Juncus bufonius

Juncus bufonius
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Juncaceae
Genus: Juncus
Species:
J. bufonius
Binomial name
Juncus bufonius

Juncus bufonius, known commonly as toad rush, is a widespread flowering plant species complex in the rush family Juncaceae.[1][2][3]

Distribution

Its native range is circumpolar throughout tropical, subtropical, subarctic, and temperate climate areas of the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere.[1][4][5][6][7] [8] It is also widely distributed as an introduced species in suitable habitats worldwide. It grows in moist and muddy places, often in wetlands and riparian areas.[9]

In habitats where it is not native and has naturalized it may be considered a weed. The relationship of North America plants to the Eurasian Juncus ranarius is weakly delineated.[3]

Description

Juncus bufonius is an annual monocot that is quite variable in appearance. It is generally a green clumping grasslike rush, with many thin stems wrapped with few threadlike leaves.[3]

The flowers are borne in inflorescences and also in the joint where the inflorescence branches off of the stem. It is a grassy flower folded within tough bracts and sepals.[3] The blooming period is March to May in the Northern Hemisphere and September to November in the Southern Hemisphere.[9]

Varieties

Varieties include:[9]

  • Juncus bufonius var. bufonius — North America.[10]
  • Juncus bufonius var. congestus — North America.[11]
  • Juncus bufonius var. occidentalis — North America.[12]
  • Juncus bufonius var. rechingeri — South Asia.[6]

References

  1. ^ a b GRIN-Global Web v 1.9.4.2: Taxonomy of Juncus bufonius
  2. ^ USDA: Juncus bufonius
  3. ^ a b c d Jepson: Juncus bufonius
  4. ^ Efloras.org: Juncus bufonius in Flora of North America
  5. ^ Efloras.org: Juncus bufonius in Flora of China
  6. ^ a b Efloras.org: Juncus bufonius in Flora of Pakistan
  7. ^ Online Field Guide to Common Saltmarsh Plants of Queensland
  8. ^ PIER Profile: Juncus bufonius
  9. ^ a b c Calflora: Juncus bufonius
  10. ^ Calflora: Juncus bufonius var. bufonius
  11. ^ Calflora: Juncus bufonius var. congestus
  12. ^ Calflora: Juncus bufonius var. occidentalis
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