Jože Plečnik

Jože Plečnik
Plečnik seated at a drawing table
at a drawing desk, 1943
Born(1872-01-23)23 January 1872
Ljubljana, Austria-Hungary
Died7 January 1957(1957-01-07) (aged 84)
Ljubljana, PR Slovenia, FPR Yugoslavia
NationalitySlovenian
OccupationArchitect
BuildingsTriple Bridge, Ljubljana, (1929–32)
National and University Library (1930–41)
Prague Castle (1920–34)
Projectsunrealized Slovenian Acropolis (Cathedral of Freedom) (1947)

Jože Plečnik (pronunciationⓘ) (23 January 1872 – 7 January 1957) was a Slovenian architect who had a major impact on the modern architecture of Vienna, Prague and of Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, most notably by designing the iconic Triple Bridge and the Slovenian National and University Library building, as well as the embankments along the Ljubljanica River, the Ljubljana Central Market buildings, the Ljubljana cemetery, parks, plazas.[1] His architectural imprint on Ljubljana has been compared to the impact Antoni Gaudí had on Barcelona.[2]

His style is associated with the Vienna Secession style of architecture (a type of Art Nouveau), but he also has influences from the baroque tradition in Slovenia, as well as Byzantine and early eighteenth century Viennese architecture. Plečnik was one of the few notable modernists who did not entirely reject historic forms and ideas, instead paying what he believed to be a debt to history in his designs.[3] Besides in Ljubljana, he worked in Vienna, Belgrade and on Prague Castle.[4] He influenced the avant-garde Czech Cubism. He is also a founding member of the Ljubljana School of Architecture, joining it upon an invitation by Ivan Vurnik, another notable Ljubljana architect.[3]

Life

Plečnik was born in Ljubljana,[5] present-day Slovenia, to Andreas Plečnik, a carpenter[5] from Hotedršica, and to Helena (née Molka) from Ljubljana,[6] and he was baptized Josef Plečnik.[5] Plečnik followed in his father's footsteps, training in woodworking during primary school. This knowledge proved useful in Vienna where he worked for two years as a designer and supervisor making furniture at a woodworking company. As a teenager he was sent to a vocational school, but as a talented draftsman, he then was sent to a technical school in Graz, where he found his first mentor, Léopold Theyer.[7] He studied under noted Viennese architect and educator Otto Wagner and worked in Wagner's architecture office until 1900. A woman-friend asked Plečnik to marry her written in a letter. He replied, "I am already married to my architecture."[8]

Early work

Main article: List of works by Jože Plečnik

From 1900 through 1910, while practicing in the Wagner's office in Vienna, he designed the Langer House (1900) and the Zacherlhaus (1903–1905). The Zacherlhaus was notable for its use of reinforced concrete columns in the ground floor and mezzanine. This practice was considered risky at the time as the practice was fairly new. His use of reinforced concrete columns continued in his later project, The Church of the Holy Spirit.[9]

His 1910–1913 Church of the Holy Spirit (Heilig-Geist-Kirche) is remarkable for its innovative use of poured-in-place concrete as both structure and exterior surface, and also for its abstracted classical form language. Most radical is the church's crypt, with its slender concrete columns and angular, cubist capitals and bases.[9]

In 1911, Plečnik moved to Prague, where he taught at the college of arts and crafts. The first president of the new Czechoslovak Republic from 1918 onwards, Tomáš Masaryk, appointed Plečnik chief architect for the 1920 renovation of Prague Castle. From 1920 until 1934 Plečnik completed a wide range of projects at the castle, including renovation of gardens and courtyards, the design and installation of monuments and sculptures, and the design of numerous new interior spaces, including the Plečnik Hall completed in 1930, which features three levels of abstracted Doric colonnades. His final work in Prague was the Church of the Most Sacred Heart of Our Lord (Roman Catholic, 1929–32).

Upon the 1921 establishment of the Ljubljana School of Architecture in his hometown of Ljubljana, he was invited by the fellow Slovenian architect Ivan Vurnik to become a founding faculty member and moved to teach architecture at the University of Ljubljana. Plečnik remained in Ljubljana until his death, and it is there that his influence as an architect is most noticeable.[10]

Ljubljana

Plečnik gave the capital of Slovenia, the city of Ljubljana, its modern identity by designing iconic buildings such as the Slovenian National and University Library building. Plečnik was also a transformative figure in the city planning of Ljubljana. This included restorations and improvements to historic buildings and sites. His work in city planning differed from many other efforts of the time, as his focus was further from practical problems found in the city, but instead focused on the overall experience of Ljubljana. He also designed other notable buildings, including the Vzajemna Insurance Company Offices, and contributed to many civic improvements. He renovated the city's bridges and the Ljubljanica River banks, and designed the Ljubljana Central Market buildings, the Ljubljana cemetery, parks, plazas etc. Buildings designed by Plečnik were built by the constructor Matko Curk.[11]

After the World War II Plečnik's teaching role at the university was gradually reduced because he was over 70 years old. In 1947, he was invited by Ferdo Kozak, the president of the Slovenian People's Assembly to design the new Parliament building. He proposed the Cathedral of Freedom (also known as the Plečnik Parliament), a cylindrical two-story main building, topped by a tall conical dome and surrounded by a massive square colonnade. Probably the most daring Plečnik's project, 120 meters high, dubbed The Slovenian Eiffel Tower, was shelved because of the instability at the breakup between Yugoslavia and Cominform in 1948.[12] In 1952, Ljubljana city leaders asked Plečnik to remodel the Križanke monastery into a venue for the Ljubljana Festival, his last big Ljubljana project. Other projects he completed at that time included the renovation of the Prešeren Theater, plus the Plečnik Arcades, stairway and fountain, all in Kranj, the reconstruction of churches, the design of the Pavilion on Brionian Islands (Tito's summer state residence), and numerous National Liberation War monuments (in Ljubljana-Trnovo, Vipava, Radeče, Črna na Koroškem, Dolenja vas, Sevnica, Laško, Split, Kraljevo).[13] For his work, he twice received the Prešeren Award, in 1949 and 1952 for his life's work. Plečnik died in 1957 and received an official state funeral in Žale, attended by many political, cultural and church leaders.[14]

Legacy

In the 1980s, with postmodernist attention to Plečnik's work, the general interest in him has also been revived, after being sidestepped during the 1960s and 1970s.[3] Since then, Plečnik's legacy has been commemorated in various ways, most notably in the 1990s on the Slovenian 500 tolar banknote, with the National and University Library of Slovenia depicted on the reverse.[15]

The Cathedral of Freedom project by Plečnik is featured on the Slovenian 10 cent euro coin.[2] Slovenska akropola is the title of a 1987 album by the Slovenian industrial music group Laibach. During August 2008, a maquette of the Parliament was featured at the Project Plečnik exhibition on the architect's life, held at the Council of the European Union building in Brussels, Belgium on the occasion of the Slovenian EU Presidency. The exhibition's curator Boris Podrecca described the Parliament as "the most charismatic object" of Plečnik's opus.[16]

In addition, on 23 January 2012, to celebrate the 140th anniversary of Plečnik's birth, a picture of the Triple Bridge was featured as the official Google logo (Doodle) adaptation in Slovenia.[2]

Plečnik's home in Ljubljana houses a museum of his life and work.[17] There are several busts and sculptures of him situated around Ljubljana as reminders of his works and legacy.

In 2021, selected works of Plečnik in Ljubljana and Črna Vas were inscribed on the list of World Heritage Sites under the name "The works of Jože Plečnik in Ljubljana – Human Centred Urban Design".[18]

As of 2024, the bibliography of works by Jože Plečnik and about him in COBISS, the Slovenian Co-operative Online Bibliographic System included 235 entries.[19]

Prague Castle

  • The Garden of Paradise (1925)
    The Garden of Paradise (1925)
  • Flagpoles in front of the Matthiastor (1926)
    Flagpoles in front of the Matthiastor (1926)
  • Observation platform (1927)
    Observation platform (1927)
  • Third courtyard and obelisk (1928)
    Third courtyard and obelisk (1928)
  • Wall garden (1928)
    Wall garden (1928)
  • Fountain (1928)
    Fountain (1928)
  • Stairway (1931)
    Stairway (1931)
  • Stairway (1932)
    Stairway (1932)

See also

References

  1. ^ Prelovšek, Damjan (2008). The architect Jože Plečnik : guide to monuments (PDF). Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia. p. 116. ISBN 978-961-6420-34-1. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  2. ^ a b c Gzell, Sławomir (2020). "Tradycja i nowoczesność – zanikająca granica" [Tradition and modernity – a disappearing border] (PDF). Pretext (in Polish) (10). Krakow: Katedra Projektowania Architektonicznego – Wydział Architektury – Politechnika Krakowska: 18–21. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  3. ^ a b c Krečič, Peter (2018). Plečnik : živeti za popolnost [Plečnik: living for perfection] (in Slovenian). Beletrina. p. 554. ISBN 978-961-284-396-0.
  4. ^ Jaklič, Tanja (27 September 2019). "Dve mesti, en arhitekt" [Two cities, one architect] (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: DELO. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  5. ^ a b c Geburts- und Tauf-Buch. Ljubljana – Marijino Oznanjenje. 1867–1879. p. 157. Retrieved 3 July 2024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ "Jože Plečnik". Kamniško-komendski biografski leksikon. Knjižnica Franceta Balantiča Kamnik. 2024. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  7. ^ Burkhardt, Francois; Eveno, Claude; Podrecca, Boris, eds. (1992). Joze Plecnik, Architect: 1872-1957. The MIT Press. pp. 10–27. ISBN 9780262521765.
  8. ^ Duran, Virginia (17 November 2022). "Ljubljana's Plečnik – a sketch". Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  9. ^ a b Smith, Duncan J. D. (26 January 2014). "In Praise of Concrete". Vienna: The Vienna Review. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  10. ^ Davies, Bernard William (September 2008). Central Europe – modernism and the modern movement as viewed through the lens of town planning and building 1895 - 1939 (PDF) (PhD thesis). Buckinghamshire New University, Brunel University. pp. 69–87. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  11. ^ Kobilica, Katarina; Studen, Andrej (1999). Volja do dela je bogastvo: mikrozgodovinska študija o ljubljanskem stavbnem podjetniku Matku Curku (1885-1953) in njegovi družini [The Will to Work Is a Fortune: A Microhistorical Study About the Ljubljana Construction Businessman Matko Curk (1885-1953)]. Korenine (in Slovenian). Nova revija. p. 148. ISBN 961-6017-78-0.
  12. ^ Libnik, Vid (28 July 2017). "Katedrala svobode – kultna stavba in simbol slovenske osamosvojitve" [The Cathedral of Freedom – a cult building and a symbol of Slovenian independence] (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: TSmedia. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  13. ^ Krečič, Peter (1975). Spomeniki NOB Jožeta Plečnika in njegove šole [WWII National liberation monuments by Jože Plečnik and his school] (in Slovenian). Arhitekturni muzej. p. 20.
  14. ^ "Minljiv si, le tvoja dela so tvoj spomin" [You are ephemeral, only your works preserve your memory]. Co-operative Online Bibliographic System & Services (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Muzej in galerije mesta Ljubljane. 6 January 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  15. ^ "Bankovec za 500 tolarjev" [Banknote for 500 tolars]. Obrazi slovenskih pokrajin (in Slovenian). Knjižnica Pavla Golie Trebnje. 4 October 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  16. ^ Balantič, Polona (13 June 2008). "Podreccova slovenska trilogija v Bruslju" [Podrecca's Slovenian trilogy in Brussels] (in Slovenian). RTV Slovenija. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  17. ^ "Plečnik House". Turizem Ljubljana. 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  18. ^ Špiler, Maša (28 July 2021). "Izbrana Plečnikova dela v Ljubljani vpisana na Unescov seznam svetovne dediščine" [Selected Plečnik's works in Ljubljana inscribed on the Unesco World Heritage list] (in Slovenian). Muzej za arhitekturo in oblikovanje. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  19. ^ "Jože Plečnik / Personal Bibliography". Co-operative Online Bibliographic System & Services. Maribor, Slovenia: IZUM. 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.

Further reading

  • Berglund, Bruce. (2017), pp. "The Architect Creating for the Ages," in "Castle and Cathedral in Modern Prague: Longing for the Sacred in a Skeptical Age." Budapest and New York. Central European University Press. Pp. 63-108.
  • Prelovšek, Damjan. (1992) Jože Plečnik: 1872–1957: Architectura perennis. Salzburg. Residenz verlag. Published in English version in 1997 by Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-06953-7
  • Margolius, Ivan. (1995) "Jože Plečnik: Church of the Sacred Heart." Architecture in Detail series. London. Phaidon Press.
  • Krečič, Peter. (1993) "Plečnik, the complete works." New York. Whitney Library of Design. ISBN 0-8230-2565-9
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jože Plečnik.

Read other articles:

Daihatsu Mira e:S

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Daihatsu Mira e:S – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Motor vehicle Daihatsu Mira e:SDaihatsu Mira e:S Lf 4WD (LA310S)OverviewManufacturerDaihatsuAlso calledToyota Pixis EpochSubaru...

 

 

G. David Low

G. David LowGeorge David LowLahir(1956-02-19)19 Februari 1956Cleveland, Ohio, ASMeninggal15 Maret 2008(2008-03-15) (umur 52) [1]Reston, Virginia, ASKebangsaanAmerika SerikatNama lainGeorge David LowAlmamaterW&L, B.S. 1978Cornell University, B.S. 1980Stanford University, M.S. 1983PekerjaanInsinyurKarier luar angkasaAntariksawan NASAWaktu di luar angkasa29 hari 18 jam 05 menitSeleksi1984 NASA Group 10MisiSTS-32, STS-43, STS-57Lambang misi George David Low (19 Februari 195...

 

 

Massachusetts Route 85

North-south state highway in Massachusetts, US Route 85Route 85 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by MassDOTLength21.01 mi[1] (33.81 km)Major junctionsSouth end Route 16 in MilfordMajor intersections I-495 in Milford Route 135 in Hopkinton Route 9 / Route 30 in Southborough US 20 in Marlborough I-290 / I-495 in Hudson North end Route 117 in Bolton LocationCountryUnited StatesStateMassachusetts Highway system ...

Diploid

Skema Sel Haploid yang Melebur Membentuk Sel Diploid Diploid (serapan dari Belanda: diploïdecode: nl is deprecated ) ialah sebutan untuk sel atau individu yang memiliki sel dengan dua set genom.[1] Setiap genom dalam sel berpasangan dengan homolognya berdasarkan ukuran panjang kromosom.[2] Sel diploid terbentuk dari fertilisasi sel-sel gamet yang haploid.[1] Sel-sel gamet haploid melebur sehingga kromosom-kromosom bercampur dalam satu sel membentuk sel diploid.[3&...

 

 

Telephone numbers in Croatia

Telephone numbers in CroatiaLocation of CroatiaLocationCountryCroatiaContinentEuropeRegulatorHAKOMNSN length8 or 9Format0xx xxx xxx09x xxxx xxx (mobile)[a]Access codesCountry code+385International access00Long-distance0 This is an alphabetical list by town of phone dialing codes in Croatia. The country calling code for Croatia is +385. Croatia received a new country code following the breakup of the SFR Yugoslavia (+38) in 1991. Calling scheme The international call prefix depends on...

 

 

Division Nationale 2022-2023

Questa voce o sezione deve essere rivista e aggiornata appena possibile. Sembra infatti che questa voce contenga informazioni superate e/o obsolete. Se puoi, contribuisci ad aggiornarla. Division Nationale 2022-2023BGL Ligue 2022-2023 Competizione Division Nationale Sport Calcio Edizione 109ª Organizzatore FLF Date dal 7 agosto 2022al 21 maggio 2023 Luogo Lussemburgo Partecipanti 16 Formula Girone all'italiana Sito web https://www.flf.lu/ Risultati Vincitore  Swift Hesperange(1...

Hector Malot

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Malot. Hector MalotPortrait photographique d’Hector Malot par Nadar vers 1880.BiographieNaissance 20 mai 1830La BouilleDécès 18 juillet 1907 (à 77 ans)Avenue de la Dame-Blanche (Fontenay-sous-Bois)Sépulture Cimetière de Fontenay-sous-BoisNom de naissance Hector-Henri MalotSurnom Malot-la-ProbitéNationalité françaiseFormation Lycée Pierre-Corneille (1842-1847)Lycée Condorcet (1847-1849)Faculté de droit de Paris (1850-1853)Activités Romancie...

 

 

Timbales (musique classique)

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Timbale. Timbales Cadrans de timbales Les timbales sont des instruments à percussion constitués d'un fût en cuivre couvert d'une peau. L'instrumentiste en joue en frappant la peau avec des baguettes spéciales. Le joueur de timbales est appelé un timbalier. La principale caractéristique des timbales est la possibilité de les accorder afin d'obtenir des hauteurs précises. À l'aide d'une pédale ou de clefs, la tension de la peau peut être augmentée ...

 

 

Joanna Kopcińska

Polish politician You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Polish. (December 2019) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Polish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into...

Final good

Commodity which is produced and subsequently consumed by the consumer This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Final good – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A final good or consumer good is a final product ready for sale that is use...

 

 

Penzance, Saskatchewan

Special service area in Saskatchewan, CanadaPenzanceSpecial service areaSpecial Service Area of PenzanceSaskatchewan AvenuePenzanceShow map of SaskatchewanPenzanceShow map of CanadaCoordinates: 51°03′32″N 105°26′13″W / 51.059°N 105.437°W / 51.059; -105.437CountryCanadaProvinceSaskatchewanRegionSaskatchewanCensus division6Rural MunicipalitySarnia No. 221Area • Total0.62 km2 (0.24 sq mi)Population (2001) • Total41&...

 

 

Omoforion

Fresko dari abad ke-14 memperlihatkan Santo Gregorius Agung mengenakan omoforion. Omoforion (Bahasa Yunani: ὀμοφόριον; Bahasa Slavonika Gereja: омофоръ, omofor) dalam tradisi liturgis Gereja Ortodoks Timur dan Gereja Katolik Timur adalah vestimentum khusus bagi seorang uskup dan merupakan lambang otoritas gerejawi dan spiritual yang dimilikinya. Omoforion yang awalnya terbuat dari bahan wol kini berupa selempang brokat yang dihiasi gambar-gambar salib dan dikenakan di sekelil...

كأس الأمم الإفريقية

كأس الأمم الإفريقية معلومات عامة الرياضة كرة القدم انطلقت 1957 المنظم الاتحاد الإفريقي لكرة القدم المنطقة إفريقيا عدد النسخ 34 التواتر كل عامين عدد المشاركين 24 وضع المشاركين محترفون الموقع الرسمي الموقع الرسمي قائمة الفائزين أخر بطل  ساحل العاج (اللقب الثالث) الأكثر تتوي...

 

 

Melinda Bam

Melinda BamLahirMelinda de Kok14 Mei 1989 (umur 35)[1]Pretoria, Afrika SelatanAlmamaterUniversitas PretoriaPekerjaanModel, penulis, pelukis, perancang busana[2][3]Tinggi1,70 m (5 ft 7 in)GelarMiss South Africa 2011Pemenang kontes kecantikanWarna rambutPirangWarna mataCokelatKompetisiutamaMiss South Africa 2011(Pemenang)(Miss Tropika)(Me Waterkloof and Candy Girl pageants)Miss Universe 2012 (Top 10) Melinda Bam (lahir 14 Mei 1989) adalah seorang mod...

 

 

1615

Portal Geschichte | Portal Biografien | Aktuelle Ereignisse | Jahreskalender | Tagesartikel ◄ | 16. Jahrhundert | 17. Jahrhundert | 18. Jahrhundert | ► ◄ | 1580er | 1590er | 1600er | 1610er | 1620er | 1630er | 1640er | ► ◄◄ | ◄ | 1611 | 1612 | 1613 | 1614 | 1615 | 1616 | 1617 | 1618 | 1619 | ► | ►► Staatsoberhäupter · Nekrolog · Musikjahr Kalenderübersicht 1615 Januar Kw Mo Di Mi Do Fr Sa So 1       1 2 3 4 2...

The Scarlet Pimpernel (1934 film)

1934 British adventure film directed by Harold Young The Scarlet Pimperneltheatrical release lobby cardDirected byHarold YoungWritten byScenario, continuity & dialogue:Lajos BíróS. N. BehrmanRobert E. SherwoodArthur WimperisBaroness Emmuska Orczy (uncredited)Alexander KordaRowland Brown (contributing writers, uncredited)Based onThe Scarlet Pimpernel(1905 play) byBaroness Emmuska Orczy and Montagu Barstowand The Scarlet Pimpernel(1908 novel)by Baroness OrczyProduced byAlexander KordaStar...

 

 

Be star

In astronomy, a B-type star Not to be confused with B[e] star. Depiction of Achernar, the brightest Be star Be stars are a heterogeneous set of stars with B spectral types and emission lines. A narrower definition, sometimes referred to as classical Be stars, is a non-supergiant B star whose spectrum has, or had at some time, one or more Balmer emission lines. Definition and classification Many stars have B-type spectra and show hydrogen emission lines, including many supergiants, Herbig Ae/B...

 

 

Lyft

American ride-sharing company Lyft, Inc.Company typePublicTraded asNasdaq: LYFT (Class A)Russell 1000 componentIndustryVehicle for hireFoundedJune 9, 2012; 12 years ago (2012-06-09) (as Zimride)FoundersLogan GreenJohn ZimmerHeadquartersSan Francisco, California, U.S.Area servedUnited StatesCanadaKey peopleLogan Green (chairman)John Zimmer (president)David Risher (CEO)Revenue US$4.40 billion (2023)Operating income US$−476 million (2023)Net income US$−340 million (202...

Scipio Aemilianus

Scipio Aemilianus Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Numantinus (185–129 SM), juga dikenal dengan nama Scipio Aemilianus atau Scipio Africanus Minor (Scipio Africanus yang muda), adalah seorang politikus dari Republik Romawi yang pernah menjabat sebagai konsul sebanyak dua kali pada tahun 147 dan 134 SM. Pada tahun 147 SM, ia memimpin pasukan Romawi dalam Perang Punisia Ketiga. Ia berhasil mengalahkan Kartago dan menghancurkan kota tersebut. Pada tahun 134 SM, ia menjadi pemimpin...

 

 

Zoolander 2

2016 American filmZoolander 2Theatrical release posterDirected byBen StillerWritten by Justin Theroux Ben Stiller Nick Stoller John Hamburg Based onCharacters createdby Drake SatherBen StillerProduced by Ben Stiller Stuart Cornfeld Scott Rudin Clayton Townsend Jeff Mann Starring Ben Stiller Owen Wilson Will Ferrell Penélope Cruz Kristen Wiig Fred Armisen CinematographyDan MindelEdited byGreg HaydenMusic byTheodore ShapiroProductioncompanies Red Hour Productions Scott Rudin Productions Distr...