Johannes Crato von Krafftheim (born Johannes Krafft; 22 November 1519 – 19 October 1585) was a humanist and court physician to three Holy Roman emperors.
Origins and education
Crato von Krafftheim was born Johannes Krafft. He was the son of the artisan and council leader Christoph Krafft and a student at the Breslau/Wroclaw Gymnasium of St. Elisabeth and Mary Magdalene. On account of his prodigious academic talent, the city council of Breslau bestowed a 20 Gulden fellowship upon Crato, with further benefactions of the Breslau patrician families, to continue his studies at the university level.[1][2]
Studies and residency in Wittenberg
From 1535 onwards, Crato studied theology and lived six years in the household of Martin Luther in the University of Wittenberg. He also lived for some time at 17 Burgermeisterstrasse.[3] He also became acquainted with Philipp Melanchthon there and under his influence engaged in an in depth study of classical languages. Crato took his M.A. in 1542.[4] He kept a diary during his time in Wittenberg which was used as a source for Johannes Aurifaber's influential edition of Luther's Table Talk (Colloquia oder Tischreden Doctor Martini Lutheri).
On Luther's suggestion, who did not think Crato well suited for a theological career, Crato decided to study medicine. He served briefly in this time as the tutor to the Counts of Wertheim in Leipzig. Also in this era, he developed a close relationship with Joachim Camerarius the Younger.[2]
Medical studies and residency in Italy
With the support of the Breslau city council and the recommendation of Philipp Melanchthon and Joachim Camerarius the elder, Crato studied medicine at the University of Padua from 1546. He was a student of the famous medical professor Johannes Baptista Montanus, who exercised a decisive influence on Crato's first works. Crato completed his medical studies by taking his doctorate and undertook a tour of Italy with his friends Johann Baptist Hainzel und Paul Hainzel. He briefly practiced medicine in Verona.
Medical practice and later life
In 1550 Crato returned to his hometown Breslau where he was named the second town physician. That year he married the daughter of the city secretary Johannes Scharf von Werd and began his family. The marriage produced one son and two daughters.
Crato's house, 17 Judenstrasse in Wittenberg
Crato proved his value to the city during his service in the Plague epidemic of 1554, as he had previously composed a "Pestordnung" in 1553. The city compensated him with a yearly salary of 100 Thalers as a reward for his sacrificial service. He was charged with the treatment of public servants and poor students.
Although his fame as a physician was spreading almost across Germany, the reigning city council leader Hans Morenberger removed him from his post as physician to the poor because Crato was suspected of being a Calvinist. His prior conversion from Catholicism to the Protestant faith had increased suspicions in Crato's beliefs.
In 1560 Crato was called to the imperial court in Vienna to become personal physician to Emperor Ferdinand I. As the emperor's health declined, Crato resettled to Vienna; however, he and his family returned to Breslau after Emperor Ferdinand died in 1564. In the next year, however, he was named principal personal physician of Emperor Maximilian II, whom he served for 11 years.
In 1567 Maximilian II, who paid Crato exorbitantly and lavished honors upon him, ennobled Crato and a year later raised him to the rank of "Count Palatine." In his position as an imperial count palatine, Crato bestowed patents of nobility on:
Johann Woyssel, Vienna, 1 May 1569
Martin Weinrich, 1583; Professor at the Elisabeth-Gymnasium in Breslau
The emperor placed great trust in him, which Crato in turn used on behalf of the Calvinists and the Bohemian Brethren/Unitas Fratrum. On this account the court Jesuits were not able to secure Maximilian's support for the active suppression of Protestantism. As a representative of an irenic Melanchthonian-Calvinist orientation, Crato struggled against the Gnesio-Lutheran followers of Matthias Flacius Illyricus
Luther's house and college rooms in Wittenberg
As a prominent representative of Humanist "school" medicine, Crato suffered a severe professional embarrassment when an unlearned female practitioner was called in to serve at the death bed of the emperor. After Maximilian's death, Crato was released - like all the Protestants - from imperial service, and he returned to Breslau.
However, already in 1577 Crato was called to the court again to serve as physician to the sickly Emperor Rudolph II. Although he was himself ill, he moved to Prague again in 1578 to be near the emperor. He soon suffered under the growing influence of the Jesuits, and he endeavored to secure his release from court. He secured his release in the fall of 1581, and he retired to his estate Rückers in the County of Glatz, then an integral dominion of the Bohemian crown, which he had acquired in 1567. He founded a Reformed Protestant community there with a church and a pastor. He intended to spend the remainder of his life there and had his library shipped in from Prague.
Desiring the stimulation of the scholarly life, he returned to Breslau in 1583 and handed his manor over to his son. Despite his age and illness, he worked again in Breslau as a plague physician for the common townsfolk. His wife died of the pestilence. He followed her on 19 October 1585.
His son Johann Baptist von Krafftheim inherited his Rückers manor. He was married to Anna von Heugel, who received the estate upon Johann Baptist's death.
The first known written autopsy
Crato and court surgeon Peter Suma, performed the first autopsy documented in writing on October 13, 1576 in Regensburg on the deceased Emperor Maximilian II. The autopsy report was signed by the Regensburg physician Fabricius and authenticated by the notary Linda. The internal organs of the emperor were placed in a gold-plated copper pot that was buried on the left side of the high altar in the Regensburg Cathedral. Today there is a memorial stone inscribed with the imperial crown of Maximilian and the monogram of the year 1576 at this spot. The heart of the emperor was placed in a precious box put back in his body inside the coffin. Whether this was an autopsy in a scientific and anatomical sense is questionable. The practice was used mainly for preparing the body for the religious purposes in order to leave a part of the body remaining in the place in which one possessed a special relationship.[6]
Works
Idea doctrinae Hippocraticae. 1554
Methodus therapeutica ex Galeni et J. B. Montani sententia. Basel, 1555
^ abJ. F. A. Gillet (1860) Crato von Crafftheim und seine Freunde pp. 52-66.
^Plaque to Crato at 17 Burgermeisterstrasse in Wittenberg
^ abDanielson, Dennis (2006). The First Copernican: : Georg Joachim Rheticus and the Rise of the Copernican Revolution. New York: Walker & Company. ISBN978-0-8027-1848-8., Kindle edition location 1424-31, "Rheticus's other graduation speech, in April 1542, accompanied the awarding of only ten new M.A. degrees, compared with twenty-two in February. However the recipients included the illustrious Johannes Crato, who would prove himself a loyal friend to Rheticus and who went on to become the personal physician to three successive emperors."
^J. F. A. Gillet (1860) Crato von Crafftheim und seine Freunde, passim.
^Leopold Senfelder, (1898) “Kaiser Maximilian’s II. letzte Lebensjahre und Tod,” Blätter des Vereines für Landeskunde von Niederösterreich, Neue Folge 22: 47-75
Ralf Bröer, "Friedenspolitik durch Verketzerung: Johannes Crato (1519-1585) und die Denunziation der Paracelsisten als Arianer." In Medizinhistorisches Journal 37(2002): 139-182.
Matthaeus Dresser, De curriculo vitae Joannis Cratonis a Craftheim. Leipzig, 1587.
Manfred P. Fleischer, Späthumanismus in Schlesien: Ausgewählte Aufsätze. 1984 Delp German literature, ISBN3-7689-0207-2
Charles D. Gunnoe and Jole Shackelford, “Johannes Crato von Krafftheim (1519-1585): Imperial Physician, Irenicist, and Anti-Paracelsian.” In Ideas and Cultural Margins in Early Modern Germany: Essays in Honor of H.C. Erik Midelfort, ed. Elizabeth Plummer & Robin Barnes, 201-16. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2009.
Howard Louthan, “Johannis Crato and the Austrian Habsburgs: Reforming a Counter-Reform Court,” in Studies in Reformed Theology and History 2, vol. 3 (1994).
Howard Louthan, The Quest for Compromise: Peacemakers in Counter-Reformation Vienna. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
K. A. Siegel, Johann Crato von Krafftheim. In Schlesische Lebensbilder vol. IV, 1931, pp. 124–133
Harald Zimmermann, Cratos Leichenrede auf Kaiser Maximillian II., HMW Jahrbuch 1958 hrsg. Heilmittelwerke Vienna, pp. 70 – 76.
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