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Kazakh forest steppe
Kazakh forest steppe
	Open mine near Magnitogorsk, Russia, at the western edge of the Kazakh forest steppe
	Ecoregion territory (in purple)
Ecology
Realm	Palearctic
Biome	temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
Borders	List Altai montane forest and forest steppe; East European forest steppe; Kazakh steppe; Pontic steppe; Sayan montane conifer forests; Urals montane tundra and taiga; West Siberian broadleaf and mixed forests;
Geography
Area	422,360 km2 (163,070 sq mi)
Countries	Russia; Kazakhstan;
Conservation
Protected	50,222 km2 (12%)

The Kazakh forest steppe ecoregion (WWF ID: PA0809) is a long thin strip of transition zone between the forested taiga of Siberian Russia (to the north), and the Kazakh steppe to the south. The ecoregion stretches over 2,000 km from the southern Ural mountains in the west to the foothills of Altai mountains in the east, yet averages only 200 km from south to north across its length. Because the region is farther inland than European forest steppe, and some 300 to 500 km farther north, the climate is more continental and with less precipitation the tree cover more sparse. The ecoregion is in the Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome, and the Palearctic realm, with a Humid Continental climate. It covers 420,614 km² (162,400 sq mi).^[2]

Location and description

The ecoregion stretches along the border between Russia and Kazakhstan, mostly on the northern (Russian) side, with a few small sections in Kazakhstan proper. The terrain is relatively flat lowland plains, with wetlands in the depressions and strips of trees following water courses on the sandy soil.^[3]^[4] To the north is the West Siberian taiga ecoregion; to the south is the Kazakh steppe.

Climate

The climate of the region is Humid continental climate, warm summer (Köppen climate classification (Dfb)).^[5]^[6] This climate is characterized by high variation in temperature, both daily and seasonally; with long, cold winters and short, cool summers with no month averaging over 22 °C (72 °F). There is just sufficient precipitation (averaging 330 mm/year) to support patchy stands of trees. The mean temperature at the center of the ecoregion is −17.6 °C (0.3 °F) in January, and 19.7 °C (67.5 °F) in July.

Flora and fauna

The region exhibits the typical forest steppe mix of grasslands and forest too sparse to create a full canopy. Typical trees are birch, aspen and pine, often growing in small groves called 'kolky', with the pine trees often growing in long strips of sandy soil in formations called 'ribbon forests'. Swamps are common. The region was about 15% forested; this has been reduced by human activity. The most common grass is Calamagrostis epigejos (bushgrass).^[3] A study in 2003 indicated that the small portion of the Kazakh forest steppe that is actually in Kazakhstan (about 21,000 Km2) shows cover that is 13% planted in spring wheat, 37% in dryland cropland/pasture, and 51% in a mosaic of cropland and forest.^[7]

Protections

There are two significant protected areas in the Kazakh forest steppe ecoregion;

Ilmen Nature Reserve, protecting an area of the Ilmensky Mountains on the southeast of the Ural Mountains that has historically been the subject of intense mineral extraction, with over 400 former mines in the borders.
Tigireksky Nature Reserve, on the far eastern end of the ecoregion, at the foothills of the Altai-Sayan region, and transitioning into mountain-steppe habitats.

External links

"Kazakh forest steppe". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.

References

^ Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b. [1]
^ "Kazakh forest steppe". Ecoregions of the World. GlobalSpecies.org. Archived from the original on October 19, 2018. Retrieved October 14, 2018.
^ ^a ^b "The Russian Steppe". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Retrieved September 6, 2018.
^ "PA0809: Asian Palearctic: Russia, Kazakhstan". World Wildlife Federation. Retrieved October 14, 2018.
^ Kottek, M.; Grieser, J.; Beck, C.; Rudolf, B.; Rubel, F. (2006). "World Map of Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated" (PDF). Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
^ "Dataset - Koppen climate classifications". World Bank. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
^ Kristen M. de Beurs; et al. "Reqional MODIS Analysis of Abandoned Agricultural Land in the Kazakh Steppes". University of Nebraska. Retrieved October 18, 2018.