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Kofi Abrefa Busia
Kofi Abrefa Busia
2nd Prime Minister of Ghana
	In office; 1 October 1969 – 13 January 1972
President	Akwasi Afrifa; Edward Akufo-Addo;
Preceded by	Office re-established; Kwame Nkrumah (1957)
Succeeded by	Office abolished
Personal details
Born	11 July 1913; Wenchi, Gold Coast
Died	28 August 1978 (aged 65); Oxford, England
Political party	Progress Party
Spouse	Naa Morkor (1924-2010)
Children	8, Abena and Akosua Busia
Education	Methodist School, Wenchi; Mfantsipim School, Cape Coast; Wesley College, Kumasi; Achimota College
Alma mater	University of London; University College, Oxford; Nuffield College, Oxford
Profession	Academic
	Elected following military rule and overthrown by military regime.

Kofi Abrefa Busia (11 July 1913 – 28 August 1978)^[1] was a Ghanaian political leader and academic who was Prime Minister of Ghana from 1969 to 1972. As a leader and prime minister, he helped to restore civilian government to the country following military rule.^[2]

Early life and education

Busia was born a Bono prince in the traditional kingdom of Wenchi, in the Brong Ahafo Region, one of the four Gold Coast Territories, then under British rule and now called Ghana.^[3]

He was educated at Methodist School, Wenchi, Mfantsipim School, Cape Coast, then at Wesley College, Kumasi, from 1931 to 1932. He taught at Wesley College and left to study at Achimota College in 1935 and taught there. He gained his first degree with Honours in Medieval and Modern History from the University of London, through correspondence during this period. He then went on to study at University College, Oxford,^[4] where he was the college's first African student. He returned to the Gold Coast in 1942.^[5] He took a BA (Hons) in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (1941, MA 1946) and a DPhil in Social Anthropology in 1947 at Nuffield College, Oxford, with a thesis entitled "The position of the chief in the modern political system of Ashanti: a study of the influence of contemporary social changes on Ashanti political institutions". He was a Fulbright scholar in 1954.^[6]

Busia served as a district commissioner from 1942 to 1949, and was appointed first lecturer in African Studies. He became the first African to occupy a chair at the University College of the Gold Coast (now the University of Ghana). In 1951 he was elected by the Ashanti Confederacy to the Legislative Council. In 1952, he was Leader of Ghana Congress Party, which later merged with the other opposition parties to form the United Party (UP).

As leader of the opposition against Kwame Nkrumah, he fled the country on the grounds that his life was under threat. In 1959, Busia became a Professor of Sociology and Culture of Africa at the University of Leiden near the Hague, Netherlands. From 1962 until 1969, he was a Fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford.

He returned to Ghana in March 1966, after Nkrumah's government was overthrown by the military, to serve on the National Liberation Council (NLC) of General Joseph Ankrah, the military head of state;^[2] and was appointed as the Chairman of the National Advisory Committee of the NLC. In 1967/68, Busia served as the Chairman of the Centre for Civic Education. He used this opportunity to promote himself as the next leader. He also was a Member of the Constitutional Review Committee. When the NLC lifted the ban on politics, Busia, together with Lawyer Sylvester Kofi Williams and friends in the defunct UP formed the Progress Party (PP).^[7]

In 1969, the PP won the parliamentary elections with 105 of the 140 seats. This paved the way for him to become the next prime minister. In this role, Busia was effectively Ghana's chief executive. Due to memories of Nkrumah's authoritarian rule, the country opted for a parliamentary system with the president effectively reduced to a figurehead. Real power was vested in the Prime Minister.

Busia continued with NLC's anti-Nkrumaist stance and adopted a liberalised economic system. There was a mass deportation of half a million Nigerian citizens from Ghana, and a 44 percent devaluation of the cedi in 1971, which met with a lot of resistance from the public.^{[citation needed]}

He declared support for apartheid South Africa's white minority government. ^{[citation needed]}

While he was in Britain for a medical check-up, the army under Colonel Ignatius Kutu Acheampong overthrew his government on 13 January 1972. Busia remained in exile in England and returned to Oxford University, where he died from a heart attack in August 1978.^[5]

Busia's name is associated with Ghana's political right, along with J. B. Danquah and S. D. Dombo. The New Patriotic Party has claimed the Danquah-Busia-Dombo mantle in the Fourth Republic.

Bibliography

The Position of the Chief in the Modern Political System of Ashanti. London, 1951 (orig. dissertation, Oxford)
The Sociology and Culture of Africa. Leiden, 1960^[8]
The Challenge of Africa. New York, 1962
Purposeful Education for Africa. The Hague, 1964
Urban Churches in Britain. London, 1966
Africa in Search of Democracy. London, 1967

References

^ "August 28, 1978: Prime Minister of 2nd Republic Dr. Kofi Abrefa Busia Dies in London". Edward A. Ulzen Memorial Foundation. 28 August 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
^ ^a ^b Martin, G. (23 December 2012). African Political Thought. Springer. ISBN 9781137062055. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020.
^ "Dr Kofi Abrefa Busia, Ex-Prime Minister: 1969 – 1972". ghanaweb.com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
^ "Dr. K. A. Busia". University College Record. Vol. VII, no. 5. 1979. pp. 283–286.
^ ^a ^b Lentz, Harris M. (4 February 2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Routledge. p. 320. ISBN 978-1-134-26490-2.
^ "Fulbright Notable Alumni: Heads of State/Government".
^ "Ghana:Political Parties". Encyclopaedias of the Nations. Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
^ Busia, K.A. (1960). "The sociology and culture of Africa: its nature and scope (Inaugural lecture)". Netherlands: Leiden University. Retrieved 2 August 2022.

External links

Ghana-pedia webpage – Dr Kofi A. Busia
Ghanaweb about Dr. Busia Archived 5 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
Busia Foundation

Political offices
Preceded by Kwame Nkrumah as Prime Minister	Prime Minister of Ghana 1969–1972	Succeeded by None Position abolished
Parliament of Ghana
New title	Leader of the Opposition 1952 – ?	Succeeded by ?
*Parliament suspended by military*	Member of Parliament for Wenchi East 1969–1972¹	*Parliament suspended after military coup*
Party political offices
New title	Leader of the Ghana Congress Party 1952–1957	Succeeded by ?
New title	Leader of the United Party 1957 – ?	Succeeded by ?
New title	Leader of the Progress Party 1969–1972	Parties banned after coup
Notes and references
1. Ghana@50