL8509
Call sign	KOREAN AIR 8509
Registration	HL7451
Flight origin	Gimpo International Airport, Seoul, South Korea
1st stopover	Tashkent International Airport, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
2nd stopover	London Stansted Airport, England, United Kingdom
Destination	Milan Malpensa Airport, Milan, Italy
Occupants	4
Crew	4
Fatalities	4
Survivors	0

Korean Air Cargo Flight 8509 was a Boeing 747-2B5F, registered HL7451 bound for Milan Malpensa Airport, that crashed due to instrument malfunction and pilot error on 22 December 1999 shortly after take-off from London Stansted Airport where the final leg of its route from South Korea to Italy had begun. The aircraft crashed into Hatfield Forest near the village of Great Hallingbury, close to, but clear of, some houses, killing all four crew members on board.^[2]^[3]

Background

Aircraft

The aircraft involved was a Boeing 747-2B5F, MSN 22480, registered as HL7451, which was manufactured in 1980. In its 19 years of service, it had logged approximately 15,451 flights and 83,011 airframe hours before its fatal flight. It was equipped with four Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7Q engines.^[2]^[4]

Flight crew

The flight crew consisted of:

57-year-old Captain Park Duk-kyu (Hangul: 박득규, Hanja: 朴得圭, RR: Bak Deuk-gyu, M-R: Pak Tŭkkyu)
33-year-old First Officer Yoon Ki-sik (Hangul: 윤기식, Hanja: 尹基植, RR: Yun Gi-sik, M-R: Yun Kishik)
38-year-old Flight Engineer Park Hoon-kyu (Hangul: 박훈규, Hanja: 朴薰圭, RR: Bak Hun-gyu, M-R: Pak Hun'gyu)
45-year-old maintenance mechanic Kim Il-suk (Hangul: 김일석, Hanja: 金日奭, RR: Gim Il-seok, M-R: Kim Ilsŏk).^[5]^[6]

The captain was a former colonel and pilot in the Republic of Korea Air Force and a highly experienced airman,^[7] with a total of 13,490 flying hours – 8,495 of which were accumulated flying Boeing 747s. The first officer, in contrast, was relatively inexperienced with just 195 hours of flying experience on the 747 and a total of 1,406 flight hours. The flight engineer, like the captain, had a lot of experience flying 747s – 4,511 out of his 8,301 total flight hours were accrued in them. The maintenance mechanic had been involved with the failed INU repair.^[7]

INU failure and failed repair

Following the plane's departure from Tashkent on the previous flight segment, one of its inertial navigation units (INUs) had partially failed, providing erroneous roll data to the captain's attitude director indicator (ADI or artificial horizon). The first officer's ADI and a backup ADI were correct, a comparator alarm called attention to the discrepancy, and in daylight, the erroneous indication was easily identified. The ADI's input selector was switched to the other INU and the correct indications returned.^[2]

At Stansted, the engineers who attempted to repair the ADI did not have the correct Fault Isolation Manual available and did not repair or replace the faulty number 1 INU. One of them identified and repaired a damaged connecting plug on the ADI. When the ADI responded correctly to its "Test" button, they believed the fault had been corrected, although this button only tested the ADI and not the INU. The ADI's input selector was left in the normal position.^[2]

Flight

It was dark when the plane took off from London Stansted Airport, with the captain flying.^[7] The aircraft entered the clouds 400 feet above the terrain. When the captain banked the plane to the left, the faulty INU sent erroneous data to his ADI, preventing the instrument from showing the aircraft was in a bank. The comparator alarm sounded repeatedly, which was an indication that the aircraft's two ADI displays were in disagreement.^[7] The first officer, whose own ADI displayed the correct angle of bank, according to information from the aircraft's flight data recorder,^[1] failed to participate in full crew resource management techniques, saying nothing to challenge his captain's actions nor making any attempt to take over the flight with his own controls. The older and more experienced flight engineer did call out "Bank is not working" (translated into English from Korean in the AAIB report) 20.8 seconds before impact, "Bank Bank" (in English) 16.9 seconds before impact, "Standby indicator [in English] also not working [in Korean]" 10.2 seconds before impact, and "OY Bank" (in Korean) 1.5 seconds before impact.^[1] The captain continued to ignore the chiming alarm^[2] and made no verbal response to the flight engineer.^[7] Data from the flight recorder indicate that during this time the control wheel was commanding the aircraft into a steeper left bank.^[1] At 18:38, 55 seconds after take-off, Flight 8509's left-wing dragged along the ground, then the aircraft plunged into the ground at a speed of between 250 and 300 knots (460 and 560 km/h; 290 and 350 mph),^[1] in a 40° pitch down and 90° left bank attitude.^[2] The aircraft exploded on impact.^[7]

Aftermath

After the investigation, the United Kingdom's Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) issued recommendations to Korean Air to revise its training program and company culture, to promote a more free atmosphere between the captain and the first officer.^[7] The first recommendation of the AAIB's final accident report was that:

Korean Air continue to update their training and Flight Quality Assurance programmes, to accommodate Crew Resource Management evolution and industry developments, to address issues specific to their operational environment and ensure adaptation of imported training material to accommodate the Korean culture.^[2]^[1]

In popular culture

A March 2012 episode of Mayday also called Air Crash Investigation in the U.K. and the rest of the world (Season 11 Episode 7) titled "Bad Attitude" or "Stansted Crash" investigates this accident.^[7]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Report appendices" (PDF). Air Accident Investigation Branch. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Report on the accident to Boeing 747-2B5F, HL-7451 near London Stansted Airport on 22 December 1999" (PDF). Air Accident Investigation Branch. June 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
^ "Korean Air Cargo Flight 8509 incident report". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
^ "Accident Boeing 747-2B5F (SCD) HL7451, Wednesday 22 December 1999". asn.flightsafety.org. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
^ Byrne, Caroline (23 December 1999). "Korean Air Faces Crackdown After 4 Die In London Crash". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
^ "[KAL화물기 추락]英서 이륙2분만에…승무원 4명 모두 사망" [[KAL Freighter crashed] 2 minutes after taking off from British... All four crew members died]. The Dong-a Ilbo (in Korean). 23 December 1999. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. 이 사고로 기장 박득규(朴得圭·57)씨, 부기장 윤기식(尹基植·33)씨, 항공기관사 박훈규(朴薰圭·38)씨, 정비사 김일석(金日奭·45)씨 등 한국인 승무원 4명이 모두 숨졌다. [English: All four Korean crew members died in the accident, including Captain Park Deuk-kyu (박·57), Deputy General Manager Ki-Sik Yoon (33), Aircraft Engineer Park Hun-kyu (朴薰圭·38), and mechanic Kim Il-suk (金日奭·45)]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Bad Attitude". Mayday. Season 11. Episode 7. March 2012.