Johann Adolf Graf[a] von Kielmansegg (30 December 1906 – 26 May 2006) was a German general staff officer during the Second World War and later general of the Bundeswehr.
Family
Johann Adolf Graf von Kielmansegg was the youngest of three children of Johann Adolf von Kielmansegg (1864 - 1907) and his wife Eva Mathilde (1868 - 1953). His two sisters Ilse and Anna both quickly married into noble families.
During the Second World War Kielmansegg served in various divisions, staff regiments and fronts in Poland, France and Russia. From 1942 to 1944 he served as General Staff officer to the High Command of the Wehrmacht (OKW). On 1 May 1944, he was promoted to colonel. Several months later, he was arrested by the Gestapo for being a co-conspirator of the 20 July plot, but released on 23 October 1944 for a lack of evidence.[1][2][3] He later said:
The plotters set a good example to the army, because these men put their lives on the line against the dictator.[2]
— Johann von Kielmansegg
In November 1944, shortly before the Battle of the Bulge, he was given command of the 111th Panzer Grenadier Regiment, and led it in battle until 16 April 1945.[1][2]
After the war, Kielmansegg was first a British and later American prisoner of war. He was released in May 1946 and later worked as a truck driver on a farm. From February 1948, he worked as a journalist. And finally from 1949 onwards, as a publishing assistant in Hamburg.[1][2]
Johann von Kielmansegg in 1967
In 1949, Kielmansegg published a book called The Fritsch Affair of 1938 in the defence on his uncle, General Werner von Fritsch, in order to "wash away those charges of homosexual activity". Remarkably, Fritsch's fierce antisemitism and openly anti-democratic views were not addressed as problematic aspects of his personality.
In October 1950 Kielmansegg was appointed to the Blank Office in Bonn, where he remained until 1955. Later in 1955, he became the Secretary for Military Policy, and then Deputy Director General of National Defence. During this time, he was the German delegate in the negotiations on the European Defence Community and the London and Paris Conferences. Kielmansegg is considered one of the spiritual fathers of the principle of "Inner Guidance", which was the hallmark of the Federal Armed Forces in uniform with the concept of the citizen.
On 1 April 1968, Kielmansegg retired from the Bundeswehr. His NATO successor was Jürgen Bennecke [de].[1][2]
In 1985, together with Oskar Weggel, he published the book Invincible?, analysing the military power of China.
Kielmansegg recorded an extended account of his experiences with the Wehrmacht in World War II for the production of the television documentary series Hitler's Warriors (or Hitler's Generals) (1998).
Death
Von Kielmansegg died on 26 May 2006 in his 100th year.[1][2]
Notes
^Regarding personal names: Until 1919, Graf was a title, translated as 'Count', not a first or middle name. The female form is Gräfin. In Germany, it has formed part of family names since 1919.
