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John Heathcoat
John Heathcoat
	John Heathcoat
Born	7 August 1783; Duffield, Derbyshire
Died	18 January 1861 (aged 77); Tiverton, Devon
Nationality	English
Occupation	Engineer
	Engineering career
Projects	warp-loom; bobbinet

John Heathcoat (7 August 1783 – 18 January 1861) was an English inventor from Duffield, Derbyshire. During his apprenticeship he made an improvement to the warp-loom, so as to produce mitts of a lace-like appearance. He set up his own business in Nottingham but was forced to move away to Hathern in Leicestershire, and after this new factory was attacked by former Luddites in 1816 he moved the business to Tiverton in Devon where it became most successful and established the Tiverton lace-making industry.

Later in life he served as Member of Parliament for Tiverton.

Early life

Heathcoat was born at Duffield near Derby and was apprenticed to a frame-smith at Hathern.^[1]

Career

Leicestershire

During his apprenticeship he made an improvement in the construction of the warp-loom, so as to produce mitts of a lace-like appearance by means of it. He began business on his own account at Nottingham, but finding himself subjected to the intrusion of competing inventors he removed to Hathern (near Loughborough) in Leicestershire. There in 1808 he constructed a machine capable of producing an exact imitation of real pillow-lace.^[2] This machine-made lace was also called "English net" or bobbinet.^[3]

This was by far the most expensive and complex textile apparatus until then existing; and in describing the process of his invention Heathcoat said in 1836, "The single difficulty of getting the diagonal threads to twist in the allotted space was so great that, if now to be done, I should probably not attempt its accomplishment." Some time before perfecting his invention, which he patented in 1809, he removed to Loughborough, where he entered into partnership with Charles Lacy, a Nottingham manufacturer; but in 1816 their factory was attacked by former Luddites, thought to be in the pay of the lacemakers of Nottingham, and their 55 lace frames were destroyed. The damages were assessed in compensation by the King's Bench at £10,000; but as Heathcoat declined to expend the money in the county of Leicester he never received any part of it.^[2]^[1]

Tiverton

Heathcoat bought an unoccupied woollen mill in Tiverton, Devon. In fact he was overseeing work in Tiverton when the attack in Loughborough took place. He wrote to the Mayor of Tiverton, asking for protection for the mill there, and in the letter disclosed:

"I have great apprehension of an immediate attack at this place also. In fact I believe the real cause of this mischief being done is principally, if not wholly, owing to the offence of removing here, and I have been informed upon undoubted authority that the Nottingham Lace Makers have sworn my entire destruction"^[1]

Undaunted by his loss, he continued to construct new and greatly improved machines in his new factory in Tiverton, propelling them by water-power and afterwards by steam. His claim to the invention of the twisting and traversing lace machine was disputed, and a patent was taken out by a clever workman for a similar machine, which was decided at a trial in 1816 to be an infringement of Heathcoat's patent. He followed his great invention by others of much ability, as, for instance, contrivances for ornamenting net while in course of manufacture and for making ribbons and platted and twisted net upon his machines, improved yarn spinning-frames, and methods for winding raw silk from cocoons.^[4] An offer of £10,000 was made to him in 1833 for the use of his processes in dressing and finishing silk nets, but he allowed the highly profitable secret to remain undivulged.^[2]

In 1832 he patented a steam plough,^[5] a full-size version of which was built and demonstrated ploughing Red Moss in Bolton-le-Moors to a Scottish delegation in April 1837.^[6]^[7] The Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland awarded him £100 out of a possible £500 of its prize for creating a steam ploughing engine.^[8]

In 1854 he gave the site for St Paul's Church, Tiverton and in 1856 paid the cost of installing the organ.^[9]

Parliament

Heathcoat was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Tiverton in 1832. Though he seldom spoke in the House of Commons, he was constantly engaged on committees, where his thorough knowledge of business and sound judgment were highly valued. He retained his seat until 1859, and after two years of declining health he died on 18 January 1861 at Bolham House, near Tiverton.^[2]^[10]

Descendants

Heathcoat and his wife Ann had three daughters: (1) Ann Heathcoat (d. 1833), married, 19 August 1826, Samuel Amory (1784-1857) (q.v.) and had one son and one daughter; (2) Eloise Heathcoat (1806-80); died unmarried, 19 December 1880 (3) Caroline Heathcoat (1810-77), married Ambrose Brewin (1811-55), a partner in John Heathcoat & Co. Caroline Brewin founded a School in Tiverton The Brewin School, in Barrington Street in the town. His grandson Sir John Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Baronet was created a baronet in 1874, and built Knightshayes Court in Tiverton, Devon.^[11]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Hornsby, Malcolm. "Loughborough Education". Loughborough.co.uk. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Heathcoat, John". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 159.
^ Earnshaw, Pat (1986). Lace Machines and Machine Laces. p. 70. ISBN 0-7134-4684-6.
^ Reports from Committees: The East India Company's Affairs. Vol. 10. H.M. Stationery Office. 1832. p. 611.
^ GB patent 6267 of 1832, John Heathcoat, Machinery and Apparatus for Draining and Cultivating Land.
^ Heathcote's Steam Plough, Chelmsford Chronicle, 29 December 1837, p4
^ Allen, Martin (2015). "John Heathcoat's steam plough". Transactions of the Dumfriesshire & Galloway Natural History & Antiquarian Society. 89: 123–8.
^ Burton, Anthony (2000). Traction Engines Two Centuries of Steam Power. Silverdale Books. p. 38. ISBN 1856055337.
^ Historic England. "Church of St Paul (1384902)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
^ Chapman, S. D. "Heathcoat, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12846. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ The Setting of Knightshayes Park and Garden, The Parks Agency, September 2007, pp. 10–14

External links

Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by John Heathcoat
Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Spencer Perceval Granville Ryder	Member of Parliament for Tiverton 1832–1859 With: James Kennedy to 1835 The Viscount Palmerston from 1835	Succeeded by George Denman The Viscount Palmerston