June 9 Deng speech

June 9 Deng speech
"This storm was bound to come sooner or later." --Deng Xiaoping
Simplified Chinese在接见首都戒严部队军以上干部时的讲话
Traditional Chinese在接見首都戒嚴部隊軍以上幹部時的講話
Literal meaning"Speech Made While Receiving Cadres of the Capitol Martial Law Units at and Above the Army Level"
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZài jiējiàn shǒudū jièyán bùduì jūn yǐshàng gànbù shí de jiǎnghuà

On June 9, 1989, China's Military Chairman Deng Xiaoping delivered what was officially termed his "Speech Made While Receiving Cadres of the Martial Law Units in the Capitol at and Above the Army Level".[1] It was his only public speech on the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, following the army's intervention and use of force on the student-led protests on June 4. Portions of the speech aired on the CCTV program Xinwen Lianbo on that same evening. The speech was delivered to a group of People's Liberation Army generals in Beijing. It set the defiant tone for the Chinese leadership that the army's use of force was fully justified, demonstrated that Deng was still firmly in charge of China, quelled rumours of impending civil war, and signaled that China's economic reforms would continue as planned.[2]

Main points

The speech contains three major parts: assessing the nature of the Tiananmen Square protests, evaluating the correctness of Deng's major policies since 1978, and setting the tone for future development.[3]

Deng re-affirmed the party's decision to authorize the use of force on June 4. He said that given "the macro-international climate and China's own micro climate," (referring to Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union in the former) some sort of anti-party, anti-communist movement was bound to occur. Deng re-iterated the line put forth by the April 26 Editorial that the movement was out to overthrow China's political system and the Communist Party, going as far as to call the student movement a "counter-revolutionary rebellion."[3] He praised the role of the People's Liberation Army in taking decisive action against protesters, calling soldiers "sons and brothers of the people", and lamented PLA casualties on June 4. He said in taking the role it did, the army passed a 'serious test'; i.e., loyalty to "the people, the teachings of the party, and the interests of the country." Deng acknowledged that some parts of the Communist Party leadership did not agree with the course of action, but said that he had faith that in the long run, they will change their minds.[2]

Deng went on to ask rhetorically whether the reform and opening policies that he had implemented in the 1980s were correct. He asked his audience to "ponder" this question. He stated that the goal of China was to become a moderately developed nation by 2050, and that he believes this is only achievable through the leadership of the party and political stability. Essentially this is summed up by his signature epithet "One Center, Two Basic Points": that the central focus of the Chinese state was economic development, but that such development should occur simultaneously through 1) centralized political control (i.e., the Four Cardinal Principles) and 2) aggressive market reforms and openness to the outside world.[3]

Deng asserted that the Tiananmen protests arose out of a failure of the leadership to uphold strongly the control exercised by the party as well as ideological flexibility that pandered to Western values.[2] He framed Western-style democracy as a sign of bourgeois liberalism and as an ideology that is not well-suited for China's internal conditions.[3] He called on the leadership to further entrench party orthodoxy among young people, effectively re-introducing restrictions on freedom of speech, the press, and assembly. These freedoms were prominent during the more liberal political environment of the late 1980s.

Deng also referenced the United States in the speech. He criticized the United States for interfering in China's internal affairs, and alluded to the United States shooting its own student protesters and therefore having no moral authority to criticize China. This is believed to be a reference to the 1970 Kent State shootings.[4]

Significance

At the time of the Tiananmen Square protests, Deng's only official title was that of the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, serving as the Commander-in-Chief, which means that he held ultimate control of the army. Deng delivered the speech in this capacity, as to not overstep his 'official' titles, but in reality it also gave an impression that he was in firm control and the country was no longer at risk of a civil war or uprising. The speech acted to clarify any doubt in the party line for lower level officials and among the general populace.[5] Party organizations organized citizens to study the contents of the speech.[5]

Prior to the speech, to avoid speculation that he was ruling from 'behind the throne', Deng had shied away from public appearances for the duration of the protests - with the notable exceptions of appearing at the state funeral of former CCP general secretary Hu Yaobang, and meeting Soviet general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev in mid-May. However, CCP general secretary Zhao Ziyang's comment to Gorbachev that Deng is still the paramount authority in China put Deng back into the spotlight both among the Chinese public and international media. While the Speech was unequivocal in its support for the Army's actions, it also insisted on continuing economic reform policies that have become a hallmark of Deng's tenure. Nonetheless, Deng's economic policies lost significant traction within the party following the protests, and the rigour of reform was not renewed until his nanxun ("Southern Tour") in 1992.

References

  1. ^ Fewsmith, Joseph (1994). Dilemmas of reform in China: political conflict and economic debate. M.E. Sharpe. p. 251. ISBN 978-1-56324-328-8.
  2. ^ a b c Vogel, Ezra F. (2011). Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 641–2. ISBN 978-0-674-05544-5.
  3. ^ a b c d Deng, Xiaoping. "June 9 Speech to Martial Law Units". Tiananmen Square Chronology. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
  4. ^ "Deng's 9 June Speech". World Affairs. 3. 152. June 28, 1989. JSTOR 20672226.
  5. ^ a b "Deng's June 9 Speech: 'We Faced a Rebellious Clique' and 'Dregs of Society'". New York Times. June 30, 1989. Retrieved May 1, 2012.

Read other articles:

Phil Jagielka Jagielka bermain untuk Everton pada 2015Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Philip Nikodem Jagielka[1]Tanggal lahir 17 Agustus 1982 (umur 41)Tempat lahir Sale, Greater Manchester, InggrisTinggi 1,83 m (6 ft 0 in)[2]Posisi bermain Bek TengahKarier junior1998–2000 Sheffield UnitedKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2000–2007 Sheffield United 254 (18)2007–2019 Everton 322 (14)2019–2021 Sheffield United 16 (0)2021–2022 Derby County 20 (0)2022...

 

 

ChelmonRentang fosil: 23–0 jtyl PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Miocene to Present[1] Chelmon rostratus Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Chordata Kelas: Actinopterygii Ordo: Perciformes Famili: Chaetodontidae Genus: ChelmonCloquet, 1817 Spesies[2] Chelmon marginalis J. Richardson, 1842 Chelmon muelleri Klunzinger, 1880 Chelmon rostratus (Linnaeus, 1758) Chelmon adalah genus ikan bersirip kipas laut dalam famili Chaetodontidae (ikan kepe-kepe). Mereka adalah s...

 

 

In mathematics, the Rogers–Ramanujan identities are two identities related to basic hypergeometric series and integer partitions. The identities were first discovered and proved by Leonard James Rogers (1894), and were subsequently rediscovered (without a proof) by Srinivasa Ramanujan some time before 1913. Ramanujan had no proof, but rediscovered Rogers's paper in 1917, and they then published a joint new proof (Rogers & Ramanujan 1919). Issai Schur (1917) independent...

Marching band sekolah menengah atas tampil di pertunjukan paruh waktu Chick-fil-A Bowl 2006. Amy Gilliom bernyanyi pada pertunjukan paruh waktu Hawaii Bowl 2007. Pertunjukan paruh waktu (Inggris: halftime show) adalah pertunjukan hiburan pada waktu istirahat, antara paruh pertama dan paruh kedua suatu pertandingan olahraga. Pertunjukan seperti ini tidak dilakukan pada cabang olahraga yang durasi satu babaknya tidak pasti, misalnya: tinju atau bisbol. Pertunjukan paruh waktu zaman modern b...

 

 

Chief of the Tsleil-Waututh Nation, actor For the Welsh rugby player, see Dan George (rugby union). ChiefDan GeorgeOCBornGeswanouth Slahoot(1899-07-24)July 24, 1899Tsleil-Waututh, North Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaDiedSeptember 23, 1981(1981-09-23) (aged 82)North Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaOccupationsAuthorpoetactorYears active1951–1981RelativesLee Maracle (granddaughter)Charlene Aleck (granddaughter)Joan Phillip (granddaughter)Columpa Bobb (great-granddaughter) Chi...

 

 

British statute law on confiscation and money laundering For the Australian law of the same name, see Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Australia). This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) United Kingdom legislationPr...

2014 single by Chris Brown LoyalCover artwork for the album versionSingle by Chris Brown featuring Lil Wayne and Tygafrom the album X ReleasedDecember 19, 2013 (2013-12-19) (East and West Coast versions)March 24, 2014 (2014-03-24) (album version)Recorded2013StudioGlenwood Place (Burbank, California)[1]GenreHip hopR&Bpop[2]Length4:24 (West Coast, East Coast, and album versions)6:02 (extended remix)LabelRCASongwriter(s)Christopher BrownTyrone Gr...

 

 

1st episode of the 1st season of Batman Hi Diddle RiddleBatman episodeEpisode no.Season 1Episode 1Directed byRobert ButlerWritten byLorenzo Semple Jr.Production code6028-Pt. 1Original air dateJanuary 12, 1966 (1966-01-12)Guest appearancesMichael Fox Jack Barry Ben Astar, Damian O'Flynn William Dozier, Jill St. John Richard Reeves (uncredited)Special Guest Villain: Frank Gorshin as The RiddlerEpisode chronology ← Previous— Next →Smack in the Middle List ...

 

 

British costume designer John MolloBorn(1931-03-18)18 March 1931London, EnglandDied25 October 2017(2017-10-25) (aged 86)Froxfield, Wiltshire, EnglandOccupation(s)Costume designer, authorYears active1970–2003Spouses Ann Farquharson ​ ​(m. 1956; div. 1966)​ Louise Pongracz ​(m. 1968)​Children1RelativesAndrew Mollo (brother) John Mollo (18 March 1931 – 25 October 2017) was a British costume designer and wr...

Zoo in South Africa Johannesburg ZooWhite oryx at the Johannesburg Zoo26°09′59″S 28°02′17″E / 26.166375°S 28.038186°E / -26.166375; 28.038186 (Johannesburg Zoo)Date opened22 March 1904; 120 years ago (1904-03-22)[1]LocationJohannesburg, South AfricaLand area81 ha (200 acres)[2]No. of animals2,000[2]No. of species320[2]Annual visitors515,623 (2019)[3]: 254 MembershipsWAZA&...

 

 

Ukrainian footballer Ivan Petriak Petriak in 2017Personal informationFull name Ivan Yevhenovych PetryakDate of birth (1994-03-13) 13 March 1994 (age 30)Place of birth Smila, UkraineHeight 1.71 m (5 ft 7 in)[1]Position(s) MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team Polissya Zhytomyr (on loan from Shakhtar Donetsk)Number 10Youth career2005–2007 Sports School #15 Kyiv2007–2008 Olympic Reserve School Kyiv2008–2010 Knyazha Shchaslyve2010–2011 RVUFK KyivSenior career*...

 

 

2007 single by Fergie featuring Ludacris GlamorousSingle by Fergie featuring Ludacrisfrom the album The Dutchess B-sideTrueReleasedJanuary 23, 2007 (2007-01-23)Recorded2006Genre R&B pop Length4:06Label A&M will.i.am Interscope Songwriter(s) Stacy Ferguson Jamal Jones William Adams Elvis Williams Christopher Bridges Producer(s)Polow da DonFergie singles chronology Fergalicious (2006) Glamorous (2007) Big Girls Don't Cry (2007) Ludacris singles chronology Runaway ...

This is a list of diplomatic missions of Palau, and it also includes a list of the Palauan Consulates. The Republic of Palau, a small Pacific island state in a Compact of Free Association with the United States, only has a small number of diplomatic missions and consulates. Diplomatic missions of Palau Diplomatic missions This is a list of Palauan embassies and consulates: Host country Host city Mission Year opened Continent Concurrent accreditation Ref.  Japan Tokyo Embassy 1999 Asia C...

 

 

Asfivirus TaksonomiSuperdomainBiotaDomainVirusDuniaVaridnaviriaKerajaanBamfordviraeFilumNucleocytoviricotaKelasPokkesviricetesOrdoAsfuviralesFamiliAsfarviridaeGenusAsfivirus Tipe taksonomiAfrican swine fever virus lbs Asfivirus adalah genus virus yang hanya memiliki satu spesies, yaitu virus demam babi afrika yang menyebabkan penyakit demam babi afrika. Virus ini merupakan satu-satunya genus dalam famili Asfarviridae.[1] Virus ini dikelompokkan dalam grup I dalam sistem klasifikasi Ba...

 

 

River in east Cornwall, England Prior's Bridge and the River Kensey The River Kensey is a river in east Cornwall, England, UK which is a tributary of the River Tamar. The river rises at Kensey in the parish of Treneglos and flows generally east to the south of Tresmeer and Egloskerry and then divides the town of Launceston from its suburb Newport before flowing into the Tamar about a mile east of Launceston.[1] References ^ Ordnance Survey One-inch Map of Great Britain; Bodmin and Lau...

Political status of a disputed territory in the Balkans This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2022)This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The political status of Kosovo, also known as the Kosovo question, is the subject of a long-runni...

 

 

County in Wisconsin, United States County in WisconsinForest CountyCountyForest County CourthouseLocation within the U.S. state of WisconsinWisconsin's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 45°40′N 88°47′W / 45.67°N 88.78°W / 45.67; -88.78Country United StatesState WisconsinFounded1885SeatCrandonLargest cityCrandonArea • Total1,046 sq mi (2,710 km2) • Land1,014 sq mi (2,630 km2) • Water3...

 

 

State park in New York State, United States Darien Lakes State ParkView of Harlow Lake at Darien Lakes State ParkLocation of Darien Lakes State Park within New York StateTypeState parkLocation10475 Harlow Road Darien Center, New York[1]Nearest cityBatavia, New YorkCoordinates42°54′N 78°26′W / 42.90°N 78.43°W / 42.90; -78.43Area1,845 acres (7.47 km2)[2]Operated byNew York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic PreservationV...

克羅埃西亞暱稱Barakude (The Barracudas)協會克羅埃西亞水球協會總會LEN (歐洲)總教練伊维察·图察克助理教練Ivan AsićPero Kuterovac隊長安德罗·布什列FINA代碼CRO奧運參賽次數6 (首次參賽1996)最佳成績01 ! (2012)世界錦標賽參賽次數9 (首次參賽1994)最佳成績01 ! (2007)世界聯賽參賽次數10 (首次參賽2002)最佳成績01 ! (2012)歐洲錦標賽參賽次數12 (首次參賽1993)最佳成績01 ! (2010)地中海�...

 

 

British Protestant missionary in China This article is about the missionary to China. For other uses, see Hudson Taylor (disambiguation). James Hudson TaylorTaylor in 1893 with a handwritten note and signaturePersonalBorn(1832-05-21)21 May 1832Barnsley, Yorkshire, United KingdomDied3 June 1905(1905-06-03) (aged 73)Changsha, Hunan, ChinaReligionChristianitySpouseMaria Jane Taylor(née Dyer);Jennie Taylor(née Faulding)Parent(s)James TaylorAmelia HudsonAlma materLondon Hospital Medica...