Born in York, Pennsylvania, Sloane moved to Ohio in early youth. He completed preparatory studies. He served as member of the Ohio House of Representatives from 1803 to 1805 and again in 1807. Sloane served as colonel of militia in the War of 1812.
United States receiver of public moneys at Canton, Ohio from 1808 to 1816 and at Wooster 1816-1819.
Sloane was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Congresses, reelected as an Adams-Clay Republican to the Eighteenth Congress, and elected as an Adams candidate to the Nineteenth and Twentieth Congresses (March 4, 1819 – March 4, 1829). He served as chairman of the Committee on Elections (Seventeenth through Twentieth Congresses).
He was appointed clerk of the court of common pleas of Wayne County in 1831 and served several years. He was the Secretary of State of Ohio, 1841–1844.
Representative from Jefferson and Columbiana Counties 1803–1804 Served alongside: Richard Beeson, Samuel Dunlap, Joseph McKee
District eliminated
New district
Representative from Jefferson County 1804–1806 Served alongside: Thomas McCune, John McLaughlin (1804–1805) Thomas Elliott, John McLaughlin (1805–1806)