Raggedy Ann Stories (1918), The Magical Land of Noom (1922), and other books; Raggedy Ann and Raggedy Andy characters
John Barton Gruelle (December 24, 1880 – January 9, 1938) was an American artist, political cartoonist, children's book and comics author, illustrator, and storyteller. He is best known as the creator of Raggedy Ann and Raggedy Andy dolls and as the author/illustrator of dozens of books. He also created the Beloved Belindy doll.[1] Gruelle also contributed cartoons and illustrations to at least ten newspapers, four major news syndicates, and more than a dozen national magazines. He was the son of Hoosier Group painter Richard Gruelle.
John was exposed to art and literature at an early age. His father, Richard, who was a self-taught portrait and landscape painter who became associated with the Hoosier Group of American Impressionist painters. In addition to Richard Gruelle, the informal group included William Forsyth, T. C. Steele, Otto Stark, and J. Ottis Adams. Another Gruelle family friends was Hoosier poet James Whitcomb Riley, whose poems "The Elf-Child," later titled "Little Orphant Annie" (1885), and "The Raggedy Man" (1888), eventually formed the name for John Gruelle's iconic Raggedy Ann character.[5] Gruelle later honored Riley's memory in his own book, The Orphant Annie Story Book (1921), written in tribute to Riley's famous poem.[4]
John was the eldest child of the Gruelle family, which also included a younger sister, Prudence (1884–1966), and a brother, Justin (1889–1979). Gruelle's parents exposed all three children to music, literature, and art. John, who likely attended public schools in Indianapolis as a youth, became interested in art, and learned drawing from his father.[7][8] Prudence trained as a vocalist in New York City, performed in vaudeville theaters, and married Albert Matzke, an illustrator and watercolorist. She also became an author of children's books and a syndicated newspaper columnist. Justin studied art in Indianapolis and New York City and became a landscape painter, illustrator, and muralist.[9]
Marriage and family
Nineteen-year-old Gruelle met his future wife, Myrtle J. Swann, in Indianapolis, where they were married on March 23, 1901. Marcella, the first of their three children, was born on August 18, 1902, and died on November 8, 1915, at age 13.[8][10] The Gruelles also had two sons, Worth, who became an artist and illustrator, and Richard "Dick" Gruelle.[11] Gruelle's widow, Myrtle (Swann) Gruelle Silsby, who remarried for a brief period in 1945, died on April 25, 1968, at the age of eighty-three.[12]
John and Myrtle Gruelle began their married life in Indianapolis and moved with their young daughter to Cleveland, Ohio.[13] By 1910 they had left Cleveland and moved to the Norwalk, Connecticut, area, where Gruelle's parents had acquired a 16-acre (6.5-hectare) property in Silvermine, a present-day historic district and art colony along the Silvermine River comprising sections of Norwalk, New Canaan, and Wilton, Connecticut.[14][15] Gruelle and his family initially lived in a studio maintained by his father and brother on the former site of the Blanchard Fur Factory until they built a home in the Wilton section of Silvermine.[16] Gruelle's parents, his sister and her husband, and his younger brother also made their home in the Silvermine area.[17] After the death of their daughter, Marcella, in 1915 from an infected smallpox vaccine, John and Myrtle Gruelle moved with their two sons to Norwalk.[18] In addition to being closer to his family, Gruelle's relocation to the East Coast provided him with additional opportunities for freelance work in newspapers and magazines as an artist and journalist.[19]
Gruelle began his career as an illustrator and cartoonist for Indianapolis newspapers. His work was eventually syndicated nationwide. He also completed commissions for illustrations of well-known fairy tales, as well as writing and illustrating his own stories. Gruelle is best known as the creator of a series of stories about a rag doll named Raggedy Ann and her friends. He also created the iconic Raggedy Ann and Raggedy Andy dolls. In addition to becoming a successful commercial artist and illustrator, cartoonist, writer, and businessman, Gruelle was a nature-lover, storyteller, and spiritualist.[21]
Early years
"The Quacky Doodles" 1917 ad by Paramount-Bray Pictographs in Motion Picture News
In the early years of his career Gruelle created political cartoons and single-frame sports comics that appeared in Indianapolis newspapers such as the Indianapolis Star and the Indianapolis Daily Sentinel. In 1903 he became assistant illustrator for the Star.[8][22] Within a few months his political cartoons of a top-hatted crow began to appear on the front page of the Star with witty comments for the day. Gruelle's crow figure also became the Star's weather bird and continued to appear on the newspaper's front page even after Gruelle's death in 1938. (The bird was initially named "Jim Crow," but it was renamed "Joe Crow" in the 1950s.)[19][23]
From 1906 to 1911, his cartoons, usually signed as Grue, appeared in other city newspapers, such as The Toledo News-Bee,[24] the Pittsburgh Press,[25] the Tacoma Times,[26] the Spokane Press,[27] and the Cleveland Press.[19] Gruelle's big break came in 1910–1911, when his two entries for a full-page, comic-drawing contest sponsored by the New York Herald won first and second place among the submissions from 1,500 entrants. His first-place entry, "Mr. Twee Deedle", was syndicated in weekly installments nationwide until 1918.[8][28]
As Gruelle earned notoriety as a cartoonist for the Herald, he also pursued writing and illustrating his own fairy tales. His first major illustrating commission was a single-volume edition of Grimm's Fairy Tales (1914) that included Gruelle's artwork for eleven full-color plates. In other early commission work he illustrated and retold other fairy tales that included the stories of "Cinderella," "Little Red Riding Hood," and "Hansel and Gretel," among others. He also wrote and illustrated My Very Own Fairy Stories (1917), published by P. F. Volland Company, a publisher of inspirational cards, gifts, and books.[29] Beginning with these early stories, Gruelle typically used a "fairy-story-with-a-moral format" to teach the ethical lessons that became a trademark of his work.[19] Gruelle also created a cartoon series in 1917 called Quacky Doodles, produced as part of Bray Productions' weekly Paramount Pictograph productions.[30]
Gruelle's U.S. Patent design for the Raggedy Ann doll
The exact details of the origins of the Raggedy Ann doll and related stories are uncertain.[31] Gruelle biographer Patricia Hall notes that according to an oft-repeated myth, Gruelle's daughter, Marcella, brought from her grandmother's attic a faceless rag doll on which the artist drew a face, and that Gruelle suggested that Marcella's grandmother sew a shoe button for a missing eye. Hall says the date of this supposed occurrence is given as early as 1900 and as late as 1914, with the locale variously given as suburban Indianapolis, Indiana, downtown Cleveland, Ohio, or Wilton, Connecticut. More likely, as Gruelle's wife, Myrtle, told Hall, Gruelle retrieved a long-forgotten, homemade rag doll from the attic of his parents' Indianapolis home sometime around the turn of the 20th century, a few years before the couple's daughter was born.[8][32] As Myrtle Gruelle recalled, "There was something he wanted from the attic. While he was rummaging around for it, he found an old rag doll his mother had made for his sister. He said then that the doll would make a good story."[33] She further explained that her husband "kept [the doll] in his mind until we had Marcella. He remembered it when he saw her play [with] dolls.... He wrote the stories around some of the things she did. He used to get ideas from watching her."[33]
Hall notes another unproven legend states that Gruelle began writing and illustrating the Raggedy Ann stories while his daughter was gravely ill from complications resulting from an infected vaccination, and her death at age 13 inspired him to publish the stories and create the rag doll as a tribute to her memory. Another version of the doll's origins suggests that it appeared as a character in an illustrated poem in one of Gruelle's earlier books.[31][33] Some journalistic sources have continued to repeat the various myths and legends.[34]
A few of the details about the Raggedy Ann doll and its origins are documented. On September 7, 1915, the U.S. Patent Office approved U.S. patent D47789, Gruelle's May 28, 1915, patent application for the design of the prototype that became the Raggedy Ann doll.[35] Gruelle's patent application for the doll's design was already in progress around the time that his daughter, Marcella, became ill. The artist received final approval for the U.S. patent the same month as her death.[33] On June 17, 1915, Gruelle applied for a trademark logo for the Raggedy Ann name, which he formed from a combination of names from two James Whitcomb Riley poems, "The Raggedy Man" and "Little Orphant Annie."[32][35] The P. F. Volland Company published Gruelle's Raggedy Ann Stories (1918), the first in a series of books about his Raggedy Ann rag-doll character and her friends.[35] Both became major successes.[36][17][37] The book's first edition also included Gruelle's own version of the doll's origins and the related stories.[31]
Although the female members of Gruelle's family may have made initial versions of the Raggedy Ann doll in Norwalk, Connecticut, to help market the related books, Gruelle soon established a merchandising agreement with P. F. Volland Company, his primary publisher, to begin manufacturing, selling, and promoting a mass-produced version of the doll.[31] Raggedy Ann books and dolls became major successes.[38] Two years later Gruelle introduced Raggedy Ann's brother, the mischievous and adventuresome Raggedy Andy, in Raggedy Andy Stories (1920).[39] Gruelle also patented his design for a generic male doll (U.S. patent D56149). A short time after its literary debut, Raggedy Andy appeared as a Volland-made doll.[40][41] Gruelle was also awarded design patents for two duck toys in 1915. U.S. patent D47787 is based on his character "Quacky Doodles" and U.S. patent D47788 is based on his character "Danny Daddles."[42] In addition, Gruelle applied for a stuffed elephant toy (U.S. patent D56608) in 1920 and a stuffed bear toy (U.S. patent D59553) in 1921.[43]
Other projects
In addition to the Raggedy Ann books, Gruelle continued to write and illustrate other works for children that included Friendly Stories (1919), another volume of his fairy stories. During the 1920s and 1930s he wrote and illustrated The Magical Land of Noom (1922), published by P. F. Volland Company, and the Orphant Annie Story Book (1921) and Johnny Mouse and the Wishing Stick (1922) for Indianapolis-based publisher Bobbs-Merrill Company. (Bobbs-Merrill became the authorized publisher and licensor for Raggedy Ann-related literary works in 1962.) The success of Gruelle's early books launched his career as a children's author/illustrator. While continuing to work on commissions for newspapers and magazines, he authored and illustrated at least one Raggedy Ann and Raggedy Andy story each year.[44]
On November 27, 1929, the New York Herald Tribune Syndicate launched "Brutus," a domestic-comedy comic strip with elements of fantasy. Gruelle continued to work on this comic strip until his death in 1938.[45]
Gruelle also wrote lyrics for musical compositions that were published as sheet music and songbooks for children. His lyrics in "Raggedy Ann's Sunny Songs" (1930) was set to music by William H. Woodin, a former U. S. Treasury Secretary. (It is likely that one of Gruelle's characters, "Little Wooden Willie," was named for the politician.)[46] Other sheet music included "Beyond the Moon" (1931) with lyrics by Gruelle and Johnny Mercer, music by Guy Stevens; and "Beneath the Southern Skies" (1931) with lyrics by Gruelle and Joan Jasmyn, music by M. K. Jerome. Other Gruelle children's songbooks and recordings include the Richard Wolfe Children's Chorus performing on a recording of "A Raggedy Ann Songbook" (1996).[47]
Later years
Gruelle and his wife relocated from Connecticut, to the Miami, Florida, area in 1932. In his later years Gruelle continued to write and illustrate books such as Raggedy Ann and the Golden Meadow (1935), which was completed with the assistance of his son, Worth. The father-and-son duo also collaborated on a series of illustrated Raggedy Ann proverbs that were syndicated in newspapers. In addition, Gruelle produced humorous cartoons and made public appearances, but took time away from work to pursue his hobby of collecting automobiles. Although the Great Depression of the 1930s caused some setbacks that included the bankruptcy of his primary publisher, P. F. Volland, and a lawsuit for patent and trademark infringement that he finally won on appeal in 1937, Gruelle and his family continued to experience an active life in Florida until stress took its toll on Gruelle's health.[48][49]
Death and legacy
He died unexpectedly of heart failure at his son Worth's home in Miami Springs, Florida, on January 9, 1938, two weeks after his fifty-seventh birthday.[50][51] Following Gruelle's death, his widow, Myrtle (Swann) Gruelle, took legal action to secure the rights to his works, trademarks, and patents. She also continued her efforts to promote his legacy through the Johnny Gruelle Company, the Bobbs-Merrill Company, and other commercial agreements.[52]
In a career that spanned forty years, Gruelle was an author and/or illustrator of dozens of books and contributed cartoons and illustrations to at least ten newspapers, four major new syndicates, and more than a dozen national magazines. Despite the diversity of his work, Gruelle is best known as the illustrator, author, and the creator of the Raggedy Ann doll and related books, illustrations, and characters. By the time of his death in 1938, his first Raggedy Ann book had sold more than 3 million copies.[53][54] The iconic Raggedy Ann and Raggedy Andy dolls that Gruelle designed and their related memorabilia have become sought-after collectors' items.[9]
Gruelle also left a legacy of other artistic and literary works. Although he was inspired by many sources and most of his work was based on traditional European folktales, Gruelle developed his own storytelling style. Many of his stories for children included parables about the virtues of "sharing, compassion, and telling the truth."[55] In addition to his prose, Gruelle used his illustrations to tell stories of magical lands, fanciful animals, and memorable characters, especially Raggedy Ann, Raggedy Andy, and their friends. While his early artwork used a romantic, dreamlike style that frequently included the gold-and-violet palette of his father, among other American Impressionists, Gruelle's later illustrations used a brighter color palette. Animation historian Donald Crafton described Gruelle's illustrations as having a typically "clean, curvilinear style that looks ahead to the Disney graphics of the 1930s."[55]
Cartoonists such as Sidney Smith, Theodor Geisel (Dr. Seuss), and Mary Engelbreit have named Gruelle among those who have inspired their work.[56] Gruelle's own creative work continues through the ongoing production of the Raggedy Ann and Raggedy Andy dolls and related items, numerous reprints of Gruelle's books, and adaptions of his work that includes numerous comic books, audio recordings, animated films, theatrical scripts and screenplays.[57]
"Raggedy Ann in Ashland" was a segment of As It Was, a Southern Oregon Historical Society radio series that aired on Jefferson Public Radio in the early 2000s. The segment relates to the year that Gruelle spent in Ashland, Oregon, in 1923–24.[20]
My Very Own Fairy Stories (1917)[60][61] Republished as Raggedy Ann's Fairy Stories (1928) and Raggedy Ann and Andy's Very Own Fairy Stories (1970)[62]
^Mary Q. Burnet (1921). Art and Artists of Indiana. New York: The Century Company. p. 186. Reprint edition, Evansville, Indiana: Whipporwill Publications, 1985.
^Judith Vale Newton, Jane Eckert, Henry Eckert, and William H. Gerdts (1985). The Hoosier Group: Five American Painters. Indianapolis, Indiana: Eckert Publications. pp. 138–51, and 156. ISBN0961499206.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Hall, Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy, pp. 28, 31–33. See also, Hall, "A Child At Heart," pp. 5–6.
^ abcdeLinda C. Gugin and James E. St. Clair, ed. (2015). Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 143. ISBN978-0-87195-387-2.
^ abJudith V. Newton (Summer 1991). "The Hoosier Group: Painters of the Indiana Landscape". Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. 3 (3). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 12.
^Hall, Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy, p. 93.
^David Oshinsky (February 20, 2015). "The Return of the Vaccine Wars". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on February 21, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2015. Indeed, [the anti-vaccination movement's] most visible symbol was the smiling but entirely limp Raggedy Ann doll created by a popular cartoonist for his daughter, who had fallen ill and would later die, he believed, from a smallpox shot she received without his permission.
^Hall, Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy, p. 178.
^Hall, Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy, p. 184.
^R. E. Banta (1949). Indiana Authors and Their Books, 1816–1916: Biographical sketches of authors who published during the first century of Indiana statehood, with lists of their books. Crawfordsville, Indiana: Wabash College. p. 125. OCLC1044959.
^Patricia Hall (2001). Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle: A Bibliography of Published Works. Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing. pp. 21–22. ISBN9781565541238.
^Illustrated by Justin Gruelle and/or Worth Gruelle. See: Hall, Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle, p. 136. Also: Hall, Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy, p. 201.
^ abcdefIllustrated by Justin C. Gruelle. See: Hall, Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle, p. 37.
^Illustrated by Justin Gruelle. See: Hall, Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle, p. 139.
^Illustrated by Worth Gruelle. See: Hall, Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle, p. 142.
^Illustrated by Justin Gruelle. See: Hall, Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle, p. 143.
^Illustrated by Justin Gruelle. See: Hall, Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle, p. 147.
^ abcdIllustrated by Worth Gruelle with the assistance of Joni Gruelle (Worth Gruelle's daughter) See: Hall, Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle, p. 136.
^ abIllustrated by John E. Hopper. See Hall, Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy, pp. 201–02.
^Unattributed text; based on Gruelle's book, The Paper Dragon; animations by Julian Wehr. See: Hall, Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle, p. 146.
^Color plates by Gruelle; pen-and-ink drawings by R. Emmett Owen. See Hall, Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle, pp. 81, 105.
^Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm (February 1, 2004). Grimm's Fairy Stories. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved November 17, 2013. Free Ebook
^Written by Hector Malot; illustrated by Gruelle. See Hall, Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle, p. 84.
^Unattributed, based on story by Helen Bannerman; illustrated by Gruelle. See Hall, Creator, p. 202.
^Illustrated by Gruelle, David Brett, Maria L. Kirk, et al. See Hall, Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle, p. 93.
^Written by Nina Wilcox Putnam; illustrated by Gruelle. See Hall, Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle, p. 92.
^Written by J. P. McEvoy; illustrated by Gruelle. See Hall, Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle, p. 97.
^Color illustrations by Gruelle; black-and-white illustrations by R. Emmett Owen. Originally published in Grimm's Fairy Tales (1914). See Hall, Johnny Gruelle, Creator of Raggedy Ann and Andy, p. 202.
^Written by Josephine Lawrence; illustrated by Gruelle. See Hall, Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle, p. 106.
^Written by Josephine Lawrence; black-and-white illustrations by Gruelle; color illustrations by Robert Bezucha. See Hall, Raggedy Ann and Johnny Gruelle, p. 126.
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