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John King
John King
	The Netherbow Port
Orders
Ordination	Clandestinely at Port of Menteith
Personal details
Died	14 August 1679; market-cross Edinburgh
Denomination	Church of Scotland

John King was an outlawed minister of the Covenant, chaplain at one time to Lord Cardross, but seized by Claverhouse among the insurgents after the affair at Drumclog. King was taken to Edinburgh along with another preacher named John Kid. They were each subjected to torture, condemned to death, and executed. Following his death King's head and limbs were displayed at the Netherbow Port on Edinburgh's Royal Mile beside James Guthrie's skull.^[2]^[3]

Life

John King, an outlawed minister of the covenant, fills a somewhat marked place in the episode of Scottish history which includes the battle of Bothwell Bridge. He was domestic chaplain to Henry, 3rd Lord Cardross,^[4] and in 1674 was apprehended for keeping conventicles, with his lordship's connivance.^[5] On that occasion he was brought before the council, and held to bail, to appear when called upon.^[6] In May 1675 he was again arrested at Cardross house for the same offence, being seized in the nighttime, by a party of the guards under Sir Mungo Murray.^[7] Next day a number of country people assembled, from Menteith and Kippen, and rescued him from the military.^[1] Lord Cardross himself was absent from home at the time, but as soon as he heard of his chaplain's arrest, he applied to the Privy Council by petition, complaining of the illegal entrance into his house.^[8] The matter was remitted for enquiry to a committee of the council, who found that the rescue was made with Lord Cardross's acquiescence and connivance. He was therefore ordered to be imprisoned in Edinburgh castle, and fined £1,000 sterling, besides £1,350 Scots, for his tenants attending conventicles.^[9]^[4] An attempt was made to capture King at a conventicle near Cardross in June 1675. One man, Norrie,^[1] was killed defending the preacher who escaped.^[10]

Just previous to the affair at Drumclog in June 1679, King was, on May 31, seized, with fourteen others, in the town of Hamilton, by Colonel Graham of Claverhouse. "There was some pretence," says Wodrow, "to seize King, being a vagrant preacher, and I think intercommuned, but there was no law for seizing the rest."^[11] Some escaping from Hamilton, took the direction of Loudoun Hill, where a large field-meeting was to be held. This led to the skirmish at Drumclog. At Hamilton, Claverhouse first heard of the meeting at Loudonhill, and on Sunday morning, June 1, he set out to disperse it, carrying King and the other prisoners along with him, bound two and two.^[4]

After Drumclog

After the defeat of Claverhouse, the Covenanters pursued the king's troops for some distance, and liberated King and the other prisoners.^[4] King, making for Arran, was recaptured by stratagem on the estate of Blair, in the parish of Dalry, Ayrshire, shortly after the defeat of the covenanters at Bothwell, and was conveyed to Edinburgh.^[12] One of his escort of dragoons, being asked whither they were bound, is said to have answered, 'To carry King to hell.' The same day the dragoon was killed by the accidental discharge of his carbine.^[13]

Trial

After the battle of Bothwell Bridge, King, with another preacher named Kid, was again apprehended, and brought to trial. King was brought before the council on 9 July 1679, along with John Kid.^[13] They pleaded that though found amongst the insurgents, they had taken no share in their proceedings, that they were in fact detained among them by force, that they had refused to preach to them, and, had seized the first opportunity of escaping before the battle. But all was of no avail. They were first subjected to the torture of the boots, and then condemned to death. After several appearances and a futile petition by counsel on their behalf, they were condemned.^[13]^[14]

Hanging and mutilation

Proclamation was made immediately before the execution of an indulgence to the 'outed' ministers, and King and Kid were pressed by Robert Fleming the elder, then a fellow-prisoner, to signify their approval of it, which they resolutely declined to do.^[13]^[15] King and Kid were executed at the cross of Edinburgh on 14 August 1679. Following this, their heads and limbs being severed from their bodies and placed on the Nether Bow port.

Works

King's last speech on the scaffold was printed. In it he makes mention of his wife and one child. The only sermon by him which is known to exist is included in the collection made by John Howie.^[13]

Gabriel Kettledrummle

Sir Walter Scott's character Gabriel Kettledrummle in Old Mortality is supposed to be a distorted picture of John King.^[16] Thomson says: "John King may be supposed to be the prototype of the Rev. Gabriel Kettledrummle in the fiction of Scott. John Howie, in the appendix to the "Faithful Contendings", has given the notes of a sermon by King, and "Naphtali" contains his last speech before execution. The sermon is from the notes of a hearer, and so likely to be an imperfect rendering of what he said. It is, however, very far from being in the manner of Kettledrummle, and still less is this the case with his last speech, which is really worthy of the occasion, and says a great deal both for his tact, his ability, his piety, and his appreciative acquaintance with evangelical truth. The novelist, therefore, when he drew the portrait of the fanatic Covenanting preacher, drew from his powerful imagination, and certainly not from the facts known of the martyred John King."^[17]

References

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c Veitch & Brysson 1825, p. 437.
^ Irving 1881, p. 256.
^ Rogers 1871, p. 40.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Anderson 1877, p. 155.
^ Wodrow 1830, p. 248.
^ Wodrow 1830, p. 270.
^ Wodrow 1830, p. 280.
^ Wodrow 1830, p. 289.
^ Wodrow 1830, p. 291.
^ Blair 1848.
^ Wodrow 1829, p. 69.
^ Hewison 1913, p. 317.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Paton 1892.
^ Wodrow 1835, pp. 132–136.
^ Veitch & Brysson 1825, p. 482.
^ M'Crie 1857, p. pg 70.
^ Thomson 1903, p. 28.

Other sources

Airy, Osmund, ed. (1885). The Lauderdale Papers. Vol. 3 (1673–1689). London: John Bowyer Nichols and Son. pp. 177-179.
Anderson, William (1877). "The Rev. John King". The Scottish nation: or, The surnames, families, literature, honours, and biographical history of the people of Scotland. Vol. 2. A. Fullarton & co. pp. 607. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Blair, Robert (1848). M'Crie, Thomas (ed.). The life of Mr. Robert Blair, minister of St. Andrews, containing his autobiography, from 1593–1636 : with supplement of his life and continuation of the history of the times, to 1680. Edinburgh: Wodrow Society. p. 558-559.
Brown, P. Hume, ed. (1912). The register of the Privy Council of Scotland. 3. Vol. 5 1676/1678. Edinburgh: Published By The Authority Of The Lords Commissioners Of His Majesty's Treasury, Under The Direction Of The Deputy Clerk Register Of Scotland. H.M. General Register House.
Brown, P. Hume, ed. (1912). The register of the Privy Council of Scotland. 3. Vol. 6 1678/1680. Edinburgh: Published By The Authority Of The Lords Commissioners Of His Majesty's Treasury, Under The Direction Of The Deputy Clerk Register Of Scotland. H.M. General Register House.
Brown, James (1867). The epitaphs and monumental inscriptions in Greyfriars Churchyard, Edinburgh. Collected by James Brown ... with an introd. and notes. Edinburgh: J. M. Miller. p. liii.
Bryce, William Moir (1912). History of the Old Greyfriars' Church Edinburgh. Edinburgh: William Green and Sons. p. 114.
Callow, John. "King, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/15573. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Crookshank, William (1812a). The history of the state and sufferings of the Church of Scotland, from the Restoration to the Revolution. With an introd., containing the most remarkable occurrences relating to that Church from the Reformation. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Thomas Turnbull. pp. 297 et passim.
Crookshank, William (1812b). The history of the state and sufferings of the Church of Scotland, from the Restoration to the Revolution. With an introd., containing the most remarkable occurrences relating to that Church from the Reformation. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: Thomas Turnbull. pp. 3 et passim.
Fairley, John A. (1913). Extracts from the Records of the Old Tolbooth from The book of the Old Edinburgh Club. Vol. 6. Edinburgh : The Club. p. 135.
Hamilton, William (1887). The manuscripts of the Duke of Hamilton, K.T. London: Historical Manuscripts Commission.
Hewison, James King (1913). The Covenanters. Vol. 2. Glasgow: John Smith and son. pp. 249, 300–301, 317–318.
Howie, John, ed. (1846). The Last Words and Dying Testimonies of the Scots Worthies, containing The Cloud of Witnesses for the Royal Prerogatives of Jesus Christ, being the last speeches and testimonies of those who suffered for the truth in Scotland, since the year 1680; and Naphtali, or the wrestlings of the Church Of Scotland for The Kingdom Of Christ, together with Other Testimonies Collated From Memoirs of The Lives Of The Worthies, and other valuable historical documents only to be found in old published collections and original manuscripts. Glasgow: W. R. M'Phun.
Howie, John (1870). "Mssrs John Kid and John King". In Carslaw, W. H. (ed.). The Scots worthies. Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson, & Ferrier. pp. 409–411. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Irving, Joseph (1881). The book of Scotsmen eminent for achievements in arms and arts, church and state, law, legislation, and literature, commerce, science, travel, and philanthropy. Paisley: A. Gardner. p. 256. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Johnston, John C. (1887). Treasury of the Scottish covenant. Andrew Elliot. p. 348.
M'Crie, Thomas (1857). M'Crie, Thomas (ed.). Works of Thomas M'Crie, D.D. Volume 4: review of "Tales of my Landlord". Vol. 4. Edinburgh: William Blackwood & sons. pp. 5-128.
M'Crie, Thomas (1846). Sketches of Scottish church history : embracing the period from the Reformation to the Revolution. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: J. Johnstone. pp. 175-177. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Paton, Henry (1892). "King, John (d.1679)". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 31. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 139–140. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Rogers, Charles (1871). Monuments and monumental inscriptions in Scotland. Vol. 2. London: Grampian Club. p. 40.
Shields, Michael; Howie, John (1780). Faithful Contendings Displayed. printed by John Bryce. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Smellie, Alexander (1903). Men of the Covenant: the story of the Scottish church in the years of the Persecution (2 ed.). New York: Fleming H. Revell Co. pp. 238, 251.
Thomson, John Henderson (1871). A cloud of witnesses, for the royal prerogatives of Jesus Christ : being the last speeches and testimonies of those who have suffered for the truth in Scotland, since the year 1680. Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson, & Ferrier. pp. 183, 260, 296, 344, 423.
Thomson, J. H. (1903). Hutchison, Matthew (ed.). The martyr graves of Scotland. Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier. pp. 28-29, 33, 46. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Tutchin, John (1873). The western martyrology (5 ed.). London: J. Blackwood & co. pp. 178-182.
Veitch, William; Brysson, George (1825). M'Crie, Thomas (ed.). Memoirs of Mr. William Veitch, and George Brysson. Edinburgh; London: W. Blackwood; T. Cadell.
Walker, Patrick (1827). Biographia Presbyteriana. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: D. Speare. p. 247.
Walker, Patrick (1901). Fleming, David Hay (ed.). Six saints of the Covenant : Peden: Semple: Welwood: Cameron: Cargill: Smith. Vol. 1. London : Hodder and Stoughton. p. 282.
Wodrow, Robert (1830). Burns, Robert (ed.). The history of the sufferings of the church of Scotland from the restoration to the revolution, with an original memoir of the author, extracts from his correspondence, and preliminary dissertation. Vol. 2. Glasgow: Blackie, Fullarton & co., and Edinburgh: A. Fullarton & co.
Wodrow, Robert (1829). Burns, Robert (ed.). The history of the sufferings of the church of Scotland from the restoration to the revolution, with an original memoir of the author, extracts from his correspondence, and preliminary dissertation and notes, in four volumes. Vol. 3. Glasgow: Blackie Fullerton & Co.
Wodrow, Robert (1835). Burns, Robert (ed.). The history of the sufferings of the church of Scotland from the restoration to the revolution, with an original memoir of the author, extracts from his correspondence, and preliminary dissertation and notes, in four volumes. Vol. 4. Glasgow: Blackie Fullerton & Co. pp. 244.

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Paton, Henry (1892). "King, John (d.1679)". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 31. London: Smith, Elder & Co.