Kętrzyn

Kętrzyn
Rastembork
Panorama of Kętrzyn
Saint George Basilica
Former Masonic Lodge
  • From top, left to right: Panorama of the town
  • Saint George Basilica
  • Former Masonic Lodge
Flag of Kętrzyn
Coat of arms of Kętrzyn
Kętrzyn is located in Poland
Kętrzyn
Kętrzyn
Coordinates: 54°5′N 21°23′E / 54.083°N 21.383°E / 54.083; 21.383
Country Poland
Voivodeship Warmian–Masurian
CountyKętrzyn
GminaKętrzyn (urban gmina)
Established1329
Town rights1357
Government
 • MayorRyszard Niedziółka
Area
 • Total
10.34 km2 (3.99 sq mi)
Population
 (2019)
 • Total
27,478[1]
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
11-400
Area code+48 89
Car platesNKE
Voivodeship roads
Websiteketrzyn.pl
Map

Kętrzyn ([ˈkɛntʂɨn] , until 1946 Rastembork; German: Rastenburg [ˈʁastn̩bʊʁk] ) is a town in northeastern Poland with 27,478 inhabitants (2019). It is the capital of Kętrzyn County in the Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship.

The town is known for the surrounding Masurian Lakeland and numerous monuments of historical value such as the Wolf's Lair in nearby Gierłoż, which was Adolf Hitler's primary headquarters in Eastern Europe over the course of Nazi Germany's military campaign on the Eastern Front during World War II. The town is also known for its 14th century Teutonic Kętrzyn Castle.

History

Old gymnasium, attended by Wojciech Kętrzyński between 1855 and 1859

The original inhabitants of the region were the Balt tribe of the Aesti, mentioned by Tacitus in his Germania (AD 98). The town, known in German as Rastenburg and in Polish as Rastembork, was established in 1329 in the State of the Teutonic Knights and was granted town rights in 1357 by Henning Schindekop.

After the Battle of Grunwald, in 1410, the mayor surrendered the town to Poland, however, it fell back to the Teutonic Knights in 1411. In 1440, the town joined the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation.[2][3] Upon the request of the Confederation, King Casimir IV Jagiellon incorporated the region and town to the Kingdom of Poland in 1454.[4] The town then recognized the Polish King as the rightful ruler and the townspeople sent their representative to Königsberg to pay homage to the King.[5]

After the Thirteen Years’ War (1454–1466) the town was part of Poland as a fief held by the Teutonic Order's state[6] and, from 1525 to 1701, it was part of the Duchy of Prussia, a Polish fief until 1657. In the second half of the 17th century, Poles constituted around a half of the town's population, the other half being Germans.[2] In 1667, a Polish church school was established.[2]

In 1701 the town became part of the Kingdom of Prussia and subsequently, in 1871, part of Germany. During the Seven Years' War, from 1758 to 1762, the town was occupied by the Russians, in June 1807, throughout the Napoleonic wars, the division of General Jan Henryk Dąbrowski was stationed in the town. Following the unsuccessful Polish November Uprising, in 1832–1833, Polish insurgents, including several officers, were interned in the town.[7]

In the late 19th century a Polish Lutheran parish still existed in Rastenburg,[8] despite the policy of Germanisation conducted by the Prussian authorities.[2] In the second half of the 19th century, a sugar factory, brewery and mill were built.

20th century

A preserved air raid shelter from World War II in Kętrzyn

Rastenburg and the surrounding district was the scene of the First World War's First Battle of the Masurian Lakes and Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes. During the Second World War Adolf Hitler's wartime military headquarters, the Wolf's Lair, was in the forest east of Rastenburg. The bunker was the setting for the failed assassination attempt of the 20 July plot against Hitler. During the war, the Germans operated a forced labour camp for Jews in the town.[9]

In 1945, the area suffered devastation from both the retreating Germans and advancing Soviets during the Vistula-Oder campaign. Some ruins of the Wolf's Lair remain. The town was a Wehrmacht garrison town until it was occupied by the Red Army on 27 January 1945. The largely abandoned town was heavily destroyed by the Soviets.[2]

After German surender, the town was assigned to Poland by the Soviets. Sovereignty over the town was officially transferred on May 18 1945.[10] At the Potsdam Conference, the Western Allies accepted establishement of Polish rule. The town's surviving German residents who had not evacuated were subsequently expelled westward in accordance with provisions included in the Potsdam Agreement and replaced with Poles, most of whom were themselves expelled from the pre-war Polish Vilnius Region that was annexed by the Soviet Union and given to the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic.[2] The town was given the historic Polish name Rastembork in 1945, and in 1946 it was renamed to Kętrzyn after the Polish historian, activist and patriot Wojciech Kętrzyński, who attended the local gymnasium in the years 1855–1859.[11][12]

After the war, the town's life was being rebuilt. In 1945, the Municipal Theater was established.[2] Thanks to voluntary contributions, books were purchased for newly organized public libraries.[2] A museum was created in the renovated castle.[2]

From 1975 to 1998, Kętrzyn was administratively located in the Olsztyn Voivodeship.

Climate

Kętrzyn's climate is either oceanic (Köppen: Cfb) or humid continental (Köppen: Dfb), depending on the isotherm used. The climate of the city has a considerable thermal amplitude, but still with some not so pronounced influence of the sea.[13][14]

Climate data for Ketrzyn (Wilamowo Airport), elevation: 110 m or 360 ft, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1966–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 12.3
(54.1)
15.3
(59.5)
22.6
(72.7)
28.7
(83.7)
30.6
(87.1)
33.3
(91.9)
35.1
(95.2)
36.1
(97.0)
35.5
(95.9)
25.0
(77.0)
17.8
(64.0)
12.0
(53.6)
36.1
(97.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 0.1
(32.2)
1.4
(34.5)
5.9
(42.6)
13.4
(56.1)
18.7
(65.7)
21.6
(70.9)
24.0
(75.2)
23.6
(74.5)
18.3
(64.9)
11.9
(53.4)
5.6
(42.1)
1.6
(34.9)
12.2
(54.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.2
(28.0)
−1.4
(29.5)
2.0
(35.6)
8.0
(46.4)
13.0
(55.4)
16.1
(61.0)
18.4
(65.1)
18.0
(64.4)
13.4
(56.1)
8.1
(46.6)
3.3
(37.9)
−0.5
(31.1)
8.0
(46.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.6
(23.7)
−4.0
(24.8)
−1.4
(29.5)
3.1
(37.6)
7.5
(45.5)
10.9
(51.6)
13.3
(55.9)
13.0
(55.4)
9.3
(48.7)
4.9
(40.8)
1.2
(34.2)
−2.7
(27.1)
4.2
(39.6)
Record low °C (°F) −30.7
(−23.3)
−28.7
(−19.7)
−24.0
(−11.2)
−9.6
(14.7)
−3.7
(25.3)
−0.1
(31.8)
4.7
(40.5)
3.3
(37.9)
−2.5
(27.5)
−8.0
(17.6)
−21.4
(−6.5)
−25.2
(−13.4)
−30.7
(−23.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 32.6
(1.28)
27.6
(1.09)
35.3
(1.39)
36.0
(1.42)
58.4
(2.30)
74.7
(2.94)
80.9
(3.19)
73.9
(2.91)
55.6
(2.19)
54.7
(2.15)
44.4
(1.75)
36.5
(1.44)
610.6
(24.04)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 9.5
(3.7)
9.4
(3.7)
6.1
(2.4)
2.1
(0.8)
0.3
(0.1)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.6
(0.2)
2.9
(1.1)
6.1
(2.4)
9.5
(3.7)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 16.63 14.78 14.33 11.70 12.97 14.23 14.80 13.90 12.63 14.33 15.43 16.97 172.71
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 18.4 17.6 10.1 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 4.4 13.9 66.4
Average relative humidity (%) 89.3 86.8 79.9 71.1 72.4 76.1 77.5 76.7 81.7 86.2 91.2 91.1 81.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 44.8 64.1 124.6 192.3 251.4 247.3 254.1 234.3 160.6 105.3 42.2 33.6 1,754.4
Average ultraviolet index 1 2 2 4 5 5 5 5 3 2 1 1 3
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020),[23][24][25] kiedy-jechac.pl (UV index)[14]

Sports

The local football team is Granica Kętrzyn [pl]. It competes in the lower leagues.

People

Monument to Wojciech Kętrzyński in the town center

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities

Kętrzyn is twinned with:

References

  1. ^ "Kętrzyn (Warmińsko-mazurskie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia".
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Historia miasta Kętrzyn | Dr Jerzy Sikorski". Archived from the original on April 21, 2018. Retrieved February 21, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) dr Jerzy Sikorski, Historia miasta Kętrzyn
  3. ^ Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. p. XXXVII.
  4. ^ Górski, p. 54
  5. ^ Tomasz Darmochwał, Marek Jacek Rumiński, Warmia Mazury. Przewodnik, Agencja TD, Białystok, 1996, p. 123 (in Polish)
  6. ^ Górski, pp. 96–97, 214–215
  7. ^ Kasparek, Norbert (2014). "Żołnierze polscy w Prusach po upadku powstania listopadowego. Powroty do kraju i wyjazdy na emigrację". In Katafiasz, Tomasz (ed.). Na tułaczym szlaku... Powstańcy Listopadowi na Pomorzu (in Polish). Koszalin: Muzeum w Koszalinie, Archiwum Państwowe w Koszalinie. p. 177.
  8. ^ Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom IX, Warsaw, 1888, p. 531 (in Polish)
  9. ^ "Zwangsarbeitslager für Juden Rastenburg". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  10. ^ Joanna Ewa Wisniewska. PREUßISCH HOLLAND/PASLEK – DIE WENDE DES JAHRES 1945. DIE VERTREIBUNG/AUSSIEDLUNG DER DEUTSCHEN BEVÖLKERUNG 1945-1947 (PDF). p. 91.
  11. ^ "Urząd Miasta Kętrzyn – Zainwestuj w Kętrzynie". Retrieved June 21, 2019.
  12. ^ Maria Malec (2002). Słownik etymologiczny nazw geograficznych Polski. Wydawn. Naukowe PWN. p. 122. ISBN 9788301138578. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
  13. ^ "Ketrzyn, Poland Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved August 5, 2019.
  14. ^ a b "Klimacie Kętrzyn – Temperatura • Kiedy jechać • Pogoda". Kiedy-jechac.pl (in Polish). Retrieved August 5, 2019.
  15. ^ "Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  16. ^ "Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  17. ^ "Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  18. ^ "Miesięczna suma opadu". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  19. ^ "Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  20. ^ "Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  21. ^ "Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  22. ^ "Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  23. ^ "Kętrzyn Absolutna temperatura maksymalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. April 6, 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  24. ^ "Kętrzyn Absolutna temperatura minimalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. April 6, 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  25. ^ "Kętrzyn Średnia wilgotność" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. April 6, 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2022.

Read other articles:

Blind Willow, Sleeping Woman Edisi pertama Britania RayaPenyuntingHaruki MurakamiPengarangHaruki MurakamiJudul asliめくらやなぎと眠る女Mekurayanagi to nemuru onnaPenerjemahPhilip Gabriel, Jay RubinNegara JepangBahasaJepangGenreKumpulan cerita pendekDiterbitkan2006 (Harvill Secker) (UK)2006 (Knopf) (U.S.)Jenis mediaPrint (hardback & paperback)Halaman334 (UK)352 (U.S.)ISBNISBN 1-84343-269-2 (UK)ISBN 1-4000-4461-8 (U.S.)OCLC65203792 Blind Willow, Sleeping Woman (め�...

 

American businessman (1918–2001) Jane Bradley PettitBornJane Bradley(1918-10-29)October 29, 1918DiedSeptember 9, 2001(2001-09-09) (aged 82)River Hills, Wisconsin, USSpouses David Vogel Uihlein Sr. ​ ​(m. 1945, divorced)​ Lloyd Pettit ​ ​(m. 1969; div. 1998)​ ParentHarry Lynde Bradley Milwaukee, Wisconsin Jane Bradley Pettit (1918-2001) was an American philanthropist.[1][2][3&#...

 

ناحية الشيوخ موقع ناحية الشيوخ في محافظة حلب تقسيم إداري البلد  سوريا[1] المحافظة محافظة حلب المسؤولون المنطقة منطقة عين العرب الناحية ناحية الشيوخ رمز الناحية SY020601 خصائص جغرافية إحداثيات 36°46′02″N 38°07′50″E / 36.767222222222°N 38.130555555556°E / 36.767222222222; 38.130555555556   ا...

Ettore ScolaScola pada tahun 2007Lahir(1931-05-10)10 Mei 1931Trevico, ItaliaMeninggal19 Januari 2016(2016-01-19) (umur 84)Roma, ItaliaPekerjaanSutradaraPenulis skenarioTahun aktif1964-2016 Ettore Scola (10 Mei 1931 – 19 Januari 2016) adalah seorang penulis skenario dan sutradara Italia. Ia menerima Penghargaan Golden Globe untuk Film Asing Terbaik pada tahun 1978 untuk film A Special Day dan dinominasikan untuk lima Academy Awards. Kehidupan dan karier Scola lahir d...

 

American drug trafficker For other people with the same name, see Frank Matthews (disambiguation). Frank MatthewsMatthews' NYPD mugshotBornFrank Larry Matthews(1944-02-13)February 13, 1944Durham, North Carolina, U.S.DisappearedJune 26, 1973 (aged 29)New York, New York, U.S.StatusMissing for 50 years, 9 months and 23 daysOther namesBlack Caesar, Pee Wee, Mark IVOccupation(s)Crime boss, drug traffickerYears active1960–1973Criminal statusBecame a fugitive from jus...

 

32nd running of the Indianapolis 500 32nd Indianapolis 500Indianapolis Motor SpeedwayIndianapolis 500Sanctioning bodyAAADateMay 31, 1948WinnerMauri RoseWinning EntrantLou MooreAverage speed119.814 mph (192.822 km/h)Pole positionRex MaysPole speed130.577 mph (210.143 km/h)Most laps ledMauri Rose (81)Pre-racePace carChevrolet FleetmasterPace car driverWilbur ShawStarterSeth Klein[1]Honorary refereeAlbert G. Feeney[1]Estimated attendance200,000[2]Chron...

Football league seasonCampeonato CariocaSeason2018Dates20 December 2017 – 8 April 2018ChampionsBotafogoRelegatedAmericaBonsucessoMatches played103Goals scored270 (2.62 per match)Top goalscorerPedro (7 goals)← 2017 2019 → The 2018 Campeonato Carioca de Futebol was the 115th edition of the top tier of football of FFERJ (Federação de Futebol do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, or Rio de Janeiro State Football Federation). The top four teams in the final standings of the tournament not othe...

 

This article is the list of equipment of the Royal Thai Navy, including active and historic equipments. The equipment of the Royal Thai Navy have been produced in many countries, such as Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, United States, and the United Kingdom. Ships Submarine Class Origin Ship Hull No./Commissioned Displacement Notes Submarine (1 under construction) Type S26T  China HTMS Matchanu 2,600 tonnes As of 4 September 2018, one ves...

 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Caroline? – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) American TV series or program Caroline?VHS coverGenreDramaBased onFather's Arcane Daughter by E. L. KonigsburgScreenplay byMichael De GuzmanDirected b...

Elections 2014 South Carolina elections ← 2012 November 4, 2014 2016 → Elections in South Carolina Federal government U.S. President 1788-89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 Rep Dem 2004 Dem 2008 Dem Rep 2012 Rep 2016 Dem 2020 Dem 2024 Dem Rep U.S....

 

Harmoni MenyentuhAlbum studio karya Katon BagaskaraDirilis27 Desember 1997GenrepopLabelAquarius MusikindoKronologi Katon Bagaskara Gemini (1993)String Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found Harmoni Menyentuh (1997) Damai dan Cinta (2000)String Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found Harmoni Menyentuh merupakan sebuah album musik solo kedua karya Katon Bagaskara yang dirilis pada tahun 1997. Semua lagu di album ini diciptakan oleh Katon ...

 

Навчально-науковий інститут інноваційних освітніх технологій Західноукраїнського національного університету Герб навчально-наукового інституту інноваційних освітніх технологій ЗУНУ Скорочена назва ННІІОТ ЗУНУ Основні дані Засновано 2013 Заклад Західноукраїнський �...

Gedung pengadilan di Celina, Ohio. Gedung pengadilan adalah bangunan yang menjadi tempat bagi pengadilan hukum setempat. Gedung pengadilan biasanya terletak di ibu kota maupun pusat administrasi dan juga kota-kota besar. Di kota-kota kecil, fungsi pengadilan bisa diselenggarakan di balai kota. Gedung pengadilan juga memuat sel tahanan, ruang hakim, ruang penjagaan, fasilitas publik, dll. Pengadilan merupakan tempat untuk bermusyawarah Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Courthouse. Arti...

 

Нахи Численность приблизительно 2,5 млн. Расселение Северный Кавказ, Грузия Язык нахские языки Религия преимущественно ислам Входит в народы Кавказа Содержание 1 Название 2 Общие сведения 2.1 Этно-социальная иерархия 2.2 Религиозные объединения 2.3 Этническая классификац...

 

تعتمد هذه المقالة اعتماداً كاملاً أو شبه كامل على مصدر وحيد. فضلاً، ساهم في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة مصادر إضافية لضمان وجهة النظر المحايدة. (ديسمبر 2018) قبة الملك العادل طومان باي بالقاهرة الملك العادل طومان باي المماليك البرجية الخامس والعشرين في المنصب‏ 1501 – ‏ 906ه...

Burkinabé Prime Minister in 2022 Albert OuédraogoOuédraogo in 2022Interim Prime Minister of Burkina FasoIn office3 March 2022 – 30 September 2022PresidentPaul-Henri Sandaogo DamibaPreceded byLassina ZerboSucceeded byApollinaire J. Kyélem de Tambèla Personal detailsBorn (1969-04-06) 6 April 1969 (age 55)Dori, Séno, Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) Albert Ouédraogo (born 6 April 1969) is a Burkinabé economist who served as prime minister of Burkina Faso in the aftermath of...

 

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Name Is 4Minute – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove th...

 

1929 American utility aircraft CH-300 Pacemaker Bellanca CH-300 CF-ATN Pacemaker Canada Aviation Museum Role Civil utility aircraftType of aircraft Manufacturer Bellanca First flight 1929 Number built approximately 35 Developed from Bellanca CH-200 Variants Bellanca CH-400 The Bellanca CH-300 Pacemaker was a six-seat utility aircraft, built primarily in the United States in the 1920s and 1930s. It was a development of the Bellanca CH-200, fitted with a more powerful engine and, like the CH-20...

Conjectures explaining humor Although humor is a phenomenon experienced by most humans, its exact cause is a topic of heavy debate. There are many theories of humor which attempt to explain what it is, what social functions it serves, and what would be considered humorous. Although various classical theories of humor and laughter may be found, in contemporary academic literature, three theories of humor appear repeatedly: relief theory, superiority theory, and incongruity theory.[1] T...

 

Hôtel Rwanda Données clés Titre original Hotel Rwanda Réalisation Terry George Scénario Terry GeorgeKeir Pearson Acteurs principaux Don CheadleNick NolteSophie OkonedoJoaquin PhoenixJean Reno Pays de production États-Unis Royaume-Uni Italie Afrique du Sud Durée 122 minutes Sortie 2004 Pour plus de détails, voir Fiche technique et Distribution. modifier Hôtel Rwanda (Hotel Rwanda) est un film historique américano-britanno-italo-sud-africain réalisé par Terry George, sorti en 2004....