Johannes Kreidler

Johannes Kreidler
Kreidler performing product placements in 2008
Born
Johannes Kreidler

1980 (age 43–44)
Esslingen am Neckar, Germany
EducationHochschule für Musik Freiburg
Occupations
  • Composer
  • Artist
  • Theorist
Organizations
Websitewww.kreidler-net.de/english/index.html

Johannes Kreidler (born 1980) is a German composer, performer, conceptual and media artist.[1] He is the principal theorist and exponent of the New Conceptualism movement in 21st-century music.[2][3]

Career

Johannes Kreidler was born in Esslingen, Germany.[4] He studied composition with Mathias Spahlinger at the Musikhochschule in Freiburg from 2000–2006, and has taught at conservatories in Rostock, Detmold, Hannover and Hamburg.[5][6] In 2019, he was made Professor for Composition and Music Theatre at the Musikakademie Basel.[7]

Kreidler came to prominence with a series of politically charged pieces of musical performance art, beginning with 2008's product placements: a 33-second recording containing 70,200 samples of other recordings, which the composer then attempted to register individually with the German copyright authorities.[8][9] This action garnered substantial press coverage, as did 2009's Charts Music, in which stock market data from the global financial crisis was turned into music using Microsoft's Songsmith software.[10][11][12] Later in 2009, Kreidler realised the controversial work Fremdarbeit (Outsourcing), in which he 'outsourced' his commission from Klangwerkstatt Berlin to a Chinese composer and an Indian computer programmer to write the piece on his behalf, imitating his style, for a fraction of the commission fee.[13]

These three compositions came to encapsulate the composer's approach to 'conceptual music', as theorised by Kreidler himself and by the philosopher Harry Lehmann in subsequent lectures, essays and publications.[14][15][16][17] Since 2010, the composer's catalogue has included many more 'conceptual pieces' — often video works for gallery or online display — in addition to large-scale music theatre works like the seven-hour Audioguide (2014), the opera My State as Friend and Beloved (2018), and Selbstauslöser (Self-Timer, 2020).[18]

In October 2012, Kreidler garnered further press attention after protesting the forced merger of the SWR Symphonieorchester with another orchestra (the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra) by tying together and then destroying two of the orchestra's instruments onstage during a live concert.[19][20]

Kreidler's works have been performed at the Donaueschingen and Darmstadt festivals, Ultima Festival Oslo, Musica Strasbourg, Gaudeamus Music Week, and the Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival, among others.[6] Kreidler currently lives in Berlin.[4]

Style

Much of Johannes Kreidler's music is characterised by extensive sampling and quotation, and the use of algorithmic processes to generate material.[21] In pieces such as product placements and Der „Weg der Verzweiflung“ (Hegel) ist der chromatische (2012), these techniques are employed as much for the theoretical questions they raise about creativity and authorship as for their usefulness as compositional tools.[8][22][23] Kreidler has described this approach in terms of making 'music with music'.[24][25]

Often his work makes use of a particular digital technology, using the nature and limits of that technology to determine musical parameters.[10] This has included Microsoft's Songsmith software (Charts Music), Microsoft's Kinect 3D Sensor (kinect studies), a MIDI keyboard (5 Programmings of a MIDI Keyboard), a sensor table (Irmat Studies) and a photographic camera (Steady Shot).[18] Kreidler's work usually involves multimedia elements, sometimes in interaction with a live soloist or ensemble. He often appears as a performer in his own work, including in his often humorous video works which are inspired by meme culture.[26]

Kreidler's work is often overtly political.[9][2][27] At the premiere of his Fremdarbeit, the composer announced, "Tonight's goal is that no one here will ever vote for the FDP again" (referring to the German Free Democratic Party who are associated with economic liberalism and free-market capitalism).[28]

Conceptual music

Since the early 2010s, Johannes Kreidler has increasingly described his compositional approach as Konzeptmusik or 'conceptual music', a direct reference to the conceptual art movement of the 1960s and 1970s.[14][a] This paradigm of conceptual music is heavily indebted to the work and theory of his teacher Mathias Spahlinger, and to the philosopher Harry Lehmann's notion of the 'Gehalt-aesthetic Turn'.[2][29]

In his lectures and essays, Kreidler has also described other works in these terms, including those of Cory Arcangel, Peter Ablinger and John Cage.[14][15] His 2015 piece Minusbolero is a piece of 'conceptual music' that attempts a dialogue with another historical piece of 'conceptual music': Ravel's Boléro.[30] Ravel himself said of his piece, 'I have written only one masterpiece — Boléro.[31] Unfortunately there is no music in it'. In composing Minusbolero, Kreidler simply removed the melody throughout, leaving only the accompaniment.[32] Thus, if the original Bolero contained 'no music', Kreidler's Minusbolero contained 'negative' music.[30]

The validity and significance of Kreidler's theories of conceptual music has been the subject of considerable academic dispute. Max Erwin has identified 'New Conceptualism' as a coherent aesthetic orientation for a significant group of composers from at least four continents, including Kreidler, Stefan Prins and Jennifer Walshe.[2] According to Erwin, '[New Conceptualism] is arguably the first coherent aesthetic 'school' in New Music of the twenty-first century'. In contrast, while acknowledging that it had 'gone mainstream' in 2014, Martin Iddon has called conceptual music 'a contradiction in terms' that 'represents a desire for a (nostalgic) return to conceptual art that, as it were, really meant something'.[33]

Awards

  • 2009 — Winner of the Operare Music Theatre Prize[34]
  • 2009/10 — Winner of the Fonds experimentelles Musiktheater NRW Music Theatre Prize
  • 2010 — Winner of the German Authors Award's Young Talent Prize
  • 2010 — Darmstadt Summer Courses for New Music Scholarship Prize
  • 2011 — Academy of Arts Berlin Scholarship Prize
  • 2012 — Kranichstein Music Prize[5]
  • 2013 — Kunststiftung Baden-Württemberg Scholarship

Compositions (selection)

Concert music

  • Piece for Harp and Video (2018)
  • Lippenstift for choir, audio and video accompaniment (2016)
  • The Wires for cello, audio and video accompaniment (2016)
  • Typogravitism for electric guitar, audio and video accompaniment (2016)
  • Instrumentalisms for instrument and video (2016)
  • Two Pieces for Clarinet and Video (2016)
  • TT1 for large orchestra and electronics (2014/2015)
  • Steady Shot for piano, photo camera, audio and video playback (2015)
  • Minusbolero for large orchestra (2009–2014)
  • Irmat Studies for sensor table (2013)
  • Shutter Piece for eight instruments, audio and video playback (2013), premiered at the Wittener Tagen für neue Kammermusik
  • Der „Weg der Verzweiflung“ (Hegel) ist der chromatische for nine instruments, audio and video playback (2012), premiered at the Donaueschinger Musiktage
  • Die „sich sammelnde Erfahrung“ (Benn): der Ton for six instruments, audio and video playback (2012)
  • study for piano, audio and video playback (2011)
  • Stil 1 for variable instrumentation and tape (2010)
  • Living in a Box for large ensemble, sampler and video (2010)
  • Fremdarbeit for four instruments and moderator (2009)
  • Kantate. No future now for large ensemble and sampler (2008)
  • in hyper intervals for four instruments and tape (2008)
  • cache surrealism for baritone saxophone, accordion, cello and tape (2008)
  • Dekonfabulation for accordion, percussion, female speaker and tape (2007/08)
  • 5 Programmings for a MIDI Keyboard (2006)
  • windowed 1 for percussion and tape (2006)
  • Piano Piece 5 for piano and four-channel tape (2005)
  • RAM Microsystems for joysticks (2005)[18]

Stage works

Performance actions

  • Earjobs (2011)
  • Call Wolfgang (2008)
  • product placements (2008)

Video work

  • Film 3 (2018)
  • Film 2 (2017)
  • Film 1 (2017)
  • 22 music pieces for video (2014)
  • Scanner Studies (2012)
  • Split Screen Studies (2012)
  • kinect studies (2011/13)
  • Compression Sound Art (2009)
  • Charts Music (2009)

Graphical works

  • Album (2015)
  • Sheet Music (2013)

Radio plays

  • Listomania (2016), Hessischer Rundfunk 2016

Publications

  • Sheet Music (Paris: Allia, 2018)
  • Sätze über musikalische Konzeptkunst: Texte 2012–2018 (Hofheim am Taunus: Wolke Verlag, 2018)
  • Musik mit Musik: Texte 2005–2011 (Hofheim am Taunus: Wolke Verlag, 2012)
  • Musik, Ästhetik, Digitalisierung — Eine Kontroverse [A public debate between Harry Lehmann, Claus-Steffen Mahnkopf and Johannes Kreidler] (Hofheim am Taunus: Wolke Verlag, 2010)[35]
  • Programming Electronic Music in Pure Data (Hofheim am Taunus: Wolke Verlag, 2008)[5]

Notes

  1. ^ Kreidler's lecture 'Sentences on Musical Concept-Art' borrowed its title from Sol LeWitt's 'Sentences on Conceptual Art' from 1968.

References

  1. ^ Künzig, Bernd (24 October 2019). "Johannes Kreidler, Enfant terrible der Neuen Musik: "Philharmonien sind heute Altersheime"". SWR.de. SWR. Retrieved 25 May 2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  2. ^ a b c d Erwin, Max (October 2016). "Here Comes Newer Despair: An Aesthetic Primer for the New Conceptualism of Johannes Kreidler". Tempo. 70 (278): 5–15. doi:10.1017/S0040298216000292.
  3. ^ Keisinger, Nike (31 October 2019). "Musik von Johannes Kreidler". SR.de. SR. Archived from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  4. ^ a b Bailer, Sascia (February 2014). "Portrait: Johannes Kreidler". Kunststiftung Baden-Württemberg. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  5. ^ a b c "Johannes Kreidler biography". Schott Music. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  6. ^ a b "Johannes Kreidler biography". Berliner Festspiele. January 2016. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  7. ^ "Prof. Johannes Kreidler". FHNW.ch. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  8. ^ a b Gottstein, Björn (Autumn 2011). "Strg+Alt+Entf: Der Computer und die Avantgarde" [Ctr+Alt+Del: The Computer and the Avantgarde]. Frieze (in German).[permanent dead link‍]
  9. ^ a b Gutmair, Ulrich (10 September 2008). "Komponist über absurdes Copyright: "Kopiert wird dauernd"" [Composer on absurd copyright: "Copying is here to stay"]. Taz.de (in German).
  10. ^ a b "German composer becomes Internet sensation after putting economic collapse to music". PRI's The World. PRI.org. 4 November 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  11. ^ Satow, Julie (7 March 2009). "Stock Charts Scored To Music (VIDEO)". HuffPost US. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  12. ^ Moore, Matthew (4 February 2009). "SongSmith: Financial crisis soundtrack composed from tumbling share price graphs". The Telegraph. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  13. ^ Rutherford-Johnson, Tim (2017). Music After the Fall: Modern Composition and Culture Since 1989. Oakland: University of California Press. pp. 146–148. ISBN 978-0-520-95904-0.
  14. ^ a b c Kreidler, Johannes (2018). Sätze über musikalische Konzeptkunst: Texte 2012–2018. Hofheim am Taunus: Wolke Verlag. ISBN 978-3-95593-087-5.
  15. ^ a b Kreidler, Johannes, 'Sentences on Musical Concept-Art', lecture given at Harvard University, 14.4.2013 (accessed 25 May 2020)
  16. ^ Kreidler, Johannes, 'New Conceptualism in Music', lecture given at Darmstadt, 27.7.2012 (accessed 25 May 2020)
  17. ^ Lehmann, Harry, 'Conceptual Music and The Gehalt-aesthetic Turn', lecture at Darmstadt, 5.8.2014
  18. ^ a b c Kreidler, Johannes, Work List, published on www.kreidler-net.de (accessed 25 May 2020)
  19. ^ "Composer smashes cello and violin on stage in anti-merger protest". Classic FM. 29 October 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  20. ^ Renshaw, David (29 October 2012). "Classical composer channels The Who by smashing cello and violin on stage". NME. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  21. ^ Einbond, Aaron, 'Composer as Curator: Uncreativity in recent electroacoustic music', Proceedings of the Electroacoustic Music Studies Network Conference Electroacoustic Music Beyond Performance, Berlin, June 2014 (Berlin: EMS, 2014)
  22. ^ Kampe, Gordon (August 2015). "Dissonante Analyse. Versuch über ein Stück von Johannes Kreidler" [Dissonant Analysis: Essay on a Piece by Johannes Kreidler]. MusikTexte (in German). 146: 71–74.
  23. ^ "Der "Weg der Verzweiflung" (Hegel) ist der chromatische. (2011/12)". kreidler-net.de. 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  24. ^ Kreidler, Johannes (July 2012). "Music With Music" (PDF). Darmstädter Beiträge zur Neuen Musik 21. 21.
  25. ^ Kreidler, Johannes (2012). Musik mit Musik: Texte 2005–2011. Hofheim am Taunus: Wolke Verlag. ISBN 978-3-936000-93-1.
  26. ^ Groth, Sanne Krogh (2014). "Composers on stage: the resurrection of the author?". Proceedings of the International Festival for Artistic Innovation, Leeds. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  27. ^ Redhead, Lauren (2015). "The beautiful and the political". Contemporary Music Review. 34 (2–3): 247–255. doi:10.1080/07494467.2015.1094222. S2CID 155246633. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  28. ^ Fremdarbeit documentary (accessed 25 May 2020)
  29. ^ Lehmann, Harry (2016). Gehaltsästhetik. Eine Kunstphilosophie. Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7705-5983-1.
  30. ^ a b Kreidler, Johannes, 'Minusbolero' (March 2015), published on www.kreidler-net.de (accessed 25 May 2020)
  31. ^ Nichols, Roger (2011). Ravel. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 302. ISBN 978-0-300-10882-8.
  32. ^ Rebhahn, Michael (February 2016). "Largely Low-Key". Goethe Institut. Retrieved 25 May 2020."Ravel's Bolero with no melody is the most boring thing you've ever heard". Classic FM. 11 April 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  33. ^ Iddon, Martin (2015). "Outsourcing Progress: On Conceptual Music". Tempo. 70 (275): 36–49. doi:10.1017/S0040298215000613. S2CID 146155494.
  34. ^ "Curriculum Vitae". kreidler-net.de. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  35. ^ "Musik, Ästhetik, Digitalisierung Eine Kontroverse". Wolke Verlag. 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2020.

Read other articles:

Fansipan

FansipanPhan Xi PăngMonumen di puncak Gunung FansipanTitik tertinggiKetinggian31.473 m (103.258 ft)[1]Puncak1.613 m (5.292 ft)[1]Koordinat22°18′12″N 103°46′30″E / 22.30333°N 103.77500°E / 22.30333; 103.77500Koordinat: 22°18′12″N 103°46′30″E / 22.30333°N 103.77500°E / 22.30333; 103.77500 [1]GeografiLetakProvinsi Lào Cai, VietnamNegaraVietnamDaerahLai Châu, Lào CaiDistri...

 

 

David Rosen (rabi)

Untuk orang lain dengan nama yang sama, lihat David Rosen. David Rosen pada 2009 Rabbi David Shlomo Rosen CBE, kelahiran tahun 1951 di Newbury, Berkshire, Inggris,[1] adalah mantan Kepala Rabi Irlandia (1979–85) dan sekarang menjabat sebagai Director of the American Jewish Committee's Department of Interreligious Affairs and the Robert and Harriet Heilbrunn Institute for International Interreligious Understanding.[2] Dari 2005 sampai 2009, ia mengepalai International Jewish ...

 

 

Spaceflight

Flight into or through outer space For other uses, see Spaceflight (disambiguation). SpaceX's Crew Dragon capsule approaching the International Space Station in Earth orbit Part of a series onSpaceflight History History of spaceflight Space Race Timeline of spaceflight Space probes Lunar missions Mars missions Applications Communications Earth observation Exploration Espionage Military Navigation Settlement Telescopes Tourism Spacecraft Robotic spacecraft Satellite Space probe Cargo spacecraf...

Empathy (album mini)

EmpathySampul versi Digital dan PhotobookAlbum mini karya D.O.Dirilis26 Juli 2021 (2021-07-26)Direkam2021Durasi24:28BahasaKoreanLabelSM EntertainmentSingel dalam album Empathy RoseDirilis: July 26, 2021 Empathy (Korea: 공감) adalah album mini debut dari penyanyi asal Korea Selatan D.O.. Album ini dirilis pada tanggal 26 Juli 2021, oleh SM Entertainment. Album mini ini terdiri dari delapan lagu termasuk singel utama, Rose. Album fisik terdiri dalam tiga versi: satu versi buku foto d...

 

 

Walter P. Chrysler

Untuk putranya, kolektor seni dan dermawan museum Amerika, lihat Walter P. Chrysler Jr. Walter P. ChryslerChrysler in 1937LahirWalter Percy Chrysler(1875-04-02)2 April 1875Wamego, Kansas, A.S.Meninggal18 Agustus 1940(1940-08-18) (umur 65)Kings Point, New York, A.S.MakamSleepy Hollow CemeteryKebangsaanAmerikaAlmamaterInternational Correspondence Schools di Scranton, PA (sekarang Penn Foster Education)PekerjaanMasinis, manager, pengusahaDikenal atasPendiri Chrysler CorporationAnggota dewan...

 

 

Daftar kota di Kamboja

Wilayah kamboja. Berikut ini adalah daftar kota di Kamboja. Battambang Dong Tong Kampot Kampong Cham Kampong Chhnang Sihanoukville (Kampong Som) Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Kampot Koh Kong Kratié Mongkol Borey Net Leung Pailin Phnom Penh Poipet Preah Net Preah Phnom Malai Phumi Samraong Phumi Takaev Prey Veng Pursat Siem Reap Sisophon Stung Treng Svay Rieng Ta Khmau Thmar Kol Thmar Pouk 10 kota terbesar Phnom Penh - 1,151,800 Battambang - 196,000 Siem Reap - 148,000 Sihanoukville - 94,500 Prey...

Fallujah

Artikel ini membahas tentang kota Fallujah di Irak. Untuk informasi lebih jauh tentang perang di Fallujah, lihat Pendudukan AS di Fallujah. Untuk tempat di Israel (dulunya sebuah kota Arab), lihat al-Faluja. Untuk distrik di Irak, lihat Fallujah (distrik) Lokasi Fallujah di Irak Cakrawala di Fallujah Fallujah (bahasa Arab:الفلوجة); kadang-kadang dialihaksarakan menjadi Falluja atau Fallouja) adalah sebuah kota di provinsi Al Anbar, Irak, yang terletak sekitar 69 km sebelah barat B...

 

 

Politique étrangère de la Côte d'Ivoire

Cet article est une ébauche concernant la Côte d'Ivoire et la diplomatie. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. La politique étrangère de la Côte d'Ivoire débute avec l'indépendance du pays le 7 août 1960. Relations avec le Mali La Côte d'Ivoire et le Mali ont des relations très fortes. Plus de trois millions de Maliens vivent en Côte d'Ivoire et les échanges commerciaux sont importants ent...

 

 

Ruku-ruku

Ruku-ruku Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Plantae (tanpa takson): Asteridae Ordo: Lamiales Famili: Lamiaceae Genus: Ocimum Spesies: O. tenuiflorum Nama binomial Ocimum tenuiflorumL. Sinonim Ocimum sanctum L. Ruku-ruku (Lampes/Kemangi Hutan/Holy Basil) (Latin: Ocimum tenuiflorum Linne)[1][2] merupakan tanaman terna yang tergolong famili lamiaceae dan berasal dari sebagian wilayah India dan Asia Tenggara. Untuk wilayah Indonesia sendiri, tanaman ini dapat ditemui di daerah Su...

Yuni (film)

YuniPoster rilis teatrikalSutradaraKamila AndiniProduser Ifa Isfansyah Chand Parwez Servia Ditulis oleh Kamila Andini Prima Rusdi Pemeran Arawinda Kirana Kevin Ardilova Dimas Aditya Penata musik Ken Jenie Mar Galo SinematograferTeoh Gay HianPenyuntingCesa David LuckmansyahPerusahaanproduksi Fourcolours Films Starvision Akanga Film Asia Manny Films Distributor Cercamon World Sales Starvision Tanggal rilis 12 September 2021 (2021-09-12) (Kanada) 9 Desember 2021 (2021-12-09)&...

 

 

Keuskupan Agung Gatineau

Keuskupan Agung GatineauArchidioecesis GatinensisArchidiocèse de GatineauKatolik Lambang Keuskupan Agung GatineauLokasiNegara KanadaProvinsi gerejawiGatineauStatistikPopulasi- Total- Katolik(per 2006)277.192231,325 (83.5%%)Paroki61InformasiDenominasiKatolik RomaRitusRitus RomaKatedralKatedral Santo Yosef, GatineauPelindungMaria, Bunda GerejaKepemimpinan kiniPausFransiskusUskup AgungPaul-André DurocherEmeritusRoger ÉbacherSitus webdiocesegatineau.org Keuskupan Agung...

 

 

Mount Redington

Mountain in United States of America Mount RedingtonMount Redington from the AT on SugarloafHighest pointElevation4000+ ft (1219+ m) NGVD 29[1]Prominence440 ft (130 m)[1]ListingNew England 4000 footersCoordinates45°1.50′N 70°23.32′W / 45.02500°N 70.38867°W / 45.02500; -70.38867[2]GeographyMount RedingtonFranklin County, Maine, U.S. Topo mapUSGS Black NubbleClimbingEasiest routeherd path Mount Redington is a mount...

Beach volleyball

Team sport Beach volleyballThe blocker (left) attempts to stop the opposing team's attack over the net.Highest governing bodyFIVBFirst played1915, Waikiki, Hawaii, United StatesCharacteristicsContactNoTeam members2 or more per sideMixed-sexSingle and mixedTypeOutdoor, team sport, net sportEquipmentBeach volleyballGlossaryVolleyball jargonPresenceCountry or regionWorldwideOlympicSince 1996World Games1993 Beach volleyball is a team sport played by two teams of two players each on a sa...

 

 

Sam Jaffe (acteur)

Cet article est une ébauche concernant un acteur américain. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les conventions filmographiques. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Jaffe. Sam JaffeDans la série télévisée Ben CaseyBiographieNaissance 10 mars 1891New York (État de New York)États-UnisDécès 24 mars 1984 (à 93 ans)Beverly HillsSépulture Eden Memorial Park Cemetery (en)Nationalité AméricaineFormation City College of New YorkTownsend Ha...

 

 

コルク

この記事は検証可能な参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。（このテンプレートの使い方）出典検索?: コルク – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii · J-STAGE · NDL · dlib.jp · ジャパンサーチ · TWL（2017年4月） コルクを打ち抜いて作った瓶の栓 コルク（木栓、�...

Isobutene

Isobuteneformula di struttura Nome IUPAC2-metilpropene Nomi alternativiisobutene Caratteristiche generaliFormula bruta o molecolareC4H8 Massa molecolare (u)56,106 Aspettogas incolore Numero CAS115-11-7 Numero EINECS204-066-3 PubChem8255 SMILESCC(=C)C Proprietà chimico-fisicheDensità (g/cm3, in c.s.)0,5879 (in fase liquida) Indice di rifrazione1,381 Solubilità in acqua263 mg/L a 25 °C Coefficiente di ripartizione 1-ottanolo/acqua2,34 Temperatura di fusione−140,3 °C (132,8 K) T...

 

 

Styrene-butadiene

Synthetic rubber polymer Styrene-butadiene Identifiers CAS Number 9003-55-8 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.127.439 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID0049654 Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound Styrene-butadiene or styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) describe families of synthetic rubbers derived from styrene and butadiene (the version d...

 

 

2016 United States attorney general elections

For related races, see 2016 United States elections. 2016 United States attorney general elections ← 2015 November 8, 2016 2018 → 2017 (VA) →10 attorney general offices10 states[a]   Majority party Minority party   Party Republican Democratic Seats before 23 20 Seats after 24 19 Seat change 1 1 Popular vote 10,444,739[1] 11,149,338 Percentage 45.82% 48.92% Seats up 4 6 Seats won 5 5      D...

1976 Nobel Prize in Literature

Award Award 1976 Nobel Prize in LiteratureSaul Bellow for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his workDate 21 October 1976 (1976-10-21) (announcement) 10 December 1976 (ceremony) LocationStockholm, SwedenPresented bySwedish AcademyFirst awarded1901WebsiteOfficial website ← 1975 · Nobel Prize in Literature · 1977 → The 1976 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Canadian-American novelist Sa...

 

 

Ayça Aykaç

Ayça AykaçNazionalità Turchia Altezza176 cm Peso54 kg Pallavolo RuoloLibero Squadra VakıfBank CarrieraGiovanili 2006-2009 Bursa BB2009-2011 VakıfBank GS2011-2015 VakıfBank Squadre di club 2014-2015 İstanbul BB2015-2019 VakıfBank2019-2020 Yeşilyurt2020- VakıfBank Nazionale 2013 Turchia U-182014 Turchia U-192017 Turchia U-232020- Turchia Palmarès  Campionato europeo BronzoSerbia, Croazia, Romania e Bulgaria 2021 OroBelgio, Italia, Est...