Joyce Wieland

Joyce Wieland
OC RCA
Born(1930-06-30)June 30, 1930
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
DiedJune 27, 1998(1998-06-27) (aged 67)
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
EducationCentral Technical School, Toronto
Known forFilmmaker, painter
SpouseMichael Snow (1956-1976)
AwardsRoyal Canadian Academy of Arts, Order of Canada (1982), Toronto Arts Foundation's Visual Arts Award

Joyce Wieland OC RCA (June 30, 1930 – June 27, 1998) was a Canadian experimental filmmaker and mixed media artist.[1] Wieland found success as a painter when she began her career in Toronto in the 1950s. In 1962, Wieland moved to New York City and expanded her career as an artist by including new materials and mixed media work. During that time, she also rose to prominence as an experimental filmmaker and soon, institutions such as the Museum of Modern Art in New York were showing her films.[2] In 1971, Wieland's True Patriot Love exhibition was the first solo exhibition by a living Canadian female artist at the National Gallery of Canada.[2] In 1982, Wieland received the honour of an Officer of the Order of Canada[3] and in 1987, she was awarded the Toronto Arts Foundation's Visual Arts Award. She was also a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.[4]

Biography

Early life and education

Wieland was born on June 30, 1930, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada to British immigrant parents. She was the daughter of Sydney Arthur Wieland and Rosetta Amelia Watson.[5] Wieland's father died from heart disease in 1937, and her mother followed soon after, leaving three children in financially difficult circumstances.[6] Joyce Wieland's aptitude for art was first expressed during her youth, when she made many drawings and comic books.

As a teenager, she attended Central Technical School, where she studied commercial art and graphic design. Wieland first enrolled in dress design and hoped it would help her land a job since she thought art would not be financially rewarding.[7] However, at Central Tech, she met Doris McCarthy who taught at the school. McCarthy's artistic identity inspired Wieland to pursue her own.[2] She saw potential in Wieland and convinced her to transfer into the art department.[8]

Career

After graduating in 1948, Wieland held various jobs as a graphic designer. Wieland's first job was with E.S. & A. Robinson in design packaging,[9] followed by work as a designer at Planned Sales. While working for these agencies, Wieland interacted with many artists and fellow alumni from Central Tech and the Ontario College of Art. During this time, she also kept focusing on her art but wasn't confident in showing off her work yet.[10]

In the early 1950s, Wieland's interest in art films grew and she started attending the Toronto Film Society screenings where she was introduced to the works of filmmakers such as Maya Deren, who later influenced her own films.[11] In 1953, Wieland joined Graphic Associates, an animation studio where she learned techniques she would later apply in her own films.[12]

She had her first solo exhibition in 1960 at the Isaacs Gallery in Toronto, making her the only woman that the prestigious gallery represented and earning her greater recognition for her work.[13] She moved to New York in 1962 and throughout the decade produced most of her experimental films. One of these films is Rat Life and Diet in North America (1968), which presents animals as its main characters. The film is a metaphor for revolution and escape, where cats are the oppressors and the gerbils are the oppressed. The gerbils represent political prisoners in the United States who make their way to freedom in Canada.[14] Rat Life and Diet in North America is an example of how Wieland's concern with political issues, nationalism, symbols, and myths was represented aesthetically through her works.[15]

Wieland's self-identification as a feminist in an era of second wave of feminism also manifested itself through aesthetic means and played an important part in her career as an artist.[16] However, her visual-art practice's popularity remained confined within Canada.[2]

Wieland returned to Toronto in 1971. She said she could not make art anymore in America due to its ideological orientation.[2] Her 1976 film, The Far Shore, had had "devastating appraisals and dismal box office receipts".[17] Following this, her next project—a dramatization of Margaret Laurence's iconic 1974 novel The Diviners — did not get off the ground.[17] In 1987 a retrospective of her work at the Art Gallery of Ontario presented a critical overview of both her visual art practice and her experimental films.[2]

Work

Joyce Wieland was a central figure in Canadian art during the 1960s and 1970s. Though, she began her career as a painter, her work came to explore a wide range of materials and media, including film. The 1960s were a productive time for Wieland, as she responded to the contemporary artistic trends of Pop art and Conceptual art. Joanne Sloane maintains in Joyce Wieland: Life & Work that her encounters with these influences "were always original and idiosyncratic."[18] Sloane identifies the several consistent bodies of Wieland's work that emerged throughout the 1960s as: "quasi-abstract paintings that reveal messages, signs, or erotic drawings; collages and sculptural assemblages; filmic paintings; disaster paintings; plastic film-assemblages; quilts and other fabric-based objects; and language-based works."[18] Her art was often infused with humour, even as it engaged with issues of war, gender, ecology, and nationalism.[18]

Internationally, Wieland is best known as an experimental feminist filmmaker.[19] Her works introduced physical manipulation of the filmstrip that inscribed an explicitly female craft tradition into her films while also playing with the facticity of photographed images. Wieland's output was small but received considerable attention in comparison to other female avant-garde filmmakers of her time. In the 1980s, Wieland focused again on painting, though her representation of the natural environment became less identifiably Canadian[18] and her themes simply ones of nature, love and life.[20]

Personal life

In 1956, Wieland married filmmaker Michael Snow, whom she had met through her job at the animation studio. They remained married for over twenty years until their divorce in 1976. In 1962, Wieland and Snow moved to New York where they lived until 1971.[21]

After she moved back to Toronto in 1971, Wieland maintained a studio practice there until her death on June 27, 1998, from Alzheimer's disease, aged 67.[22]

Barren Ground Caribou, a fabric installation by Joyce Wieland at Spadina subway station in Toronto.

She was the aunt of filmmaker and video artist Su Rynard.[23]

Filmography

Year Title
1956 Tea in the Garden
1958 A Salt in the Park
1963 Larry's Recent Behaviour
1964 Patriotism
1964 Patriotism, Part II
1965 Water Sark
1965 Barbara's Blindness (co-directed with Betty Ferguson)
1964-66 Peggy's Blue Skylight
1967-68 Handtinting
1967-68 1933
1967-68 Sailboat
1968 Rat Life and Diet in North America
1969 Dripping Water (co-directed with Michael Snow)
1969 Cat Food
1969 Reason Over Passion
1972 Pierre Vallières
1973 Solidarity
1976 The Far Shore
1984 A and B in Ontario (co-directed with Hollis Frampton)
1972-86

Films about Joyce Wieland

Visual art

  • Untitled (Young Couple) (c.1959) (National Gallery of Canada)
  • The Lovers No.23 (1961) (National Gallery of Canada)
  • Red Fall (1962) (National Gallery of Canada)
  • Boat (Homage to D.W. Griffith) (1963) (Private Collection)
  • Boat Tragedy (1964) (Art Gallery of Ontario)
    • This piece includes a multi-framed painting of a sinking sailboat. Variations on this work include sinking boats, ocean liners, and plane crashes.[25]
  • The Camera's Eyes (1966) (Art Gallery of Hamilton)
  • Man Has Reached Out and Touched the Tranquil Moon (1970) (National Gallery of Canada)
  • Barren Ground Caribou (1978) (Spadina Subway Station TTC)
  • The Birth of Perception (1981) (National Gallery of Canada)

Influences on other work

In 2014, the focus of artist Mark Clintberg's Fogo Island residency was a quilted response to Wieland's work Reason Over Passion.[26] The original work, made in both English and French, was inspired by the motto of the then-Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau. The quilt was infamously torn apart by his wife, Margaret Trudeau, in a fit of rage at his cold logic during an argument.[27] In her autobiography Beyond Reason (1979), Trudeau narrates that encounter:

One day I did what in Pierre’s eyes was the unforgivable. We were having a frosty argument about clothes, and suddenly I flew into the most frenzied temper. I tore off up the stairs to the landing where a Canadian quilt, designed by Joyce Weyland [sic] and lovingly embroidered in a New York loft with Pierre’s motto, ‘La raison avant la passion,’ was hanging. (Its bilingual pair was in the National Gallery.) Shaking with rage at my inability to counter his logical, reasoned arguments, I grabbed at the quilt, wrenched off the letters and hurled them down the stairs at him one by one, in an insane desire to reverse the process, to put passion before reason just this once. Pierre was icy. Vandalizing a work of art; how low could I sink? (Hildegard sewed them all on again, invisibly and without comment, the next morning.). All of it seemed beyond reason to me.

Clintberg's response, sewn in collaboration with the Wind and Waves Artisans' Guild, turns Wieland's work on its head, formally and literally as each piece of the quilt is stitched "wrong"-side up exposing its soft-coloured underbelly. Moreover in the figurative sense, his re-imagining renewed the need for passion instead of reason that Margaret pleaded in her rage. Unlike Wieland's quilts, which hung on the wall, Clintberg's quilts are placed on a random bed each night at the Fogo Island Inn.[28]

Awards

Legacy

The year 2025 begins a year-long celebration of her work with a major travelling exhibition titled Joyce Wieland: Heart-On organized by the Art Gallery of Ontario and Montreal Museum of Fine Arts.[30]

References

  1. ^ Nowell, Iris (2001-09-01). Joyce Wieland: A Life in Art (Ill ed.). ECW Press. ISBN 9781550224764.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Sloan, Johanne. Joyce Wieland: Life & Work. Toronto: Art Canada Institute, 2014.
  3. ^ "Ms. Joyce Wieland". www.gg.ca. Governor General of Canada. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  4. ^ Zemans, Joyce. "Joyce Wieland". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2016-10-17.
  5. ^ Lind, Jane (2001). Artist on Fire. Toronto, ON: J. Lorimer. p. 25.
  6. ^ Lind, Jane (2001). Artist on Fire. Toronto, ON: J. Lorimer. pp. 44–46.
  7. ^ Nowell, Iris (2001). Joyce Wieland: A Life in Art. Toronto, ON: ECW Press. pp. 55–56.
  8. ^ Nowell, Iris (2001). Joyce Wieland: A Life in Art, Toronto, ON: ECW Press, pp. 56-57
  9. ^ Lind, Jane (2001). Artist on Fire. Toronto, ON: J. Lorimer. p. 64
  10. ^ Nowell, Iris (2001). Joyce Wieland: A Life in Art. Toronto, ON: ECW Press. pp. 68-69.
  11. ^ Nowell, Iris (2001). Joyce Wieland: A Life in Art. Toronto, ON: ECW Press, pg. 78.
  12. ^ "Joyce Wieland", The Collections at the National Gallery of Canada; retrieved April 12, 2013.
  13. ^ "Joyce Wieland", Celebrating Women's Achievements. Library and Archives Canada; retrieved April 12, 2013.
  14. ^ Elder, Kathryn (1999). The Films of Joyce Wieland. Toronto, ON: Cinematheque Ontario. p. 54.
  15. ^ Holmes-Moss, Kristy A. 2006. Negotiating the nation: "expanding" the work of joyce wieland. Canadian Journal of Film Studies XV (2): 20.
  16. ^ Holmes-Moss, Kristy A. 2006. Negotiating the nation: "expanding" the work of joyce wieland. Canadian Journal of Film Studies XV (2): 21.
  17. ^ a b Armatage, Kay (2007). "Chapter 1: Weiland's Far Shore and Shipman's God's Country". In Melnyk, George (ed.). Great Canadian Film Directors. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: The University of Alberta Press. pp. 4. ISBN 978-0-88864-479-4.
  18. ^ a b c d Sloan, Johanne (2014). Joyce Wieland: Life & Work. Art Canada Institute.
  19. ^ Rabinovitz, Lauren (1999). "The Development of Feminist Strategies in the Experimental Films of Joyce Wieland." Originally published in Film Reader 5 (1982): 132-140. The Films of Joyce Wieland, edited by Kathryn Elder. Toronto: Toronto International Film Festival Group. p. 116. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
  20. ^ Murray, Joan (1999). Canadian Art in the Twentieth Century. Toronto: Dundurn. p. 146. OCLC 260193722. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
  21. ^ Zemans, Joyce. "Joyce Wieland". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  22. ^ Johnson, Brian D. (July 13, 1998). "ADIEU TO TWO PIONEERS: Joyce Wieland 1931-1998, Bill Reid 1920-1998". Maclean's. 111 (28).
  23. ^ Jay Stone, "Director brings her vision to town". Ottawa Citizen, March 24, 2000.
  24. ^ Carole Corbeil, "Capturing power of Wieland's art". The Globe and Mail, September 18, 1987.
  25. ^ Sloan, Johanne (2014). "Boat Tragedy 1964". Archived from the original on March 4, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
  26. ^ "www.markclintberg.com". cargocollective.com. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
  27. ^ davidkbalzer (2011-09-19). "Wieland/Trudeau". David Balzer is a Toronto-based author and critic. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
  28. ^ "Passion Over Reason / La passion avant la raison - www.markclintberg.com". cargocollective.com. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
  29. ^ "Prizes". Canada Council. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  30. ^ "Exhibitions". ago.ca. Art Gallery of Ontario. Retrieved 29 July 2024.

Further reading

  • Elder, Kathryn. The Films of Joyce Wieland, Toronto: Cinematheque Ontario, 1999. ISBN 0-9682969-2-0
  • Holmes-Moss, Kristy A. "Negotiating the Nation: 'Expanding' the Work of Joyce Wieland" Canadian Journal of Film Studies, vol. 15, no. 2, pp 20–43
  • Lind, Jane (2001). Joyce Wieland: Artist on Fire. Toronto: J. Lorimer. ISBN 9781550286953.
  • Nowell, Iris. A Life in Art, Toronto: ECW Press, 2001. ISBN 1-55022-476-X
  • Rabinovitz, Lauren. Points of Resistance. Women, Power & Politics in the New York Avant-garde Cinema, 1943-1971. Second edition. Urbana and Chicago: Univ. of Illinois Press, 2003. ISBN 0-252-07124-7
  • Sloan, Johanne. Joyce Wieland: Life & Work. Toronto: Art Canada Institute, 2014. ISBN 978-1-4871-0040-7
  • Sloan, Johanne. Joyce Wieland's the Far Shore (Canadian Cinema), Univ of Toronto Press, 2010. ISBN 1-4426-1060-3

Read other articles:

Alireza Jahanbakhsh

Alireza Jahanbakhsh Alireza Jahanbakhsh pada 2019Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Alireza Jahanbakhsh[1]Tanggal lahir 11 Agustus 1993 (umur 30)[2]Tempat lahir Gilan, IranTinggi 185 cm (6 ft 1 in)Posisi bermain gelandangNomor 16Karier junior2005–2007 Payam Alborz Qazvin[2]2007–2008 Persian Qazvin[2]2008–2010 Damash Gilan[2]Karier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2010–2011 Damash Tehran 12 (0)2011–2013 Damash Gilan 44 (10)2013–20...

 

Charles dari Rohan

CharlesPangeran SoubiseKelahiran(1715-07-16)16 Juli 1715Palace of Versailles, PrancisKematian1 Juli 1787(1787-07-01) (umur 71)Hôtel de Soubise, Paris, PrancisNama lengkapCharles de RohanAyahJules, Pangeran SoubiseIbuAnne Julie de MelunPasanganAnne Marie Louise de La Tour d'AuvergnePuteri Anne Thérèse dari SavoyLandgravine Anna Viktoria dari Hesse-RotenburgAnakRincianCharlotte, Puteri CondéVictoire, Puteri Guéménée Charles de Rohan (16 Juli 1715 – 1 Juli 1787), adipati Rohan-Roha...

 

Draper Corporation

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Draper Corporation – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Draper CorporationFormer factories of the Draper Corporation in Hopedale, MassachusettsCompany typePrivateIndustryPower looms Abando...

WSDE

Radio station in Cobleskill, New YorkWSDECobleskill, New YorkFrequency1190 kHzBrandingLite 94.3 FM & 1190 AMProgrammingFormatSoft oldies - Adult standards - MORAffiliationsABC News RadioGenesis Communications NetworkUSA Radio NetworkWestwood OneNew York Yankees Radio NetworkNASCAR radio networkOwnershipOwnerEd Sherlock(Schoharie Broadcasting, LLC)HistoryFirst air date1981 (as WSCM)Former call signsWSCM (1980–1995)WDCS (1995–1996)WLAL (1996–1998)WXBH (1998–2004)Call sign meaningSte...

 

North Island temperate forests

North Island temperate forestsEgmont National ParkEcoregion territory (in purple)EcologyRealmAustralasianBiometemperate broadleaf and mixed forestsBordersNorthland temperate kauri forestsGeographyArea84,041 km2 (32,448 sq mi)CountryNew ZealandRegionsBay of PlentyGisborneHawke's BayManawatū-WhanganuiTaranakiWaikato,WellingtonCoordinates39°00′S 176°06′E / 39°S 176.1°E / -39; 176.1ConservationProtected16,274 km² (19%)[1] The North Island ...

 

Eugène Viollet-le-Duc

French architect and author Not to be confused with Violette Leduc. Eugène Viollet-le-DucPhotograph by NadarBornEugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc(1814-01-27)27 January 1814Paris, FranceDied17 September 1879(1879-09-17) (aged 65)Lausanne, SwitzerlandNationalityFrenchOccupationArchitectAwardsRoyal Gold Medal (1864)Signature Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (French: [øʒɛn vjɔlɛ lə dyk]; 27 January 1814 – 17 September 1879) was a French architect and author, famous...

Évariste Galois

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Galois (homonymie). Évariste Galois Évariste Galois vers 15 ou 16 ans [D 1]. Données clés Naissance 25 octobre 1811Bourg-la-Reine (France) Décès 31 mai 1832 (à 20 ans)Paris (France) Nationalité France Résidence France Données clés Domaines Mathématicien Formation École préparatoire Renommé pour Théorie de Galois, corps de Galois Compléments Républicain engagé modifier Évariste Galois, né le 25 octobre 1811 à Bourg-la-Reine et mort ...

 

MarketWatch

American financial information website This article is about the website. For the TV show, see Market Watch. MarketWatchType of siteFinancial InformationHeadquartersNew York CityOwnerDow Jones & CompanyEditorMark DeCambre[1]URLwww.marketwatch.com LaunchedOctober 30, 1997; 26 years ago (1997-10-30)Current statusOnline MarketWatch is a website that provides financial information, business news, analysis, and stock market data. It is a subsidiary of Dow Jones &...

 

Neutral Ground (Louisiana)

Disputed area between Spanish Texas and the Louisiana Purchase For other uses, see No Man's Land (disambiguation). The Neutral Ground The Neutral Ground (also known as the Neutral Strip, the Neutral Territory, and the No Man's Land of Louisiana; sometimes anachronistically referred to as the Sabine Free State) was a disputed area between Spanish Texas and the United States' newly acquired Louisiana Purchase. Local officers of Spain and the United States agreed to leave the Neutral Ground temp...

Baseball & Softball Club Godo

Baseball & Softball Club GodoBaseball Goti Segni distintiviUniformi di gara Casa Trasferta Colori socialirosso e blu Dati societariCittàRussi Nazione Italia ConfederazioneCEB FederazioneFIBS CampionatoSerie A Fondazione1964 Sito webwww.baseball-godo.com PalmarèsImpianto di giocoStadio Antonio Casadio 1.000 posti Il Baseball & Softball Club Godo è un club italiano di baseball di Russi (RA), che prende il nome dalla frazione cittadina di Godo, nel quale ha sede. Milita nella mas...

 

Traitor (film)

2008 thriller movie directed by Jeffrey Nachmanoff TraitorTheatrical release posterDirected byJeffrey NachmanoffScreenplay byJeffrey NachmanoffStory bySteve MartinJeffrey NachmanoffProduced byDavid HobermanTodd LiebermanDon CheadleJeff SilverStarringDon CheadleGuy PearceSaid TaghmaouiNeal McDonoughAlyy KhanJeff DanielsCinematographyJ. Michael MuroEdited byBilly FoxMusic byMark KilianProductioncompaniesOverture FilmsMandeville FilmsHyde Park EntertainmentCrescendo ProductionsDistributed byOver...

 

Da'a'im al-Islam

Book of Ismaili jurisprudence by al-Qadi al-Nu'man This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Da'a'im al-Islam – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of a series onHadith Hadith studies Terminology Sahih hadith Types (categories) Biograp...

بيت علي مهيوب (السبرة)

بيت علي مهيوب (محلة) تقسيم إداري البلد  اليمن المحافظة محافظة إب المديرية مديرية السبرة العزلة عزلة مطاية القرية قرية الكرب السكان التعداد السكاني 2004 السكان 37   • الذكور 14   • الإناث 23   • عدد الأسر 6   • عدد المساكن 5 معلومات أخرى التوقيت توقيت اليمن (+3 غرينيتش) �...

 

Formula Satu musim 1986

Kejuaraan DuniaFormula Satu FIA 1986 Juara Dunia Pembalap: Alain Prost Juara Dunia Konstruktor: Williams-Honda Sebelum: 1985 Sesudah: 1987 Balapan menurut negaraBalapan menurut musim Alain Prost (foto tahun 1984) berhasil memenangkan gelar Kejuaraan Dunia Pembalap untuk yang kedua kalinya secara berturut-turut, membalap untuk tim McLaren. Nigel Mansell (foto tahun 1991), membalap untuk tim Williams, menjadi runner-up di belakang Prost setelah pensiun secara dramatis dari balapan terakhir. Re...

 

Pumice

Extremely vesicular volcanic rock, typically light-colored Not to be confused with pomace. Specimen of highly porous pumice from Teide volcano on Tenerife, Canary Islands. Density of specimen approximately 0.25 g/cm3; scale in centimeters. Kutkhiny Baty, a pumice rock formation outcrop located 4 km from the source of the Ozernaya River (Lake Kurile), near the southern tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. Pumice ( /ˈpʌmɪs/), called pumicite in its powdered or dust form, is a volcani...

عين جلولة

عين جلولة الإحداثيات 35°48′00″N 9°47′00″E / 35.8°N 9.78333333°E / 35.8; 9.78333333   [1] تقسيم إداري  البلد تونس[2]  التقسيم الأعلى ولاية القيروان  معلومات أخرى 3113  رمز جيونيمز 2472888  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   35°48′00″N 9°47′00″E / 35.8°N 9.78333333°E / 35.8; 9.78333333 ع...

 

Wire wrap

Electronic component wiring technique This article is about electronics manufacturing and prototyping techniques. For the jewelry-related topic, see Wire wrapped jewelry. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Wire wrap – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2023) (Learn how and when t...

 

Ogami-san Can't Keep It In

Japanese manga series by Yu Yoshidamaru Ogami-san Can't Keep It InFirst tankōbon volume cover大上さん、だだ漏れです。(Ōgami-san, Dadamore desu)GenreComing-of-age[1]Erotic comedy[2]Romantic comedy[3] MangaWritten byYu YoshidamaruPublished byKodanshaEnglish publisherNA: Kodansha USAImprintAfternoon KCMagazineMonthly AfternoonDemographicSeinenOriginal runOctober 25, 2016 – November 25, 2019Volumes7 Ogami-san Can't Keep It In (Japanese: 大上...

Georges Christiaens

Georges ChristiaensNazionalità Belgio Ciclismo SpecialitàStrada Termine carriera1940 CarrieraSquadre di club 1932-1934 France-Sport1935 France-SportDossche Sport1936 France-SportEssor-Hutchinson1937Ch. Pélissier1938-1939Ch. PélissierGanna1940 HelyettGanna   Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Georges Christiaens (Kooigem, 30 giugno 1930 – Oudenaarde, 13 gennaio 1986) è stato un ciclista su strada belga. Professionista dal 1932 al 1940, conta due succ...

 

Archery at the 2000 Summer Paralympics

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant disc...