Irvin Ungar

Irvin Ungar
Portrait of Irvin Ungar, from the neck up, facing forward, wearing glasses and smiling slightly.
Born
Irvin D. Ungar

(1948-12-10) December 10, 1948 (age 76)
Occupations
  • Pulpit rabbi (1974 – 1987)
  • CEO of Historicana (1987 – present)
  • Curator of The Arthur Szyk Society (2001 – 2017)
Notable workJustice Illuminated: The Art of Arthur Szyk (1998), The Szyk Haggadah and Freedom Illuminated: Understanding the Szyk Haggadah (2008), Arthur Szyk: Soldier in Art (2017)
Awards2008 Hemlock Award of Excellence, 2012 PubWest Silver Award, 2017 National Jewish Book Award
Websiteszyk.com

Irvin Ungar (born 1948) is an American former pulpit rabbi and antiquarian bookseller, considered the foremost expert[1][2] on the artist Arthur Szyk. Ungar is credited as “the man behind the Szyk renaissance”[3] who pulled Szyk “out of obscurity”[4] through scholarship, exhibitions, and publications spanning nearly three decades.[5]

Early life and education

Ungar was born in 1948 in Trenton, New Jersey and graduated from Trenton Central High School in 1966. After receiving his B.A. from Washington & Jefferson College in 1970, Ungar then attended rabbinical school, obtaining both his Rabbinic Ordination from the Academy for Jewish Religion and an M.A. in Education from New York University in 1974. While serving as the rabbi at Temple Sinai in Forest Hills, New York (1974 – 1980), Ungar earned his Pastoral Counseling Degree from the Postgraduate Center for Mental Health and his Master of Sacred Theology (S.T.M.) from New York Theological Seminary. Ungar moved to Burlingame, California in 1980 to serve as a rabbi for Peninsula Temple Sholom. During his seven years as a rabbi in Burlingame, Ungar also wrote opinion pieces on social and religious issues for the San Mateo County Times.[6]

Historicana

In 1987, Ungar founded Historicana (known as Holy Land Treasures from 1987 to 1991), becoming an antiquarian book dealer specializing in historic Judaica.[7] In 1991, Historicana became a member of the Antiquarian Booksellers' Association of America. Notable items that Ungar owned and sold over the years include Anne Frank’s “Forget Me Not” autograph inscription;[8] the original handwritten draft in Hebrew of Martin Buber’s 1939 letter to Mahatma Gandhi regarding a two-state solution in Palestine;[9] a rare Theodor Herzl autograph letter, dated November 1900, stating a plan to “bring the cause of Zionism before the English Parliament”;[10] and a letter signed by both King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, dated 1492, on the confiscation of Jewish property and the expulsion of Jews from Spain.[11] In addition, Historicana produced a series of American Judaica catalogues, as well as one-off catalogues for specialty collections. These included a Zion anniversary catalogue, The Birth of a Nation,[12] commemorating the 50th anniversary of the State of Israel; and the Collector’s Haggadah Catalogue: 1695 – Present,[13] which gave prospective buyers information and prices on almost 1500 Haggadot that Ungar owned at one time.

Ungar's increasing interest in Arthur Szyk changed the direction and scope of Historicana in key ways. In 1999, Historicana became a small publishing imprint to reprint the exhibition catalogue from “Justice Illuminated: The Art of Arthur Szyk,”[14] a Spertus Museum exhibition that Ungar had curated, which was the first major Szyk museum exhibition in decades.[15] From there, Historicana served as publisher or co-publisher for several books about Szyk. In addition to operating Historicana, Ungar amassed the largest single collection of artwork by Szyk to date:[16] The Arthur Szyk Collection, which was purchased in 2017 by the University of California, Berkeley through a monetary gift from philanthropist Tad Taube.[17]

Arthur Szyk

Ungar first encountered Arthur Szyk's art in 1975, when he purchased a copy of The Haggadah illustrated by Szyk from Bloch Publishing Company in New York.[18] At the time, Szyk was relatively unknown,[19] having fallen into obscurity[20] after his death at age 57 in 1951.

Arthur Szyk, The Family at the Seder from The Haggadah. Łódź, 1935.

Ungar's interest in Arthur Szyk began in the late 1980s, following his purchase of Szyk's Holiday Series prints[21] at an antique shop in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Shortly afterward, Ungar met another antiquarian, Hallam Webber, at a Washington, D.C. book fair. Webber later introduced Ungar to George Gooche, a fellow Szyk collector and founder of The Arthur Szyk Society.[22] Prior to meeting Ungar, Gooche had been in contact with Arthur Szyk’s daughter, Alexandra Szyk Bracie, regarding his goal to preserve Szyk’s memory. Bracie ultimately sold Gooche Arthur Szyk’s personal archives, which included his wife Julia Szyk’s memoirs.[22] Gooche sold the archives to Ungar in 1997.

The Arthur Szyk Society

George Gooche founded The Arthur Szyk Society in 1991, establishing the nonprofit in Orange County, California, “to disseminate the artist's work and ideals.”[23] In 1997, Ungar assumed responsibility for the Society and moved its headquarters to Burlingame, establishing a new Board of Trustees. In his new role as President of the Society, and later as Society Curator, Ungar increased Szyk’s visibility over a 20-year period through lectures, newsletters, art history papers, and exhibitions, including the traveling exhibition “Justice Illuminated: The Art of Arthur Szyk.”[24]

Lectures and addresses

Ungar's first public lecture on Arthur Szyk took place at Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1994, on the hundredth anniversary of the artist’s birth.[6] On three separate occasions,[25][26][27] Ungar has been invited to speak on Szyk at the Library of Congress. Ungar also delivered the keynote address at the opening of “Arthur Szyk — Drawing Against National Socialism and Terror”[28] at the Deutsches Historisches Museum in Berlin, and for the opening of the “Justice Illuminated” traveling exhibition[29] at the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw, Poland, as part of the Arthur Szyk Society’s Renaissance Tour. Additionally, Ungar has been invited to speak at numerous universities and institutions in the United States and abroad.

Publications and media

Ungar authored his first essay on Szyk in 1999 in Biblio magazine, with co-author and Szyk biographer Joseph P. Ansell.[30] His other notable essays include an examination of Nostra aetate and De profundis for Moment magazine;[31] Szyk as an “artist for freedom” for Washington’s Rebuke to Bigotry;[32] Szyk’s legacy as a “fighter for justice” for Dziedzictwo Polsko-Zydowskiego Artysty (The Legacy of the Polish-Jewish Artist);[33] a history of The Szyk Haggadah for Freedom Illuminated;[34] Szyk’s Holocaust art for The Holocaust and Nostra Aetate: Toward a Greater Understanding;[35] and a look at Szyk’s role as Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s “soldier in art” for the Norman Rockwell Museum’s traveling exhibition, “Enduring Ideals: Rockwell, Roosevelt & the Four Freedoms.”[36] Ungar was interviewed by Rabbi Mark S. Golub in a one-hour program for the Jewish Broadcasting Service,[37] and was profiled by Steven Heller for the American Institute of Graphic Arts[38] and The Atlantic.[39]

Through the Historicana imprint, Ungar published, edited, and/or produced several books about Arthur Szyk, including Justice Illuminated: The Art of Arthur Szyk (co-publisher and author);[40] The Szyk Haggadah[41] and its companion volume Freedom Illuminated: Understanding The Szyk Haggadah (publisher, co-editor with Byron Sherwin, contributor);[42] Heroes of Ancient Israel: The Playing Card Art of Arthur Szyk (publisher);[43] Arthur Szyk: Soldier in Art (co-publisher, editor, and contributor),[44] which won a 2017 National Jewish Book Award in the category of Visual Arts,[45] and Arthur Szyk Preserved (co-editor with Samantha Lyons).[46] In addition to books, Historicana produced documentary films about Arthur Szyk. In collaboration with filmmaker Jim Ruxin, these films include “Arthur Szyk: Soldier in Art,”[47][48] “In Every Generation: Remaking the Szyk Haggadah,”[49] and “Soldier in Art: Arthur Szyk—America’s Weapon Against Nazi Germany.”[50]

Exhibitions

Several museum exhibitions played a significant role in Ungar's goal to bring Szyk back into the mainstream. As guest curator or consultant, Ungar facilitated exhibitions of Szyk's art at Chicago's Spertus Museum (1998 – 1999);[15] the Library of Congress (1999 – 2000);[51] the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. (2002);[52] the Deutsches Historisches Museum in Berlin (2008 – 2009);[53][54] Palace of the Legion of Honor in San Francisco (2010 – 2011);[55] the Contemporary Jewish Museum in San Francisco (2014);[56] and the New-York Historical Society in New York City (2017 – 2018).[57]

Byron Sherwin and The Szyk Haggadah

Rabbi Byron Sherwin, a renowned Jewish theologian, scholar, and author, collaborated closely with Ungar on several key projects. As Spertus Institute Distinguished Service Professor and Director of Doctoral Programs,[58] Sherwin worked with Ungar on the 1998 Spertus Museum exhibition, “Justice Illuminated: The Art of Arthur Szyk,” and wrote the introduction for the accompanying book of the same title.[59] For The Arthur Szyk Society’s Seymour Fromer Traveling Exhibition Program, also entitled “Justice Illuminated: The Art of Arthur Szyk,” Sherwin wrote the panel text for the traveling photo-mural panels and the accompanying study guide.[60]

Sherwin's most significant collaboration with Ungar was the creation of a new edition of Szyk's Haggadah, originally published in 1940. Published in 2008 as a limited edition,[61] and republished in collaboration with Abrams Books in 2011 as a trade edition,[5] Historicana's The Szyk Haggadah was reproduced entirely from Szyk’s original artwork,[62] the first Szyk Haggadah reproduction since 1940 to do so.[63] For The Szyk Haggadah, Sherwin provided a new English translation from the original Hebrew text and wrote the commentary.[41] Sherwin also served as co-editor for The Szyk Haggadah's companion volume, Freedom Illuminated: Understanding the Szyk Haggadah.[42] Several cultural institutions—including the Vatican,[64] the Metropolitan Museum of Art,[65] the British Library,[64] the Library of Congress,[66] and Princeton University[67]—hold a copy of The Szyk Haggadah and Freedom Illuminated in their special collections.

Sale of the collection and Arthur Szyk: Soldier in Art

In 2017, Tad Taube of Taube Philanthropies provided the funding to UC Berkeley to purchase The Arthur Szyk Collection from Ungar for the Magnes Collection of Jewish Art and Life. The $10.1 million gift was "the largest single monetary gift to acquire art in the long history of UC Berkeley."[17] The collection consisted of 450 original paintings, illustrations, and sketches spanning Szyk's career, as well as thousands of items from Szyk's personal archives.[17]

A few months after the sale of the collection, Ungar co-published, with GILES of London, the book Arthur Szyk: Soldier in Art to coincide with the New-York Historical Society exhibition of the same name. Szyk and Ungar received considerable media coverage in 2017 and early 2018,[17][68][69][70][71] thanks in part to press surrounding the sale of the collection, the New York City exhibition, and the Soldier in Art book—which won a National Jewish Book Award from the Jewish Book Council.[72] The Jewish Review of Books notes in a Winter 2018 article that Szyk's “reputation is clearly on the rise again.”[73]

References

  1. ^ Gloster, Rob (April 3, 2017). "Work of Szyk, whose romantic art glorified 20th-century Jewry, comes to Berkeley". J. The Jewish News of Northern California. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  2. ^ Schwartz, Yitzchak (29 November 2017). ""Arthur Szyk: Soldier in Art" at The New York Historical Society". JHIBlog. Journal of the History of Ideas. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  3. ^ Heller, Steven (May 1, 2015). "Arthur Szyk, Laureate". Print. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  4. ^ Pucciarelli, Alexandra (September 19, 2017). "Arthur Szyk, a Jewish Master Almost Lost to History, is Rediscovered". Tablet. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  5. ^ a b Kahn, Eve (March 10, 2011). "Arthur Szyk's Haggadah and Singapore's Sunken Arab Treasure". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  6. ^ a b "Szyk Expert Irvin Ungar: Curriculum Vitae". Szyk.com. Historicana. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  7. ^ Gluck, Peggy Isaak (November 20, 1987). "Peninsula rabbi opens new antique Judaica business". Northern California Jewish Bulletin.
  8. ^ Gluck, Peggy Isaak (April 6, 1990). "Area dealer buys a rare Anne Frank signature". Northern California Jewish Bulletin. 139 (3): 1, 34–35.
  9. ^ Ungar, Irvin (November 1997). The Birth of a Nation: The Jewish People and the Land of Israel: Zion Anniversary Catalogue. Burlingame, CA: Historicana.
  10. ^ Ungar, Irvin (August 1995). Masterpieces of Judaica. Burlingame, CA: Historicana.
  11. ^ Ungar, Irvin (February 2002). Important Judaica including National Treasures of the Jewish People. Burlingame, CA: Historicana.
  12. ^ Ungar, Irvin (November 1997). The Birth of a Nation. Burlingame, CA: Historicana.
  13. ^ Ungar, Irvin (March 1994). Collector's Haggadah Catalogue: 1695 – Present. Burlingame, CA: Historicana.
  14. ^ Justice illuminated: the art of Arthur Szyk. OCLC 43100953. Retrieved 6 April 2018 – via WorldCat.org: The World's Largest Library Catalog.
  15. ^ a b Artner, Alan G. (August 9, 1998). "Critics' Choice: Art: "Justice Illuminated: The Art of Arthur Szyk"". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 30, 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  16. ^ Dolsten, Josefin (April 4, 2017). "UC Berkeley acquires huge Arthur Szyk collection". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  17. ^ a b c d Whiting, Sam (April 3, 2017). "Magnes museum gets big collection of Jewish art, thanks to Taube". SFGate. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  18. ^ Ungar, Irvin (2017). "Behind the Great Art and the Great Messages Stands Arthur Szyk, the Great Man". In Ungar, Irvin (ed.). Arthur Szyk: Soldier in Art. London: GILES, in association with Historicana and The Arthur Szyk Society. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-911282-08-2.
  19. ^ Heller, Steven (2017). "Preface". In Ungar, Irvin (ed.). Arthur Szyk: Soldier in Art. London: GILES, in association with Historicana and The Arthur Szyk Society. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-911282-08-2.
  20. ^ Goldmann, A.J. (April 20, 2009). "New Life for Arthur Szyk". Forward. The Forward Association, Inc. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  21. ^ Heller, Steven (February 10, 2012). "Arthur Szyk (pronounced schick)". Print. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  22. ^ a b Epstein, Benjamin (December 24, 1993). "Illuminated by Arthur Szyk's Art: Exhibit: Serendipity leads five O.C. friends to collect the works and papers of the Polish illustrator, whose 'U.N. Series' is on view in Placentia". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  23. ^ Correspondent, J. (January 21, 2000). "Burlingame Judaica expert working to make Arthur Szyk famous again". J. The Jewish News of Northern California. Retrieved 9 April 2018. {{cite news}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  24. ^ "Justice Illuminated: The Art of Arthur Szyk". Szyk.com. Historicana. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  25. ^ "The Fabric of America through the Art of Arthur Szyk". Library of Congress. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  26. ^ "Arthur Szyk and His Passover Haggadah". Library of Congress. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  27. ^ "'Arthur Szyk: Artist for Freedom' to open at the Library of Congress December 9, 1999". The Arthur Szyk Society Newsletter. 2 (1): 1. Fall 1999. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  28. ^ "World-Class Szyk Berlin Exhibition an International Success". The Arthur Szyk Society Newsletter. 9: 1. Winter 2008–2009.
  29. ^ "Szyk Exhibit Travels to Three Cities in Poland". The Arthur Szyk Society Newsletter. 6: 1. Spring 2005.
  30. ^ Ungar, Irvin; Joseph P. Ansell (February 1999). "Justice Illuminated: The Art of Arthur Szyk". Biblio. 4 (2).
  31. ^ Ungar, Irvin; Allison Claire Chang (October 21, 2015). Levin, Sala (ed.). "Nostra Aetate at 50: Jewish Art, Christian Conscience". Moment.
  32. ^ Ungar, Irvin (2015). "Arthur Szyk: Artist for Freedom". In Strom, Adam (ed.). Washington's Rebuke to Bigotry. Brookline, Massachusetts: Facing History And Ourselves. pp. 149–164. ISBN 978-1940457116.
  33. ^ Ungar, Irvin (2011). "Building Bridges: The Legacy of Polish-Jewish Artist Arthur Szyk, Fighter for Justice and Freedom". In Skotnicki, Aleksander B. (ed.). Dziedzictwo Polsko-Zydowskiego Artysty (The Legacy of the Polish-Jewish Artist). Krakow: Stradomskie Centrum Dialogu.
  34. ^ Ungar, Irvin (2008). "Telling the Story: A History of The Szyk Haggadah". In Ungar, Irvin; Sherwin, Byron (eds.). Freedom Illuminated : Understanding the Szyk Haggadah. Burlingame, CA: Historicana. pp. 173–205.
  35. ^ Ungar, Irvin (2017). "Injustice Illuminated: The Holocaust Art of Arthur Szyk". In Rittner, Carol; Ronda, Tara (eds.). The Holocaust and Nostra Aetate: Toward a Greater Understanding. Greensburg, PA: National Catholic Center for Holocaust Education, Seton Hill University. ISBN 978-0983057123.
  36. ^ Ungar, Irvin (2018). "Arthur Szyk: Immigrant Artist as F.D.R.'s Soldier in Art". In Plunkett, Stephanie Haboush; Kimble, James (eds.). Enduring Ideals: Rockwell, Roosevelt, and the Four Freedoms. New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-0789213006.
  37. ^ "L'Chayim: The Art of Arthur Szyk". YouTube.com. Jewish Broadcasting Service. 17 November 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  38. ^ Heller, Steven (November 24, 2010). "Illuminating Arthur Szyk: An Interview with Irvin Ungar". AIGA. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  39. ^ Heller, Steven (May 29, 2014). "The Almost-Forgotten Jewish Artist Who Propagandized Against Hitler". The Atlantic. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  40. ^ Ungar, Irvin (1999). . Justice Illuminated: The Art of Arthur Szyk (Second ed.). Berkeley, CA and Burlingame, CA: Frog, Ltd. and Historicana. ISBN 1583940103.
  41. ^ a b Ungar, Irvin; Sherwin, Byron, eds. (2008). The Szyk Haggadah (Deluxe and Premier ed.). Burlingame, CA: Historicana. ISBN 978-0979954603.
  42. ^ a b Ungar, Irvin; Sherwin, Byron, eds. (2008). Freedom Illuminated: Understanding The Szyk Haggadah (Limited ed.). Burlingame, CA: Historicana. ISBN 978-0979954627.
  43. ^ Chang, Allison Claire (2011). Heroes of Ancient Israel: The Playing Card Art of Arthur Szyk. Burlingame, CA: Historicana. ISBN 978-0979954634.
  44. ^ Ungar, Irvin; Michael Berenbaum; Tom L. Freudenheim; James Kettlewell (2017). Ungar, Irvin (ed.). Arthur Szyk: Soldier in Art (Hardcover ed.). London: GILES, in association with Historicana and The Arthur Szyk Society. ISBN 978-1911282082.
  45. ^ "Past Winners". Jewish Book Council. Archived from the original on 2020-06-05. Retrieved 2020-01-25.
  46. ^ Ungar, Irvin; Lyons, Samantha, eds. (2023). Arthur Szyk Preserved: Institutional Collections of Original Art. GILES. ISBN 978-1913875404.
  47. ^ "Arthur Szyk: Soldier in Art (2006)". Imdb.com. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  48. ^ "Arthur Szyk: Soldier in Art". YouTube.com. Historicana. 20 September 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  49. ^ In every generation: remaking the Szyk Haggadah. WorldCat.org: The World's Largest Library Catalog. OCLC 401340832. Retrieved 9 April 2018 – via WorldCat.org.
  50. ^ "Szyk Documentary to Open in Australia". The Arthur Szyk Society Newsletter. 13: 14. February 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  51. ^ "Arthur Szyk: Artist for Freedom Online Exhibition". Loc.gov. Library of Congress. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  52. ^ "Online Exhibition: The Art and Politics of Arthur Szyk". Ushmm.org. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  53. ^ Kimmelman, Michael (September 7, 2008). "A Caricaturist, but No Funny Stuff Here". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  54. ^ "Arthur Szyk: Drawing Against National Socialism and Terror". Dhm.de. Deutsches Historisches Museum. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  55. ^ "Arthur Szyk: Miniature Paintings and Modern Illuminations". legionofhonor.famsf.org. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  56. ^ "Arthur Szyk and the Art of the Haggadah". Thecjm.org. The Contemporary Jewish Museum. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  57. ^ "Arthur Szyk: Soldier in Art". Nyhistory.org. New-York Historical Society Museum & Library. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  58. ^ "Rabbi Dr. Byron Sherwin (1946-2015)". Spertus.edu. Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership. Archived from the original on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  59. ^ Sherwin, Byron (1999). "Introduction". Justice Illuminated: The Art of Arthur Szyk (Second ed.). Berkeley, CA and Burlingame, CA: Frog, Ltd. and Historicana. pp. 6–7. ISBN 1583940103.
  60. ^ Justice illuminated - the art of Arthur Szyk: a study-guide by Byron L. Sherwin. WorldCat.org: The World's Largest Library Catalog. OCLC 838648707. Retrieved 10 April 2018. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  61. ^ "The Szyk Haggadah: Overview". Szyk.com. Historicana. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  62. ^ Heller, Steven (February 2008). "Szyk Transit" (PDF). Print: 104. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  63. ^ The Szyk Haggadah. Abrams Books. April 2011. ISBN 9780810997530. Retrieved 10 April 2018. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  64. ^ a b "The Szyk Haggadah: Institutions". Szyk.com. Historicana. Retrieved 10 April 2018.[permanent dead link‍]
  65. ^ "The Szyk Haggadah". Metmuseum.org. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  66. ^ Fischer, Audrey. "Headline Haggadot: Two Rare Passover Texts Published In Facsimile". Loc.gov. Library of Congress. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  67. ^ Melby, Julie. "The Szyk Haggadah". Princeton.edu. Princeton University. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  68. ^ Heinrich, Will (September 8, 2017). "The New Season of Art: Listings for the Fall Season and Beyond". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  69. ^ "Goings On About Town: Arthur Szyk: Soldier in Art". The New Yorker. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  70. ^ Hirt-Manheimer, Aron (October 13, 2017). "Soldier in Art: Exploring the Activist Works of Arthur Szyk". ReformJudaism.org. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  71. ^ Hoberman, J. (October 16, 2017). "Arthur Szyk: Jewish Heroes and Nazi Monsters". Tablet. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  72. ^ Paull, Laura (January 10, 2018). "Three local authors honored by 2017 National Jewish Book Awards". J. The Jewish News of Northern California. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  73. ^ Cole, Diane (Winter 2018). "Ink and Blood". Jewish Review of Books. Retrieved 11 April 2018.

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Ethnic minority in Romania Ethnic group Germans of RomaniaGerman: RumäniendeutscheDeutsche aus RumänienDeutsch-Rumänen Map depicting the distribution of ethnic Germans in Romania (according to the 2002 census)Total populationc. 22,900 (as per the 2021 Romanian census)[1]Regions with significant populations Romania Mainly in Transylvania (Sibiu County, Brașov County, Satu Mare County) Banat (Timiș County) Bukovina (Suceava County) Bucharest LanguagesMainly German (i.e. Hochdeutsch...

سلالة تشيرا الحاكمة

مملكة تشيرا مملكة تشيرا ملكية القرن 4 ق م – القرن 12 سلالة تشيرا الحاكمةشعار Extent of Chera kingdom عاصمة سلالة تشيرا الحاكمةكولامكرور نظام الحكم غير محدّد الديانة دين درفيدي شعبي هندوسية: شيفية، فايشنافية التاريخ التأسيس القرن 4 ق م الزوال القرن 12 اليوم جزء من  الهند تعديل م...

 

Football Club Progrès Niedercorn

Questa voce sull'argomento società calcistiche lussemburghesi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Progrès NiedercornCalcio Segni distintiviUniformi di gara Casa Trasferta Colori socialiGiallo Dati societariCittàNiederkorn (Differdange) Nazione Lussemburgo ConfederazioneUEFA Federazione FLF CampionatoDivision Nationale Fondazione1919 Proprietario Guillaume Letsch Presidente Léon Greiveldinger Allenatore Stéphane Leoni StadioStade ...

 

Butetown

District and community in Cardiff, Wales This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Butetown – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 51°28′01″N 3°09′58″W / 51.467°N 3.166°W / 51.467; -3.166 Butetown ele...

Arborloo

Vous lisez un « bon article » labellisé en 2009. Arborloo Diagramme de fonctionnement Informations générales Chaine d'assainissement Interface, stockage, valorisation Produits entrants ExcrémentsEau ou matériaux de nettoyage analComposés organiques Produits sortants Biomasse Niveau d'application Ménages modifier Un Arborloo à Cap-Haïtien, Haïti. L’Arborloo est une toilette simple et écologique constituée d'une petite fosse surmontée d'un plancher ou d'une dalle, et...

 

German submarine U-2336

German World War II submarine Rendering of a Type XXIII submarine History Nazi Germany NameU-2336 Ordered20 September 1943 BuilderDeutsche Werft, Hamburg Yard number490 Laid down27 July 1944 Launched10 September 1944 Commissioned30 September 1944 FateSurrendered at Wilhelmshaven, Germany on 15 May 1945. Taken to Lisahally on 21 June 1945 to take part in Operation Deadlight where she was sunk on 3 January 1946 by gunfire from the destroyer HMS Offa.[1] General characteristics [...

 

Local government in England

System of state administration on a local level in England For the history of local government in England, see History of local government in England. For the political make-up of local authorities, see Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom. Joint-board redirects here. For the U.S. military's Joint Army and Navy Board, also known as the Joint Board, see Joint Chiefs of Staff. The local authorities of England: unitary authorities (pink), metropolitan boroughs (purple), non-...

Pietà (arte)

Questa voce sull'argomento storia dell'arte è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. La Pietà di Michelangelo in San Pietro in Vaticano La pietà è un tema artistico biblico, che raffigura Maria che sorregge il corpo senza vita del figlio Gesù Cristo, dopo la sua passione e deposizione. L'iconografia ha origini tedesche che si riconoscono nel Vesperbild[1]. La pietà è anche uno dei sette dolori di Maria Addolorata (Mater dolorosa i...

 

Turn- und Sportverein München von 1860 2011-2012

Voce principale: Turn- und Sportverein München von 1860. Turn- und Sportverein München von 1860Stagione 2011-2012Sport calcio Squadra Monaco 1860 Allenatore Reiner Maurer All. in seconda Wolfgang Schellenberg Alexander Schmidt 2. Bundesliga6º posto Coppa di GermaniaSecondo turno Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Lauth, Volland (33)Totale: Lauth, Volland (35) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Volland (14)Totale: Volland (15) StadioAllianz Arena Maggior numero di spettatori39 500 vs. Dinamo...