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James Burns
James Burns
Born	1835
Died	1894 (aged 58–59)
Occupation	Activist & Writer

James Burns (1835 – 1894) was a Scottish spiritualist, naturopath, journalist, vegetariansm activist and publisher.

Biography

The son of a poor Ayrshire smallholder-craftsman, Burns became a gardener at Hampton Court in his late teens. He became a propagandist for temperance, and from 1858 to 1862 worked for a temperance publisher. Influenced by reading imported American spiritualist publications, and starting to distribute 'progressive and reformatory' literature to the local working population, Burns founded the Spiritual Institution in 1862, which operated from the same rooms as his 'Progressive Literature Agency'.^[1] It was located at 15 Southampton Row.^[2]

In 1867, Burns founded Human Nature, a monthly publication which ran until 1877. In 1869 he brought out a halfpenny weekly, The Medium, which absorbed the provincial Daybreak, founded 1867, and was continued as The Medium and Daybreak until 1895.^[3] In 1875, Burns published Alfred Russel Wallace's book On Miracles and Modern Spiritualism.^[4]

Burn was an anti-vaccinationist.^[5] He chaired an organizing committee to establish a hygienic college and hospital in London for the poor. The project did not prosper but Burns was acknowledged by the British Nature Cure Association as the "Late prominent Naturopathic Evangelist."^[5]

Burns died in poverty, leaving debts to his son James Burns, Jr.^[6]

Vegetarianism

Burns was a vegetarian.^[7] Burns influenced by James Simpson, joined the Vegetarian Society and during the 1860s lectured on vegetarianism. He sold vegetarian publications through his Progressive Library at his Spiritual Institution.^[7] He was vice-president of the London Reform Society and a member of the Vegetarian Rambling Society.^[7] He promoted vegetarianism in the Medium and Daybreak. Burns opposed the dietary views of Emmet Densmore which he described as an "anti-vegetarian quackery system".^[7]

Burns combined spiritualism and vegetarianism.^[7] He established a "Progressive Food and Cooking Society" which announced cookery lessons and free food. A vegetarian publishing house and restaurant was established in Clerkenwell which gave free vegetarian breakfasts to poor children.^[7]

Historian Charles W. Forward commented that Burns was "an early and ardent worker in the cause of vegetarianism."^[8]

Selected publications

Madame Blavatsky as a Spiritualist (1889)

References

^ Barrow, Logie (1986). Independent spirits: Spiritualism and English Plebeians, 1850-1910, pp. 102-3
^ Pels, Peter (1995). "Spiritual Facts and Super-Visions: The 'Conversion' of Alfred Russel Wallace". Etnofoor. 8 (2): 69–91.
^ Spence, Lewis, ed., (1920) Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology p. 877
^ Wallace, Alfred Russel (1875). On Miracles and Modern Spiritualism: Three Essays. London: James Burns. ISBN 9780837056876.
^ ^a ^b Brown, P. S. (1988). "Nineteenth-Century American Health Reformers and the Early Nature Cure Movement in Britain" (PDF). Medical History. 32 (2): 174–194. doi:10.1017/S0025727300047980. PMC 1139856. PMID 3287059.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ Waite, Arthur Edward (2003). Unknown World 1894-1895. Kessinger Publishing. p. 242. ISBN 0-7661-4959-5.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Muers, Rachel. (2008). Eating and Believing Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Vegetarianism and Theology. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 141-143. ISBN 978-0-567-03284-3
^ Forward, Charles W. (1898). Fifty Years of Food Reform: A History of the Vegetarian Movement in England. London: The Ideal Publishing Union. p. 132