The Jungfernhof concentration camp (Latvian: Jumpravmuižas koncentrācijas nometne) was an improvised concentration camp in Latvia, at the Mazjumprava Manor, near the Šķirotava Railway Station about three or four kilometers from Riga (now within the city territory). The camp was in operation from December 1941 through March 1942, and served as overflow housing for Jews from Germany and Austria, who had originally been intended for Minsk as a destination.
The new destination, the Riga Ghetto was overcrowded and could not accommodate the Jewish people deported from Germany. The first transport train with 1,053 Berlin Jews arrived at the Šķirotava Railway Station on 30 November 1941. All persons on board were murdered later the same day at the Rumbula Forest near Riga.[1] The next four transports were, on the orders of SS-BrigadeführerFranz Walter Stahlecker, commander of Einsatzgruppen A, brought to Greater Jungfernhof, an abandoned farming estate on the Daugava River. Originally Jungfernhof was to have been established as an SS business enterprise, and being under the jurisdiction of the SS it could be employed without consulting with the German civil administration ("Gebietskommissariat") in Latvia. Under the new plan, Jungfernhof would serve as improvised housing in order to make available labor for the construction of the Salaspils concentration camp. The sixth transport, which arrived on 10 December 1941 with Cologne Jews on board, was the only one which came to the "freed up" Riga ghetto, following the murder there of numerous Latvian Jews.
Operations
The former estate of 200 hectares in size, had built on it a warehouse, three large barns, five small barracks and various cattle sheds. The partially falling down and unheatable buildings were unsuitable for the accommodation of several thousand people. There were no watchtowers or enclosing perimeter, rather a mobile patrol of ten to fifteen Latvian auxiliary police (Hilfspolizei) under the German commandant Rudolf Seck.
In December 1941 a total of 3,984 people were brought in four separate trains to Jungfernhof, including 136 children under ten years old, and 766 elders.[2] On 1 December 1941, 1,013 Jews from Württemberg were put on trains and sent to the camp.[3] A further 964 were deported on 6 December 1941 from Hamburg, Lübeck (leaving only 90 Jews resident in the city,[4] and others from throughout Schleswig-Holstein. Further transports came from Nuremberg with 1,008 persons[5] and Vienna with 1,001.
About 800 of the prisoners died in the winter of 1941 to 1942 of hunger, cold, typhus. The testimony of an eyewitness, that there was a gas van assigned to the camp, is no longer accepted and is treated as unsubstantiated.[6]
In March 1942 the camp was dissolved. As part of the Dünamünde Action under the false representation that they would be taken to an (actually nonexisting) camp in Dünamunde, where there would be better conditions and work assignments in a canning plant, between 1600 and 1700 inmates were taken to Biķernieki forest. There they were shot on 26 March 1942 and interred in mass graves, as previously Jews from the Riga Ghetto had been. Among those shot was the camp elder Max Kleemann (b. 1887),[7] a veteran of the Great War, who had been transported from Würzburg with his daughter Lore. Viktor Marx, from Württemberg, whose wife Marga and daughter Ruth were shot, reported:
In the camp it was said that all the women and children should come away from Jungfernhof and go to Dünamunde, where there would be hospitals, schools, and massive stone buildings where they could live. I asked the commandant if I too could be transferred to Dünamunde, but he refused me, because I was too good a worker.[8]
Among the murdered inmates of the concentration camp were the older rabbis and prominent citizens of Lübeck, Felix F. Carlebach, his sister-in-law, Resi Carlebach (née Graupe), as well as his uncle, Joseph Carlebach (b. 1883) with his wife Charlotte (b. 1900 née Preuss), and their three youngest children, Ruth (b. 1926), Noemi (b. 1927) and Sara (b. 1928). They were shot on 26 March 1942 in Biķernieki forest. The banker Simson Carlebach (1875-1942), brother of rabbi Joseph Carlebach, had already died in the course of being transported to the camp.[9] The second oldest son of the nine children of Joseph Carlebach, Salomon (Shlomo Peter) Carlebach (b. 17 August 1925), survived because he had been included within a work commando. He later became a rabbi in New York. Salomon Carlebach reported in an interview on the moment that he saw his father for the last time:
I knew that my blessed father in this moment knew, that the last hour had come and that he would be going to a certain death, even though he had said nothing. Naturally many of the people shared the belief that now they really would be brought to another camp, where conditions would be much better.[10]
On his personal story, Carlebach said "without a positive attitude no one had any chance of survival."[11]
450 inmates were held back and formed into a work commando. They were intended to be used to disguise the camp remnants as a farm. This work commando existed for one year. The survivors were then sent to the Riga ghetto, which existed until November 1943.
Of the approximately 4,000 people transported to Jungfernhof, only 148 persons survived.[12]
Notes
^(in German)Gottwald, Fred, and Schulle, Diana: Die "Judendeportationen" aus dem Deutschen Reich 1941–1945. Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN3-86539-059-5, S.121 / Als Gerücht, "es seien evakuierte Juden bei Riga reihenweis - wie sie den Zug verließen - erschossen worden", hörte Victor Klemperer davon (Tagebucheintrag vom 13. 1. 1942)
^All exact numbers from (in German) Gottwald, Alfred, and Schulle, Diana: Die "Judendeportationen" aus dem Deutschen Reich 1941–1945. Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN3-86539-059-5, S. 114/115.
^(in German) Miriam Gillis-Carlebach: "Licht in der Finsternis". ISBN3-529-06149-2, S. 553.
^(in German) Sabine Niemann (Redaktion): Die Carlebachs, eine Rabbinerfamilie aus Deutschland, Ephraim-Carlebach-Stiftung (Hrsg). Dölling und Galitz. Hamburg 1995, S. 83.
^(in German)Die Carlebachs, eine Rabbinerfamilie aus Deutschland, S. 85.
^(in German) Zahl 148 ("namentlich bekannt") nach Gottwaldt/Schulle, S. 115 – Angrick/Klein, Die "Endlösung" in Riga, nennt 1147 = Druckfehler?
References
(in German) Josef Katz: Erinnerungen eines Überlebenden. Kiel 1988, ISBN3-89029-038-8.
(in German) Interview mit dem überlebenden Salomon (Shlomo Peter) Carlebach (* 17. August 1925) in: Sabine Niemann (Redaktion): Die Carlebachs, eine Rabbinerfamilie aus Deutschland. Ephraim-Carlebach-Stiftung (Hrsg.), Dölling und Galitz, Hamburg 1995, ISBN3-926174-99-4.
(in German) Miriam Gillis-Carlebach: "Licht in der Finsternis". Jüdische Lebensgestaltung im Konzentrationslager Jungfernhof. In: Gerhard Paul und Miriam Gillis-Carlebach: Menora und Hakenkreuz. Neumünster 1988, ISBN3-529-06149-2, S. 549–563.
(in German) Peter Guttkuhn: Die Lübecker Geschwister Grünfeldt. Vom Leben, Leiden und Sterben ‚nichtarischer' Christinnen. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck 2001, ISBN978-3-7950-0772-0.
(in German) Andrej Angrick, Peter Klein: Die "Endlösung" in Riga. Ausbeutung und Vernichtung 1941–1944. Darmstadt 2006, ISBN3-534-19149-8.
