Kingdom of Pong

Kingdom of Pong
State of the ancient Shan States
1st century AD–1479

1917 map of the Burmese Shan States with Mogaung in the upper left corner
CapitalMogaung
History 
• Kingdom of Pong founded
1st century AD
• Occupied by China
1479
 Succeeded by
Mongkawng

The Kingdom of Pong or Pong Kingdom was an ethnically Tai state that controlled several smaller states along the frontier of what is now Myanmar, China and Northeast Indian states of Assam, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh.

It was bounded on the north by the mountain ranges that divide present-day Myanmar and Assam State, in the south by Khambat, reaching to Yunnan in the east and the Chin Hills in the west.[1] Its capital was Mogaung, known by the Shan people as Mongkawng.[2]

History

Like most of Tai Yai history, the history of the Kingdom of Pong is largely legendary and existing chronicles and traditions include conflicting names and dates which have led to different interpretations.[3] According to ancient tradition the state of Pong has its origin in the legendary kingdom of Udiri Pale, founded in 58 BC. The Manipuri chronicle of the region, titled the Cheitharol Kumbaba, written much later, mentions an alliance between the Kangleipak State and the Kingdom of Pong. It also mentions that the King of Pong visited Imphal in 698 AD and resided for some time in the town.[1] The Kingdom of Pong is also mentioned among the conquests of Anoratha, the king of Pagan. Some scholars also identify the Kingdom of Pong with Mong Mao as well as with the kingdom of Lu-chuan/Ping-mian mentioned in Chinese chronicle Ming Shilu.[4][3]

In the 13th century there was a dynastic squabble among different princes. Chukapha, one of those who had been prevented from becoming the ruler of Pong, left the country and found refuge in the Patkoi Hills, entering Assam through the Namrup river, a tributary of the Burhi Dihing. Chukapha took the name of 'Aham' meaning 'without equal' and name his subjects 'those without equal' giving origin to the Ahom people and the country of Assam.[5]

The king of Pong, Khek Khomba, together with king Senbi Kiyamba of Manipur, invaded Kyang Khambat in the Kabaw Valley in 1467.[6]

Saophas

  • Hkun Lee 80 AD (?) 1st
  • 11 saophas ruled during after 80 AD - 667
  • Murgnow (Möng Nawng) 667 - 777 13th
  • Hso Hkam Hpa son of Möng Nawng 777 - 808 14th
  • 808 - 1313 They have 10 saophas ruled
  • Hso Ngan Hpa 1313 - 1334 25th
  • 2nd Son of Hso Ngan Hpa 1334 - 1337
  • 3rd Son Hso Ngan Hpa 1337 - 1365
  • 4th Hso Oop Hpa 4th son of Hso Ngan Hpa 1364 - ?
  • Hso Hung Hpa - nephew of Hso Oop Hpa ? - 1445
  • Hso Hep Hpa (Hso Hung Hkum/ Sao Hoo Maw) 1445 - 1512/13
  • Hso Penh Hpa 1512/13 - 1568
  • Hso Ko Hpa 1568 - 1587
  • Sao Kan Hkam 1587 - 1592
  • Sao Ong Hkam (Hso Hung Hpa) 1592 - 1596
  • 10 years interregnum 1596 - 1606
  • 4 saophas ruled during 1617 - 1662
  • A son of the King of Ava 1662 - 1672 probably of Pong Lineage
  • 5 saophas ruled during 1672 - 1734 of Pong Lineage
  • Sao Maw Hkam
  • Sao Hkun Hseng

Cf. 1 to 6 with table of Mao Kings; 12 to 21 with that of Merng-gong (Bur. Mogaung) - assuming that from 1334 onwards that Pong is Merng-gong (Mogaung)[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Phanjoubam Tarapot, Bleeding Manipur, Har Anand Publications (July 30, 2007) ISBN 978-8124109021
  2. ^ Naorem Sanajaoba ed. Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization, Volume 4 p. 32
  3. ^ a b Yos Santasombat, Lak Chang: A Reconstruction of Tai Identity in Daikong, p. 3-4
  4. ^ "Initially combination of two polity names, in the MSL references the "Pinq-mian" element of the name as eventually dropped and the polity as known simply as "Lu-chuan". This Tai Mao polity as one of the major upland Southeast Asian polities of the 13th to 15th centuries. Ping-mian was probably "Pong".(Wade 1994:264)
  5. ^ Assam - source Imperial Gazetteer of India 1885
  6. ^ Jhalajit Singh, R. K. (24 September 2010). "History of Medieval Manipur, part 2". e-pao.net. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
  7. ^ http://karunataimao.blogspot.com/2008/ [bare URL]

Bibliography

  • Wade, Geoffrey (1994), The Ming Shi-lu (Veritable Records of the Ming Dynasty) as a Source for Southeast Asian History -- 14th to 17th Centuries, Hong Kong{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)