Katas Raj Temples

Katas Raj Temples
کٹاس راج مندر
कटासराज
The temples surround a pond regarded as sacred by Hindus
Religion
AffiliationHinduism
DistrictChakwal district
DeityShiva
Location
LocationChoa Saidanshah
StatePunjab
CountryPakistan Pakistan
Katas Raj Temples is located in Punjab, Pakistan
Katas Raj Temples
Shown within Punjab, Pakistan
Katas Raj Temples is located in Pakistan
Katas Raj Temples
Katas Raj Temples (Pakistan)
Geographic coordinates32°43′26.4″N 72°57′05.9″E / 32.724000°N 72.951639°E / 32.724000; 72.951639
Architecture
Completed7th century CE onwards[1]
Temple(s)12 (7 original)

The Shri Katas Raj Temples (Punjabi, Urdu: شری کٹاس راج مندر) (Sanskrit: कटासराज), also known as Qila Katas (قلعہ کٹاس),[2] is a complex of several Hindu temples connected to one another by walkways.[2] The temple complex surrounds a pond named Katas which is regarded as sacred by Hindus.[3] The complex is located in the Potohar Plateau region of Pakistan's Punjab province. The temples are located in municipal committee Choa Saidanshah, and are near the M2 Motorway.

The temples' pond is said in the Puranas to have been created from the teardrops of Shiva, after he wandered the Earth inconsolable after the death of his wife Sati.[3][2] The pond occupies an area of two kanals and 15 marlas, with a maximum depth of 20 feet.

Serial Kanpur Se Katas Tak was also shot here starring Saba Qamar in 2010 aired on Indus Vision. The temples play a role in the Hindu epic poem, the Mahābhārata,[4] where the temples are traditionally believed to have been the site where the Pandava brothers spent a significant portion of their exile.[3] It is also traditionally believed by Hindus to be the site where the brothers engaged in a riddle contest with the Yakshas, as described in the Yaksha Prashna.[5][4][6] Another tradition states that the Hindu deity Krishna laid the foundation of the temple, and established a hand-made shivling in it.

The temples were visited by India's former deputy prime minister Lal Krishna Advani in 2005. In 2006, the Pakistani government began restoration works at the temples, with further improvements announced in 2017.

Location

Katas Raj is located in Punjab's Salt Range at an altitude of 2,000 feet.

The Katas Raj Temple complex is part of municipal committee Choa Saidanshah. The Katas Raj Temple complex is located near Kallar Kahar, and is located at an altitude of 2,000 feet.[3] It is approximately 100 kilometres away by road from another important Hindu pilgrimage destination - the Tilla Jogian complex. Katas Raj is located near the interchange for the town of Kallar Kahar off the M2 Motorway which links Islamabad to Lahore. The complex is located alongside the road that connects Kallar Kahar to Choa Saidan Shah near the village of Dulmial.

Etymology

The name of the temple complex is believed to derive from the Sanskrit word kataksha, meaning "tearful eyes."[6] The pond was originally referred to as Viskund, or "poison spring", but was later referred to as Amarkund, Chamaskund, and finally Katakshkund, meaning "Spring of tearful eyes."[7] The pond in Urdu and Persian is referred to as Chashm-e-Alam,[2] meaning "Sorrowful/Tearful Eyes."

History

Prehistoric

The Salt Ranges have archaeological remains still hidden underground. A number of bones of the limbs and vertebrae of animals have been found at some nearby sites. Prehistoric axes and knives made of granite, and artifacts like terracotta bangles and pottery have also been unearthed at the Katasraj site. The latter have been found to be similar to those excavated in Harappa, but have not been dated.[8]

Hindu tradition holds that the temples date from the era of the Mahabharata, and is believed to be where the Pandava brothers spent a large portion of their exile.[4] It is also believed by Hindus to be the site where the Pandavas engaged in a riddle contest with the Yakshas, as described in the Yaksha Prashna.[4][6]

Founding

The 4th century CE Chinese monk, Faxian, described a temple at Katas Raj in his travelogues.[6] The 7th century CE Chinese traveler Xuanzang visited the area and reported the existence of a Buddhist stupa dating to the era of the 3rd century BCE Indian emperor, Ashoka the great.[4][5] The stupa was reported to be 200 feet tall, and surrounded by 10 springs.[4] Simhapura (also Singhapura or Sinhapura) Buddhist kingdom, mentioned and visited by Xuanzang, has been identified with Katas Raj by Alexander Cunningham in his book The Ancient Geography of India.[9]

Following the collapse of the empire of Gandhara, Hinduism gained traction in the region under the reign of the Hindu Shahis beginning around the 7th century CE.[4] The Hindu Shahis established Hindu temples at Katas Raj from the mid 7th to 10th centuries,[4][6] though the British engineer Alexander Cunningham dated the shrines to around 66 BCE.[6] The Hindu Shahi empire also funded construction of several other temples throughout northern Punjab and the Potohar plateau,[4] including the nearby Tilla Jogian, and Kafir Kot in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.

Early

View of the temple complex in 1875

The founder of the Sikh faith, Guru Nanak, is believed to have visited the Katas Raj Temples, as the site became a popular destination for ascetics.[10] The Sikh emperor Ranjit Singh also regularly performed pilgrimage to the site.[11] He visited the site for the Vaisakhi festival in 1806,[12] in December 1818,[13] and again in 1824.[13]

The complex was a popular pilgrimage site for Hindus prior to the 1947 Partition of British India, with large numbers visiting for Shivratri.[10] Following Partition, the local Hindu community left the region for India. The Indian pilgrims continued to visit the temple for the Shivratri festival until the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, after which Indian pilgrims were barred from visiting again until 1984.[14]

Modern

The temples fell into disrepair over the decades following Partition, and suffered neglect. Pakistani Hindus would continue to occasionally visit the site, but were unable to maintain the expansive complex.[10] The pond was polluted with litter, while local villagers would also use the pool for recreation.[10] Indian Hindu pilgrims were forbidden to visit the site in 1956, 1960,[6] and after the Indo-Pakistan war in 1965.[14] Indian pilgrims were not permitted to visit the site again until 1984.[14]

India's former Deputy Prime Minister Lal Krishna Advani visited the temples in 2005,[15] and expressed displeasure at the site's dilapidated state.[10] In 2005 Pakistan proposed to restore the temple complex,[16] while in 2006 the restoration project began in order to clean the sacred pond, paint and restore some temples, and installation of informational blue boards around the temple complex.[10] 300 Indian Hindus visited the site for the Shivratri festival in 2006,[10] which for a short time became an annual tradition for some Indian pilgrims, though Indians stopped coming after the 2008 Mumbai attacks.[10] 2,000 Pakistani Hindus resumed the tradition of celebrating Shivratri at the temple in 2010,[10] and another 2,000 in 2011 with visitors coming from as far as Karachi.[14] A wedding for Hindu couples was arranged during that year's Shivratri festival for couples from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province whose families had lost much of their property in the 2010 Pakistan floods.[14]

In January 2017, Pakistan's government began installation of shikharas on the temples.[17] In February 2017, 200 pilgrims from India traveled to the temple to participate in the Katas Raj Dham festival.[18] In 2018, Pakistan issued visas to 139 Indian Hindu pilgrims to visit Katas Raj dham.[19][20]

Religious significance

The complex consists of several temples and associated structures.
The pond at Katas Raj is said to have been created from the teardrops of the Hindu deity Shiva, following the death of his wife Sati.

The temples are considered to be the second most sacred site in the historic Punjab region, after the temple at Jwalamukhi in modern Himachal Pradesh.[6]

The temples derive their holiness from the legend that following the death of his wife Sati, the Hindu god Shiva wandered inconsolably, while some of his tears collected in two ponds, one of which is the pond around which the Katas Raj Temples are set,[4][3] while the other is at Pushkar, near the famous Sufi pilgrimage center of Ajmer. Another version of the legend mentions the two pools at Katasraj and Nainital. Another version of the Shiva legend involves the death of Shiva's horse Katas instead of that of Sati his consort.

The Katasraj temple complex is traditionally believed to date back to the Mahabharata era. Many legends are associated with the temples. The five Pandava brothers, mentioned in the Mahabharata, are said to have stayed here for a large part of their exile.[7] The complex is traditionally believed to be the site where the Pandava brothers were challenged by the Yaksha before being able to drink from the pond.[2] Four of the brothers failed and were rendered lifeless by the Yaksha. The fifth brother, Yudhishthira, engaged the Yaksha in a riddle contest and defeated him with his wisdom,[6] thereby bringing his brothers back to life.

Some legends also state that the very first Shiva Ling (Shiv-Ling) was in Katas. Some old manuscripts also consider Katas as the Janam Bhoomi (birthplace) of Hindu incarnation Rama, as well as that of Ayodhya; but this has become quite controversial. The oral tradition by local Hindus never mentioned it as being Rama's birthplace or celebrated in annual rituals.

Sacred pond

The pond in the complex is believed by Hindus to be filled with Shiva's tears after the death of his wife Sati. The water in the pond is of high clarity.[7] The water and are believed to wash one of ones own sins,[10] as the pond is associated with Shiva.[7] In 2012, and again in 2017, water levels in the pond were noted to decrease because of water usage at a nearby cement factory, as well as the plantation of water-avid eucalyptus trees, that had lowered the area's water table.[21] After the 2012 episode, the local cement factory was shut down by government authorities in order to restore water levels.[21]

Architecture

Temples at Katas Raj display characteristics of Kashmiri Hindu temples.[7]
Decorative artwork adorns the ceiling of the Ramachandra Temple.

The Katas site houses the Satgraha, a group of seven ancient temples, remains of a Buddhist stupa, five other medieval temples, havelis scattered around a pond considered holy by Hindus.[22]

The temples at Katas are mostly constructed on square platforms. The elevation of the sub shrines seems to form a series of cornices with small rows of pillars, crowned by a ribbed dome.[23] The seven temples were built in an architectural style similar to Kashmiri temples,[7] with dentils, fluted pillars, trefoil arches, and rooflines that are pointed.[7]

Ramachandra Temple

The Ramachandra Mandir is situated to the east of the Hari Singh Haveli and is closed from all sides except for an entrance on the east. The double-storied structure has eight rooms of various dimensions on the ground floor and a staircase at the south leading to the first floor. The mandir has two jharokas (balconies) that have been severely damaged.

Hanuman Temple

The Hanuman Mandir is on the western extreme of a high rectangular enclosure with entrances on the south and the north. The temple's ceiling is undecorated, and lime-plastered.

Shiva Temple

The Shiva temple is also built on a square platform. Its entrance is a recessed round arch with faint cusps and a rectangular opening to the north.

Hari Singh Nalwa Fort and Haveli

Hari Singh Nalwa's Fort and haveli.

A small fort cum residence was built during the reign of Hari Singh Nalwa, and was built for his use as a fort and residence.[24] The fort itself is located on a small hillock and overlooks the entire temple complex.[24]

The fort is rectangular and features four bastions, one in each corner of the fort. The walls are approximately 5 metres tall, and features an entryway in the western wall of the fort. The central portion of the fort features a small courtyard, around which an arched veranda is found. The interior rooms were not decorated.[24]

Conservation

For decades the temple complex was in bad state. The holy pond was littered with garbage, while the murals inside the temples disappeared due to the ravages of time and the neglect of the authorities. The temples were visited by India's former deputy prime minister Lal Krishna Advani in 2005,[15] and in 2006 Pakistan proposed to restore the temple complex.[16]

Murtis (idols) of Hindu gods were placed in the seven temples,[16] at a cost of Rs. 51.06 million. A three-member archaeological team visited India, Sri Lanka and Nepal to collect murtis of various Hindu gods.[2]

As of 2012, the temple pond was drying up as ground water had been diverted for industrial purposes,[25] though the local cement factory was temporarily shut down to restore water levels.[21] In January 2017, Pakistani authorities began the installation of shikharas on the temples,[26] and installed a water filtration system to provide potable water for pilgrims.[27] By May 2017, water levels in the sacred pond were again noted to be falling.[21]

In 2016, the temple hit the national limelight after its centuries-old water pond ran dry, attributed to the depletion of groundwater owing to the establishment of four major cement factories in the area. After the menace was reported, the Supreme Court of Pakistan took a suo motu notice and started hearing the case in November. During the course of proceedings, Chief Justice of Pakistan Mian Saqib Nisar remarked that cement factories were consuming water worth millions of rupees without paying their dues. He stated that taxes should be imposed on the factories and if the government would not do so, the court would take the matter into its hands.

In 2017, while hearing the case, Nisar stressed, "This temple is not just a place of cultural significance for the Hindu community, but also a part of our national heritage. We have to protect it."[28] The bench of judges during the hearing of the case also expressed displeasure at the absence or displacing of idols from the temples, demanding to know why there were no statues in the temples of Shiri Ram and Hanuman. The bench was told that a former chairman of Evacuee Trust Property Board (ETPB) earned millions of rupees from corruption [during his tenure] and then ran away [from Pakistan].[29]

In May 2018, the top court announced its verdict on the case by ruling that the cement factories would have to source water from elsewhere immediately, and in the meantime, pay the Government of Punjab, Pakistan for the water they draw.[30] It told Bestway and DG Khan cement factories to fulfill their water needs from any other alluvial source such as river Jhelum.

See also

References

  1. ^ Bin Naveed, Muhammad. "Katas Raj". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Khalid, Laiba (2015). "Explore Rural India" (PDF). 3 (1). The Indian Trust for Rural Heritage and Development: 55–57. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e Sah, Krishna Kumar (2016). Deva Bhumi: The Abode of the Gods in India. BookBaby. p. 79. ISBN 9780990631491. Retrieved 15 September 2017.[permanent dead link]
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Directorate General of Archaeology. "KATAS RAJ TEMPLES". Government of Punjab.
  5. ^ a b "Shri Katasraj Yatra". Kailash Mansarover Sewa Samiti (All India Regd.). Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Renovation of Dilapidated Temples in Pakistan" (PDF). Bharatriya Janata Party. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Abrar Babary; Mahwish Zeeshan (2015). "The Explorer: Journal of Social Sciences". 1 (4). Retrieved 15 September 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ "A CBM For The Lord". Outlook. India. 27 June 2005.
  9. ^ Alexander Cunningham, 1871, The Ancient Geography of India, pp. 127.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j KHALID, HAROON (2013). A WHITE TRAIL:A JOURNEY INTO THE HEART OF PAKISTAN'S RELIGIOUS MINORITIES. Westland. ISBN 9789383260232. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
  11. ^ History of the Sikhs: Sikh Lion of Lahore/Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. 1991. p. 423. ISBN 9788121505154. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  12. ^ Singh, Ranjit (2013). Golden Crystal. Unistar Books. p. 232. ISBN 9789351130482. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  13. ^ a b Latif, Syad Muhammad (1891). History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time. Calcutta Central Press Company. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  14. ^ a b c d e Khalid, Haroon. "The marriage made in heaven". The Friday Times. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  15. ^ a b Playing peacemaker: Advani, Visiting the Katas Raj temple complex near Lahore[usurped] Frontline, Volume 22 - Issue 13, Jun 18 - Jul 01, 2005.
  16. ^ a b c "Pak sends message, fixes temple". 2007-03-25. Archived from the original on 2013-01-26. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  17. ^ Rana, Yudhvir (22 June 2017). "Pakistan government begins installation of shikhar kalash on Hindu temples". Times of India. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  18. ^ "Over 200 Hindu pilgrims from India arrive in Lahore for Katas Raj Dham". DNA India. 22 February 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  19. ^ "Pakistan issues visas to 139 Indian pilgrims to visit Katas Raj dham". 2018-12-09.
  20. ^ "Pakistan issues visas to 139 Indian pilgrims to visit Katas Raj dham". MSN.
  21. ^ a b c d "Fabled pond of Katas Raj drying out, again". Dawn. 12 May 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  22. ^ "Top Tourist spots in Pakistan". photos: timesofindia.com. 21 May 2012. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
  23. ^ Sehgal, Nefer (30 July 2016). "1500 years of our history: Enter the Katas Raj temples". Dawn. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  24. ^ a b c Bansal, Bobby Singh (2015). Remnants of the Sikh Empire: Historical Sikh Monuments in India & Pakistan. Hay House, Inc. ISBN 9789384544935.
  25. ^ "Drying up of Katas Raj temple pond has Pak Hindus worried". Rediff News. India. 24 April 2012.
  26. ^ Rana, Yudhvir (5 January 2017). "Pakistan government begins installation of shikhar kalash on Hindu temples". Times of India. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  27. ^ "Water filtration plant at Katas Raj temple inaugurated". The Nation. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  28. ^ "Katas Raj case: 'Will halt water supply to cement factories if necessary,' says CJP". The Dawn newspaper. 23 November 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  29. ^ "SC bars lower courts from hearing cases on Katas Raj temple". The Dawn newspaper. 12 December 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  30. ^ "Pak SC closes Katas Raj temple pond case".

Read other articles:

Loon op ZandKota BenderaLambang kebesaranNegaraBelandaProvinsiBrabant UtaraLuas(2006) • Total50,72 km2 (1,958 sq mi) • Luas daratan50,05 km2 (1,932 sq mi) • Luas perairan0,67 km2 (26 sq mi)Populasi (1 Januari 2007) • Total22.869 • Kepadatan457/km2 (1,180/sq mi) Sumber: CBS, Statline.Zona waktuUTC+1 (CET) • Musim panas (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Loon op Zand adalah sebuah ...

 

 

Hanfu pria Hanfu (Tionghoa sederhana: 汉服; Tionghoa Tradisional: 漢服; Pakaian Han), juga disebut sebagai Hanzhuang (漢裝) ataupun Huafu (華服), adalah busana tradisional bangsa Han Tionghoa yang berasal dari Tiongkok. Istilah Hanfu berasal dari Buku Han. Busana hanfu telah dikenakan selama berabad-abad sepanjang era kekaisaran masa Dinasti Tiongkok dan memiliki sejarah yang panjang dan memiliki model dan variasi yang kaya. Pada zaman modern kini hanfu dikenakan sebagai busana adat t...

 

 

American college football season 1999 Syracuse Orangemen footballMusic City Bowl championMusic City Bowl, W 20–13 vs. KentuckyConferenceBig East ConferenceRecord7–5 (3–4 Big East)Head coachPaul Pasqualoni (9th season)Offensive coordinatorGeorge DeLeone (11th season)Defensive coordinatorChris Rippon (1st season)CaptainMark Baniewicz, Keith Bulluck, Donald Dinkins, Quinton Spotwood, Nate Trout[1]Home stadiumCarrier DomeSeasons← 19982000 → ...

  هذه المقالة عن منطقة حائل. لعاصمة المنطقة، طالع مدينة حائل. منطقة حائل حائل منطقة   الاسم الرسمي مِنْطَقَة حَائِل  موقع منطقة حائل في السعودية خريطة محافظات منطقة حائلخريطة محافظات منطقة حائل الإحداثيات 27°N 42°E / 27°N 42°E / 27; 42   [1] تقسيم إداري  ...

 

 

Coppa del Brasile 2005Copa do Brasil 2005 Competizione Coppa del Brasile Sport Calcio Edizione 17ª Organizzatore CBF Date dal 2 febbraio 2005al 22 giugno 2005 Luogo  Brasile Partecipanti 64 Risultati Vincitore  Paulista(1º titolo) Secondo  Fluminense Statistiche Miglior marcatore Fred (Cruzeiro), 14 gol Incontri disputati 117 Gol segnati 331 (2,83 per incontro) Pubblico 1 016 136 (8 685 per incontro) Cronologia della competizione 2004 2006 Ma...

 

 

Tenth album in the series The Smurfs Smurf Soup (La Soupe aux Schtroumpfs)Cover of the French-language versionCreatorPeyoDateJanuary 1976SeriesThe SmurfsPage count46 pagesPublisherDupuisOriginal publicationLanguageFrenchChronologyPreceded bySchtroumpf Vert et Vert Schtroumpf (1973)Followed byThe Olympic Smurfs (1983) Smurf Soup (original French title: La Soupe aux Schtroumpfs) is the tenth album of the original French-language Smurfs comic series created by Belgian artist Pe...

Soviet Emba-class tanker For the ex-Soviet Ukrainian ship, see Ukrainian command ship Donbas. History Soviet Union NameDonbass NamesakeDonbas OwnerNorthern Fleet Operator Sovtanker (1940) Far-Eastern Shipping Company (1940–1942) Port of registryMurmansk (1941–1942) BuilderAndré Marti Shipyard No. 198 Laid down1930 LaunchedNovember 1932[1] Completed1935 FateTorpedoed and sunk, 7 November 1942 General characteristics Class and typeEmba-class tanker Tonnage 7,661 GRT 11,450...

 

 

Uruguayan footballer and manager (born 1959) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Saralegui and the second or maternal family name is Iriarte. Mario Saralegui Saralegui (center) playing for Peñarol in 1982Personal informationFull name Mario Daniel Saralegui IriarteDate of birth (1959-04-24) 24 April 1959 (age 65)Place of birth Artigas, UruguayHeight 1.79 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s) MidfielderYouth career PeñarolSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1...

 

 

Uffici dell'associazione, Washington La American Association for the Advancement of Science, (abbreviata con AAAS, a sua volta letta Triple A-S) è un'organizzazione internazionale senza fini di lucro dedicata all'avanzamento della scienza nel mondo che opera come educatore, leader, portavoce e come associazione professionale. Essa pubblica l'autorevole settimanale Science, molte newsletters scientifiche, libri e rapporti; essa inoltre sviluppa con determinazione programmi che si propongono d...

The ApartmentPromotional film poster for The Apartment.SutradaraBilly WilderProduserI.A.L. DiamondDoane HarrisonBilly WilderDitulis olehBilly WilderI.A.L. DiamondPemeranJack LemmonShirley MacLaineFred MacMurrayRay WalstonPenata musikAdolph DeutschSinematograferJoseph LaShellePenyuntingDaniel MandelleDistributorMGM, Mirisch CorporationTanggal rilis 16 September 1960 (1960-09-16) Durasi125 menitNegaraUSABahasaInggrisAnggaran$3,000,000Pendapatankotor$25,000,000 The Apartment merupakan...

 

 

Commune in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, FranceSainte-Anastasie-sur-IssoleCommune Coat of armsLocation of Sainte-Anastasie-sur-Issole Sainte-Anastasie-sur-IssoleShow map of FranceSainte-Anastasie-sur-IssoleShow map of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'AzurCoordinates: 43°20′36″N 6°07′32″E / 43.3433°N 6.1256°E / 43.3433; 6.1256CountryFranceRegionProvence-Alpes-Côte d'AzurDepartmentVarArrondissementBrignolesCantonGaréoultIntercommunalityCA Provence VerteGovernment ...

 

 

Village in Estonia Village in Saare County, EstoniaHaeskaVillageCountry EstoniaCountySaare CountyParishSaaremaa ParishTime zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST) Haeska is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia.[1][2] Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Pihtla Parish.[3] References ^ Classification of Estonian administrative units and settlements 2014[dead link] (retrieved 28 July 2021) ^ Lisa...

PoplarFormer Borough constituencyfor the House of CommonsPoplar in London, 1885-1918Poplar in London, 1950-741885–1918SeatsoneCreated fromTower HamletsReplaced byPoplar South1950–1974 (1974)SeatsoneCreated fromBow and Bromley and Poplar SouthReplaced byStepney and Poplar Poplar was a parliamentary constituency centred on the Poplar district of the East End of London. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. History Th...

 

 

Parliament of Venezuela You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (January 2018) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Spanish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated te...

 

 

Ancient people of South Arabia Not to be confused with the Sabians, also spelled Sabaeans or Sabeans, a religious group mentioned in the Quran whose name was adopted by various sects. Sabaean Kingdom𐩪𐩨𐩱 (Sabaean)مَمْلَكَة سَبَأ (Arabic)1200 BCE–275 CE Coat of arms Map of the Kingdom in the 8th century BCECapitalMa'ribCommon languagesSabaicReligion Arabian polytheismDemonym(s)SabaeanGovernmentTheocracy (Early)Monarchy (Late)[1]Mukarrib • 700–...

Robert Lewandowski Lewandowski en 2019Datos personalesNombre completo Robert Lewandowski[1]​Apodo(s) «Lewy»[2]​«Lewangoalski»[3]​Nacimiento Varsovia, Mazovia, Polonia21 de agosto de 1988 (35 años)Nacionalidad(es) PolacaAltura 1,85 m (6′ 1″)[4]​Peso 81 kg (178 lb)[4]​Pareja Anna Lewandowska (Desde el 2013)Carrera deportivaDeporte FutbolClub profesionalDebut deportivo 2006(Znicz Pruszków)Club F. C. BarcelonaLiga Primera División de Es...

 

 

2014 battle in Iraq Battle for Mosul DamPart of the Northern Iraq offensive of the War in Iraq (2013–2017) and the American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)Mosul DamDate16–19 August 2014(3 days)LocationMosul DamNineveh Province, IraqResult Kurdish-Iraqi victoryBelligerents Kurdistan Region Iraq Airstrikes:  United States Islamic State of Iraq and the LevantCommanders and leaders Maj. Gen. Fadhil Barwari(ICTS commander) UnknownStrength Unknown 500[1]Casualties and l...

 

 

Scottish lieutenancy area and former local government district WigtownDistrict (1975–1996)Lieutenancy area (1975–)History • Created16 May 1975 • Abolished31 March 1996 • Succeeded byDumfries and Galloway  • HQStranraer Contained within • RegionDumfries and Galloway Wigtown is a lieutenancy area in south-west Scotland and a committee area of Dumfries and Galloway Council. From 1975 until 1996 it was also a local governme...

ملخص معلومات الملف الوصف صورة الأمير بندر بن عبد العزيز آل سعود المصدر جريدة الرياض التاريخ المنتج جريدة الرياض الإذن(إعادة الاستخدام) انظر أدناه ترخيص: هذه صورةٌ لشخصية متوفاة وهي محميةٌ بحقوق التأليف والنشر. في ويكيبيديا يسمح برفع واستخدام صور للشخصيات المتوفاة تحت الا�...

 

 

Private university in Quezon City, Philippines This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Manuel L. Quezon University – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Manuel L. Quezon UniversityPamantasang Manuel L. Quezon (Filipino)Former na...