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Juan Garrido
Juan Garrido
	Dark-skinned conquistador in the Codex Azcatitlan, possibly Garrido himself.
Born	c. 1480; Kingdom of Kongo
Died	1550 (aged 69–70); New Spain, Spanish Empire
Occupation	Conquistador
Employer	Hernan Cortés

Juan Garrido (c. 1480^[1] – c. 1550^[2]) was an Afro-Spaniard of Kongo origin conquistador known as the first documented Bantu person in what would become the United States. Born in the Kingdom of Kongo in West Central Africa, he went to Portugal as a young man. In converting to Catholicism, he chose the Spanish name Juan Garrido ("Handsome John"). He is the first known free African to arrive in North America.^[1]

He participated in the Spanish conquests of Cuba by Diego Velázquez and the expeditions to Florida by Juan Ponce de León. By 1519, he had joined Cortes's forces and invaded present-day Mexico, participating in the siege of Tenochtitlan. He married and settled in Mexico City, where he was the first known farmer to have sowed wheat in America. He continued to serve with Spanish forces for more than 30 years, including expeditions to western Mexico and to the Pacific.^[3]

He is considered the prime example of black conquistador, although in reality the presence of Africans and mulattos in the Hispanic ranks had already became a widespread occurrence after the first decade of the 16th century.^[4] Other examples of black conquistadors included Beatriz de Palacios, Juan Valiente, Juan García Pizarro, Juan de Villanueva, Pedro Fulupo and Antonio Pérez.^[5]^[6] The presence of black people was shocking to Mesoamericans, who called them teucacatzactli ("black deities") in Nahuatl.^[7]

Early life

Garrido was born in the Kingdom of Kongo situated in West Central Africa^[8] in about 1480,^[9] and came to Portugal as a youth.^[8] Crossing the Atlantic and arriving in Santo Domingo, Hispaniola in 1502 or 1503, Garrido was among the earliest Africans to reach the Americas. He was one of numerous Africans who had joined expeditions from Seville to the Americas.^[2] From the beginning of Spanish presence in the Americas, Africans participated as voluntary expeditionaries, conquistadors, and auxiliaries.^[10] He gained experience in deployments around the Caribbean, among them the conquest of Cuba by Diego Velázquez in 1508, as well as the expeditions of Juan Ponce de León in search of gold in Florida in 1513.

Conquest of the Aztec Empire

Garrido formed part of the expedition of Hernán Cortés in 1519. He might have been associated to conquistador Pedro Garrido, as it was common for Spaniards to give their surnames to their black auxiliars, free or slave. Alternatively, he could have been part of the entourage of conquistador Juan Núñez Sedaño, who according to chronicler Bernal Díaz del Castillo brought a black man in his entourage due to his wealth.^[5]^[11] Díaz del Castillo states black slaves or servants were still rare, leading some historians to the belief that Sedaño's retainer could not be other than Garrido, although in reality Diego Durán and Cortés' own writings talk about a plural of blacks in the expedition.^[12]

Others authors believe Garrido actually arrived later with the contingent of Pánfilo de Narváez, only joining Cortés after Narváez's troops abandoned him after the Battle of Cempoala.^[5] African presence in this second expedition seems to have been high. At least two additional black conquistadors arrived with Narváez: the Portuguese Sebastián de Évora, who would discover the Évora or Mocorito river in Sinaloa, and the Spanish conquistadora Beatriz de Palacios, wife to the white soldier Pedro de Escobar. The expedition also included an African jester, Guidela, and the slave Francisco de Eguía, who accidentally introduced smallpox in Mesoamerica after falling ill in Cempoala.^[7]

Historian Ricardo Alegría proposed Garrido might be actually another name for Juan Cortés, a black slave owned by Hernán Cortés himself who gets mentioned in the chronicles of Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas and Francisco Cervantes de Salazar.^[7]^[13] In his relevant instance in the chronicle, after the Spanish and Tlaxcaltecs retreat from the la Noche Triste, a lone Aztec warrior challenged them on the road to a singles combat, leading Juan Cortés and conquistador Alonso de Moguer to come out of the ranks to answer the challenge. The duels never took place, as the Aztec fled, possibly attempting an ambush.^[14]

By 1520, the expedition achieved the Fall of Tenochtitlan. In 1520, Garrido built a chapel to commemorate the many Spanish killed in battle that year by the Aztecs. It now stands as the Church of San Hipólito. Garrido married and settled in Mexico City, where he and his wife had three children. Restall ^[who?](2000) credits him with the first harvesting of wheat planted in New Spain.

After the conquest

Garrido and other blacks were also part of expeditions to Michoacán in the 1520s. Nuño de Guzmán swept through that region in 1529–30 with the aid of black auxiliaries.^[15]^[16]

In 1538, hoping for some rewards or benefits for his 30 years of service as a conquistador, Garrido provided following testimony to the King of Spain, requesting a royal pension:

"I, Juan Garrido, black in color, resident of this city [Mexico], appear before Your Mercy and state that I am in need of providing evidence to the perpetuity of the king [a perpetuidad rey], a report on how I served Your Majesty in the conquest and pacification of this New Spain, from the time when the Marqués del Valle [Cortés] entered it; and in his company I was present at all the invasions and conquests and pacifications which were carried out, always with the said Marqués, all of which I did at my own expense without being given either salary or allotment of natives [repartimiento de indios] or anything else. As I am married and a resident of this city, where I have always lived; and also as I went with the Marqués del Valle to discover the islands which are in that part of the southern sea [the Pacific] where there was much hunger and privation; and also as I went to discover and pacify the islands of San Juan de Buriquén es de Puerto Rico; and also as I went on the pacification and conquest of the island of Cuba with the adelantado Diego Velázquez; in all these ways for thirty years have I served and continue to serve Your Majesty—for these reasons stated above do I petition Your Mercy. And also because I was the first to have the inspiration to sow wheat here in New Spain and to see if it took; I did this and experimented at my own expense.^[17]"

Garrido's letter had the desired effect as he was compensated for his services with land and money.

References

^ ^a ^b "Juan Garrido (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
^ ^a ^b Peter Gerhard, "A Black Conquistador in Mexico," The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 58, No. 3 (August 1978), pp. 451-459
^ Alegría, Ricardo E. (2004). Juan Garrido: el conquistador negro en las Antillas, Florida, México y California (in Spanish). Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y el Caribe. pp. 6, 127–138. ISBN 978-0-942347-92-0.
^ De la Serna (2005), p. 29.
^ ^a ^b ^c Davis (1995).
^ De la Serna (2005).
^ ^a ^b ^c Ortiz (1987), p. 312.
^ ^a ^b Martone, Eric (2008). Encyclopedia of Blacks in European History and Culture [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-313-34449-7.
^ Restall, Matthew (2021). Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest: Updated Edition. Oxford University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-19-753731-2.
^ Restall 2004, p. 172
^ De la Serna (2005), p. 230.
^ De la Serna (2005), p. 31.
^ De la Serna (2005), p. 30-31.
^ Cervantes de Salazar, capítulo CXXIX
^ Benedict Warren, The Conquest of Michoacán: The Spanish Domination of the Tarascan Kingdom in Western Mexico, 1521–1530 (Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1985)
^ James Krippner-Martínez, "The Politics of Conquest: An Interpretation of the 'Relación de Michoacán'," The Americas 47:2 (October 1990), pp. 177-98
^ The opening of Juan Garrido's evidence (petitionary proof of merit) of September 27, 1538; Archivo General de Indias, Seville (hereafter AGI), México 204, f.1; a facsimile of this first page, and a transcription of the whole document, appear in Ricardo E. Alegría, Juan Garrido: el conquistador negro en las Antillas, Florida, México y California (San Juan: Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y El Caribe, 1990).