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Jane Wenham (died 1730) was one of the last people to be condemned to death for witchcraft in England, although her conviction was set aside. Her trial in 1712 is commonly but erroneously regarded as the last witch trial in England.^[1]

Background

The twice-married Jane Wenham, of Walkern, Hertfordshire, had apparently separated from her second husband and about 1710 brought a charge of defamation against a farmer, John Chapman, in response to an accusation of witchcraft. The local justice of the peace, Sir Henry Chauncy, referred the matter to the Rev Godfrey Gardiner, the rector of Walkern. She was awarded with a shilling, though advised to be less quarrelsome. She was disappointed with this outcome, and it was reported that she had said she would have justice "some other way". She supposedly then bewitched Ann Thorne, a servant at the rectory.

Trial

A warrant for Wenham's arrest was issued by Sir Henry Chauncy, who gave instructions that she be searched for "witch marks". She requested that she undergo trials to avoid being detained, such as a swimming test, however, she was asked to repeat the Lord's Prayer.^[2]

The accused was brought before Sir John Powell at the assize court at Hertford on 4 March 1712. A number of villagers gave evidence that Wenham practised witchcraft. The judge was clearly more sceptical than the jury of the evidence presented. When an accusation of flying was made, the judge remarked that flying, per se, was not a crime.^[3] Through the good offices of Sir John Powell, Queen Anne granted Jane Wenham a pardon. A detailed account of the trial and of the claims then made by parishioners is provided by the Hertfordshire antiquary William Blyth Gerish (died 1921) in his 'Hertfordshire Folk Lore, No. 4', A Hertfordshire Witch; or the Story of Jane Wenham, the 'Wise Woman' of Walkern (1906). He concludes on page thirteen that the key to her persecution by Bragge lay in her claim to have attended Dissenting Meetings.

Final years

Wenham was removed from her village for her own safety and given a home on the estate of Mr Plumer at Gilston. Here she was visited by Bishop Francis Hutchinson (1660–1739), author of an Historical essay concerning witchcraft (1718), in which he applied an extremely rational approach to the subject. Hutchinson, who had met other survivors of witch-hunts, regarded their persecution as Tory superstition.^[4] After Plumer's death she moved to a cottage on the Cowper estate at Hertingfordbury where she died on Thursday, 11 January 1730, and was buried in Hertingfordbury churchyard on the Sunday following, her funeral sermon being preached by the curate, Rev Mr Squire ^[5].

Other cases

According to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Jane Wenham was the last person convicted of witchcraft in England.^[2]

However, trials and executions for witchcraft continued in England after the Wenham case. One such case involved Mary Hicks and her nine-year-old daughter Elizabeth, who were condemned to death by the assize court and were hanged in Huntingdon on Saturday 28 July 1716.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Contemporary accounts

The trial caused a sensation in London, where publishers such as Edmund Curll sold material proclaiming Wenham's innocence or guilt. Chauncey's son-in-law and one of the witnesses at the trial, Revd Francis Bragge, published three pamphlets about the case, including, A full and impartial account of the discovery of sorcery and witchcraft practis'd by Jane Wenham of Walkern in Hertfordshire.^[9]

Historical debate

Some historians, such as Keith Thomas, have suggested, taking this case is an example, that at this stage in English history there was generally a difference in attitudes towards supposed witchcraft between educated and less educated people, the latter being more credulous.^[3] However, the Wenham case is arguably more complicated than this distinction might imply, as Henry Chauncy, for example, was a published author who had studied at Cambridge University. Chauncy's motivation has been the subject of speculation.^[1] Ian Bostridge, one of Keith Thomas's students, has argued that political issues were involved in the case.^[4]

In 1700 about a fifth of the population of Hertfordshire were nonconformists ^[10] and a return made in 1715, shows that Walkern, a small rural parish then had eighty-four dissenting families ^[11]. The house of Edward Ives in Walkern had been certified for meetings of protestant dissenters for religious worship in 1699 ^[12]. Dissent thus had a firm hold in the parish of Walkern, where some local high-church clergy were greatly disliked. The Revd. Francis Bragge, for instance, a witness at the trial and Vicar of near-by Hitchin (1690-1728), has been described as 'that horrible man' ^[13]. Francis Bragge himself recorded that Wenham said that she was "persecuted out of Spite, only because she went to the Dissenting Meetings".^[14].

Plays

The Last Witch

In 2012, a play entitled The Last Witch was performed at Hertford Theatre and Walkern Hall, 300 years after the original trial. Written by Kate Miller and directed by former Hertfordshire vicar Richard Syms, the play starred Toni Brooks as the titular character, with Rhiannon Drake as Anne Thorne and Lindsay Cooper as Debora Gardiner.^[15]

Jane Wenham: The Witch of Walkern

In 2015 a play about Wenham by Rebecca Lenkiewicz opened at Watford Palace Theatre and went on tour.^[16]^[17]

References

^ ^a ^b Guskin, Phyllis J. (Autumn 1981). "The Context of Witchcraft: The Case of Jane Wenham (1712)". Eighteenth-Century Studies. 15 (1). Charles Village, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press: 48–71. doi:10.2307/2738402. JSTOR 2738402.
^ ^a ^b Davies, Owen (2004). "Wenham, Jane (d. 1730)". In Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, Brian (eds.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: England: Oxford University Press.
^ ^a ^b Thomas, Keith (2003). Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century England. London, England: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0140137446.
^ ^a ^b The political aspect of the case has been discussed by Ian Bostridge. Witchcraft and its transformations, c.1650–1750. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1997.
^ W.B. Gerish, A Hertfordshire Witch (1906) pages 10-12.
^ Millar, Charlotte-Rose (14 July 2017). Witchcraft, the Devil, and Emotions in Early Modern England. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-134-76981-0 – via Google Books.
^ Hicks, Mary (1716). The Whole Trial and Examination of Mrs. Mary Hicks and Her Daughter Elizabeth: But of Nine Years of Age, who Were Condemo'd [sic] the Last Assizes Held at Huntington for Witchcraft; and There Executed on Saturday the 28th of July, 1716. With an Account of the Most Surprizing Pieces of Witchcraft They Play'd, ... W. Matthews – via Google Books.
^ Inderwick, Frederick Andrew (1888). Side-lights on the Stuarts. S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington – via Google Books.
^ A Full and Impartial Account of the Discovery of Sorcery and Witchcraft, Practis'd by Jane Wenham...
^ Alan Ruston, Nonconformity in Hertfordshire (2005) page 7
^ William Page, editor, The Victoria History of the County of Hertfordshire, volume 4 (1914) page 352
^ William Urwick, Nonconformity in Herts (1884) page 615
^ Victoria Glendinning, Hertfordshire (1989) page 94
^ Francis Bragge, Witchcraft Further Display'd (London, 1712) Introduction
^ A tale of witchcraft at Hertford Theatre^{[permanent dead link‍]}.The Hertfordshire Mercury. 7 June 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
^ Gardner, Lyn (7 July 2015). "Rebecca Lenkiewicz: this government is 'determined to crush the poor'". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
^ Review; Jane Wenham: The Witch of Walkern Liverpool Everyman." Liverpool Echo (Liverpool, England). MGN Ltd.