Indochinese tiger

Indochinese tiger
Indochinese tiger at the Berlin Zoological Garden
Indochinese tiger at the Berlin Zoological Garden
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Pantherinae
Genus: Panthera
Species: P. tigris
Subspecies: P. t. tigris
Population: Indochinese tiger
Distribution of the Indochinese tiger
Distribution of the Indochinese tiger

The Indochinese tiger is a population of the Panthera tigris tigris subspecies that is native to Southeast Asia.[1] This population occurs in Myanmar and Thailand. In 2011, the population was thought to comprise 342 individuals, including 85 in Myanmar and 20 in Vietnam, with the largest population unit surviving in Thailand, estimated at 189 to 252 individuals during the period 2009 to 2014.[2]

Taxonomy

Panthera tigris corbetti was proposed as a scientific name for this specific population by Vratislav Mazák in 1968 based on skin colouration, marking pattern, and skull dimensions. It was named in honor of Jim Corbett.[3]

In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group revised felid taxonomy and now recognizes the tiger populations of mainland South and Southeast Asia as belonging to the nominate subspecies P. tigris tigris.[1] Results of a genetic study published in 2018 supported six monophyletic clades based on whole genome sequencing analysis of 32 tiger specimens. The specimens from Malaysia and Indochina appeared to be distinct from other mainland Asian populations, thus supporting the concept of six living subspecies.[4]

Characteristics

Young Indochinese tiger

The Indochinese tiger’s ground colouration is darker, with more rather short and narrow single stripes; its skull is smaller than that of the Bengal tiger.[3][5] Eleven Indochinese tiger skins in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London, have 21–31 stripes.[6] In body size, it is smaller than the Bengal and Siberian tigers. Males range in size from 255 to 285 cm (100 to 112 in) and in weight, from 150 to 195 kg (331 to 430 lb). Females range in size from 230 to 255 cm (91 to 100 in) and in weight, from 100 to 130 kg (220 to 290 lb).[7]

Distribution and habitat

The Indochinese tiger is distributed in Myanmar, Thailand and Laos.[2] Its historical range also included Cambodia, southern China and Vietnam.[8] Results of a phylogeographic study, using 134 tiger samples across the global range, suggest that the historical northwestern distribution limit of the Indochinese tiger is the region in the Chittagong Hill Tracts and Brahmaputra River basin, bordering the range of the Bengal tiger.[9]

In Myanmar, surveys were conducted between 1999 and 2002, confirming the presence of tigers in the Hukawng Valley, Htamanthi Wildlife Sanctuary and in two small areas in the Tanintharyi Region. The Tenasserim Hills is an important area, but forests are harvested there.[10] In 2015, tigers were recorded by camera traps for the first time in the hill forests of Kayin State.[11] Camera trap surveys between 2016 and 2018 revealed about 22 adult individuals in three sites that represent 8% of the potential tiger habitat in the country.[12]

More than half of the total Indochinese tiger population survives in the Western Forest Complex in Thailand, especially in the area of the Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary. This habitat consists of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests.[13] Camera trap surveys from 2008 to 2017 in eastern Thailand detected about 17 adult tigers in an area of 4,445 km2 (1,716 sq mi) in Dong Phayayen–Khao Yai Forest Complex. Several individuals had cubs. The population density in Thap Lan National Park, Pang Sida National Park and Dong Yai Wildlife Sanctuary was estimated at 0.32–1.21 individuals per 100 km2 (39 sq mi).[14][15] Three subadult tigers were photographed in spring 2020 in a remote region of Thailand that are thought to be dispersing.[16]

In Laos, 14 tigers were documented in Nam Et-Phou Louey National Protected Area during surveys from 2013 to 2017, covering four blocks of about 200 km2 (77 sq mi) semi-evergreen and evergreen forest that are interspersed with some patches of grassland.[17] More recent surveys have failed to detect any tigers, and the likelihood is that they have been extirpated as a result of poaching, fueled by demand from China.[18]

In eastern Cambodia, tigers were last recorded in Mondulkiri Protected Forest and Virachey National Park during surveys between 1999 and 2007.[19][20] In 2016, the Cambodian government declared that the tiger was "functionally extinct".[21][22] In April 2023, India signed a memorandum of understanding with Cambodia to assist the country with the tiger's reintroduction. At least 90 acres (36 ha) of the Cardamom Mountains of Tatai Wildlife Sanctuary could be used to host Bengal tigers.[23]

From the 1960s and earlier, the Indochinese tiger occurred throughout the mountains in Vietnam, even in the midlands and Islands. In the report of the Government of Vietnam at the Tiger Forum in 2004, there would be tigers in only 17 provinces and they were living in fragmented and severely degraded forest areas.[24] Tigers were still present in 14 protected areas in the 1990s, but none have been recorded in the country since 1997.[25][26] The population in Laos and Vietnam has declined significantly. According to the global tiger census of 2016, only two tigers were left in Laos and less than five in Vietnam.[27] There is news of its extinction in both countries. In Laos, no tiger has been seen since 2013, when its populations were estimated at only two, and these two individuals vanished shortly after 2013 from Nam Et-Phou Louey National Protected Area, denoting they were most likely killed either by snare or gun.[28] In Vietnam, a 2014 IUCN Red List report indicated that tigers were possibly extinct in Vietnam.[29]

In China, it occurred historically in Yunnan province and Mêdog County, where it probably does not survive today.[30] Thus, probably the Indochinese tiger now only survives in Thailand and Myanmar.[31] In Yunnan's Shangyong Nature Reserve, three individuals were detected during surveys carried out from 2004 to 2009.[32]

Behaviour and ecology

In Thailand's Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, seven female and four male tigers were equipped with GPS radio collars between June 2005 and August 2011. Females had a mean home range of 70.2 ± 33.2 km2 (27.1 ± 12.8 sq mi) and males of 267.6 ± 92.4 km2 (103.3 ± 35.7 sq mi).[33]

Between 2013 and 2015, 11 prey species were identified at 150 kill sites. They ranged in weight from 3 to 287 kg (6.6 to 632.7 lb). Sambar deer, banteng, gaur, and wild boar were most frequently killed, but also remains of Asian elephant calves, hog badger, Old World porcupine, muntjac, serow, pangolin, and langur species were identified.[34]

Threats

The primary threat to the tiger is poaching for the illegal wildlife trade.[2] Tiger bone has been an ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine for more than 1,500 years and is either added to medicinal wine, used in the form of powder, or boiled to a glue-like consistency. More than 40 different formulae containing tiger bone were produced by at least 226 Chinese companies in 1993.[35] Tiger bone glue is a popular medicine among urban Vietnamese consumers.[36]

Between 1970 and 1993, South Korea imported 607 kg (1,338 lb) of tiger bones from Thailand and 2,415 kg (5,324 lb) from China between 1991 and 1993.[37] Between 2001 and 2010, wildlife markets were surveyed in Myanmar, Thailand, and Laos. During 13 surveys, 157 body parts of tigers were found, representing at least 91 individuals. Whole skins were the most commonly traded parts. Bones, paws, and penises were offered as aphrodisiacs in places with a large sex industry. Tiger bone wine was offered foremost in shops catering to Chinese customers. Traditional medicine accounted for a large portion of products sold and exported to China, Laos, and Vietnam.[38]

Between 2000 and 2011, 641 tigers, both live and dead, were seized in 196 incidents in Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, and China; 275 tigers were suspected to have leaked into trade from captive facilities. China was the most common destination of the seized tigers.[39]

In Myanmar's Hukaung Valley, the Yuzana Corporation, alongside local authorities, has expropriated more than 200,000 acres (81,000 ha) of land from more than 600 households since 2006. Much of the trees have been logged, and the land has been transformed into plantations. Some of the land taken by the Yazana Corporation had been deemed tiger transit corridors. These are areas of land that were supposed to be left untouched by development in order to allow the region's Indochinese tigers to travel between protected pockets of reservation land.[40]

Conservation

Two tigers at Cincinnati Zoo

Since 1993, the Indochinese tiger has been listed on CITES Appendix I, making international trade illegal. China, South Korea, Vietnam, Singapore, and Taiwan banned trade in tigers and sale of medicinal derivatives. Manufacture of tiger-based medicine was banned in China, and the open sale of tiger-based medicine reduced significantly since 1995.[41]

Patrolling in Thailand's Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary has been intensified since 2006 so that poaching appears to have been reduced, resulting in a marginal improvement of tiger survival and recruitment.[42] By autumn 2016, at least two individuals had dispersed to adjacent Mae Wong National Park; six cubs were observed in Mae Wong and the contiguous Khlong Lan National Park in 2016, indicating that the population was breeding and recovering.[43]

In Thailand[44] and Laos,[45] this tiger is considered Endangered, while it is considered Critically Endangered in Vietnam[46] and Myanmar.[47]

In captivity

The Indochinese tiger is the least represented in captivity and is not part of a coordinated breeding program. As of 2007, 14 individuals were recognized as Indochinese tigers based on genetic analysis of 105 captive tigers in 14 countries.[48]

See also

  • Holocene extinction

References

  1. ^ a b Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 11): 66–68.
  2. ^ a b c Goodrich, J.; Lynam, A.; Miquelle, D.; Wibisono, H.; Kawanishi, K.; Pattanavibool, A.; Htun, S.; Tempa, T.; Karki, J.; Jhala, Y. & Karanth, U. (2015). "Panthera tigris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T15955A50659951.
  3. ^ a b Mazák, V. (1968). "Nouvelle sous-espèce de tigre provenant de l'Asie du sud-est". Mammalia. 32 (1): 104−112. doi:10.1515/mamm.1968.32.1.104. S2CID 84054536.
  4. ^ Liu, Y.-C.; Sun, X.; Driscoll, C.; Miquelle, D. G.; Xu, X.; Martelli, P.; Uphyrkina, O.; Smith, J. L. D.; O’Brien, S. J.; Luo, S.-J. (2018). "Genome-wide evolutionary analysis of natural history and adaptation in the world's tigers". Current Biology. 28 (23): 3840–3849. Bibcode:2018CBio...28E3840L. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.019. PMID 30482605.
  5. ^ Mazák, V. & Groves, C. P. (2006). "A taxonomic revision of the tigers (Panthera tigris) of Southeast Asia". Mammalian Biology. 71 (5): 268–287. Bibcode:2006MamBi..71..268M. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2006.02.007.
  6. ^ Kitchener, A. (1999). "Tiger distribution, phenotypic variation and conservation issues". In Seidensticker, J.; Christie, S.; Jackson, P. (eds.). Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–39. ISBN 978-0521648356.
  7. ^ Mazák, V. (1981). "Panthera tigris". Mammalian Species (152): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3504004. JSTOR 3504004.
  8. ^ Walston, J.; Robinson, J. G.; Bennett, E. L.; Breitenmoser, U.; da Fonseca, G. A. B.; Goodrich, J.; Gumal, M.; Hunter, L.; Johnson, A.; Karanth, K.U. & Leader-Williams, N. (2010). "Bringing the Tiger Back from the Brink – The Six Percent Solution". PLOS Biology. 8 (9): e1000485. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000485. PMC 2939024. PMID 20856904.
  9. ^ Luo, S. J.; Kim, J.; Johnson, W. E.; van der Walt, J.; Martenson, J.; Yuhki, N.; Miquelle, D. G.; Uphyrkina, O.; Goodrich, J. M.; Quigley, H. B.; Tilson, R.; Brady, G.; Martelli, P.; Subramaniam, V.; McDougal, C.; Hean, S.; Huang, S.; Pan, W.; Karanth, U.; Sunquist, M.; Smith, J. L. D. & O'Brien, S. J. (2004). "Phylogeography and Genetic Ancestry of Tigers (Panthera tigris)". PLOS Biology. 2 (12): e442. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020442. PMC 534810. PMID 15583716.
  10. ^ Lynam, A. J.; Saw Tun Khaing & Khin Maung Zaw (2006). "Developing a national tiger action plan for the Union of Myanmar". Environmental Management. 37 (1): 30–39. Bibcode:2006EnMan..37...30L. doi:10.1007/s00267-004-0273-9. PMID 16362487. S2CID 20467948.
  11. ^ Saw Sha Bwe Moo; Froese, G. Z. L. & Gray, T. N. E. (2017). "First structured camera-trap surveys in Karen State, Myanmar, reveal high diversity of globally threatened mammals". Oryx. 52 (3): 537–543. doi:10.1017/S0030605316001113.
  12. ^ "PR: Announcement of Minimum Tiger number in Myanmar". WWF. 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  13. ^ Simcharoen, S.; Pattanavibool, A.; Karanth, K. U.; Nichols, J. D. & Kumar, N. S. (2007). "How many tigers Panthera tigris are there in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand? An estimate using photographic capture-recapture sampling". Oryx. 41 (4): 447–453. doi:10.1017/S0030605307414107.
  14. ^ Ash, E.; Hallam, C.; Chanteap, P.; Kaszta, Ż.; Macdonald, D.W.; Rojanachinda, W.; Redford, T. & Harihar, A. (2020). "Estimating the density of a globally important tiger (Panthera tigris) population: Using simulations to evaluate survey design in Eastern Thailand". Biological Conservation. 241: 108349. Bibcode:2020BCons.24108349A. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108349.
  15. ^ Ash, E.; Kaszta, Ż.; Noochdumrong, A.; Redford, T.; Chanteap, P.; Hallam, C.; Jaroensuk, B.; Raksat, S.; Srinoppawan, K. & Macdonald, D.W. (2020). "Opportunity for Thailand's forgotten tigers: assessment of the Indochinese Tiger Panthera tigris corbetti and its prey with camera-trap surveys". Oryx. 55 (2): 204–211. doi:10.1017/S0030605319000589.
  16. ^ Regan, H. (2020). "Endangered tigers captured on camera in Thailand bolster hope for species' survival". CNN.
  17. ^ Rasphone, A.; Kéry, M.; Kamler, J.F. & Macdonald, D.W. (2019). "Documenting the demise of tiger and leopard, and the status of other carnivores and prey, in Lao PDR's most prized protected area: Nam Et-Phou Louey". Global Ecology and Conservation. 20: e00766. Bibcode:2019GEcoC..2000766R. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00766.
  18. ^ Lofthouse, R. (2019). "In Search of the Clouded Leopard". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  19. ^ Gray, T.N.E.; Ou, R.; Huy, K.; Pin, C. & Maxwell, A.L. (2012). "The status of large mammals in eastern Cambodia: a review of camera trapping data 1999–2007". Cambodian Journal of Natural History. 1: 42–55.
  20. ^ Debonne, N.; van Vliet, J. & Verburg, P. (2019). "Future governance options for large-scale land acquisition in Cambodia: impacts on tree cover and tiger landscapes". Environmental Science & Policy. 94: 9–19. Bibcode:2019ESPol..94....9D. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2018.12.031. hdl:1871.1/1dced676-560b-46fb-a7c5-e0c888c5cff1. S2CID 159121235.
  21. ^ Roy, Esha (2023-03-26). "50 years of Project Tiger: India considers translocating a few big cats to Cambodia". The Indian Express. New Delhi. Retrieved 2023-05-09.
  22. ^ Explained Desk (2023-03-27). "Why some tigers from India may be sent to Cambodia". The Indian Express. New Delhi. Retrieved 2023-05-09.
  23. ^ Patil, A. (2023). "India and Cambodia Sign Pact For Tiger Translocation As Project Tiger Completes 50 Years". India Times. Retrieved 2023-05-09.
  24. ^ Thanh, V. (2012). "Tiger species in Vietnam". Vietnam Academy of Science and technology. Vietnam. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  25. ^ Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. (1996). "Tiger Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758)" (PDF). Wild Cats: status survey and conservation action plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 55–65.
  26. ^ Lynam, A.J. (2010). "Securing a future for wild Indochinese tigers: transforming tiger vacuums into tiger source sites". Integrative Zoology. 5 (4): 324–334. doi:10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00220.x. PMID 21392350.
  27. ^ "WWF celebrates tiger numbers on the rise for Global Tiger Day 2016". WWF. 2016.
  28. ^ Rasphone, A.; Kéry, M.; Kamler, J.F. & Macdonald, D.W. (2019). "Documenting the demise of tiger and leopard, and the status of other carnivores and prey, in Lao PDR's most prized protected area: Nam et – Phou louey". Global Ecology and Conservation. 20: e00766. Bibcode:2019GEcoC..2000766R. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00766.
  29. ^ Goodrich, J.; Lynam, A.; Miquelle, D.; Wibisono, H.; Kawanishi, K.; Pattanavibool, A.; Htun, S.; Tempa, T.; Karki, J.; Jhala, Y. & Karanth, U. (2015). "Panthera tigris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T15955A50659951. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15955A50659951.en. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  30. ^ Kang, A.; Xie, Y.; Tang, J.; Sanderson, E. W.; Ginsburg, J. R. & Zhang, E. (2010). "Historic distribution and the recent loss of tigers in China". Integrative Zoology. 5 (4): 335–341. doi:10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00221.x. PMID 21392351.
  31. ^ Hance, J. (2019). "How Laos lost its tigers". Mongabay. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  32. ^ Feng, L.; Wang, L.; Wang, B.; Smith, J.L. & Zhang, L. (2013). "Population status of the Indochinese tiger (Panthera tigris corbetti) and density of the three primary ungulate prey species in Shangyong Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna, China". Acta Theriologica Sinica. 33 (4): 308–318.
  33. ^ Simcharoen, A.; Savini, T.; Gale, G. A.; Simcharoen, S.; Duangchantrasiri, S.; Pakpien, S. & Smith, J. L. D. (2014). "Female tiger Panthera tigris home range size and prey abundance: important metrics for management". Oryx. 48 (3): 370–377. doi:10.1017/S0030605312001408.
  34. ^ Pakpien, S.; Simcharoen, A.; Duangchantrasiri, S.; Chimchome, V.; Pongpattannurak, N. & Smith, J. L. D. (2017). "Ecological Covariates at Kill Sites Influence Tiger (Panthera tigris) Hunting Success in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand". Tropical Conservation Science. 10: 1940082917719000. doi:10.1177/1940082917719000.
  35. ^ Li, C. & Zhang, D. (1997). The Research on Substitutes for Tiger Bone. First International Symposium on Endangered Species Used in Traditional East Asian Medicine: Substitutes for Tiger Bone and Musk. Hong Kong: TRAFFIC East Asia and the Chinese Medicinal Material Research Centre.
  36. ^ Davis, E. O.; Willemsen, M.; Dang, V.; O’Connor, D. & Glikman, J. A. (2020). "An updated analysis of the consumption of tiger products in urban Vietnam". Global Ecology and Conservation. 22: e00960. Bibcode:2020GEcoC..2200960D. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00960.
  37. ^ Mills, J. A. & Jackson, P. (1994). Killed for a Cure: A Review of the Worldwide Trade in Tiger Bone (PDF). Cambridge, UK: TRAFFIC International.
  38. ^ Oswell, A. H. (2010). The Big Cat Trade in Myanmar and Thailand (PDF). Selangor, Malaysia: TRAFFIC Southeast Asia.
  39. ^ Stoner, S.; Krishnasamy, K.; Wittmann, T.; Delean, S. & Cassey, P. (2016). Reduced to skin and bones re-examined (PDF). Selangor, Malaysia: TRAFFIC Southeast Asia.
  40. ^ Martov, S. (2012). "World's Largest Tiger Reserve 'Bereft of Cats'". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  41. ^ Hemley, G. & Mills, G. A. (1999). "The beginning of the end of tigers in trade?". In Seidensticker, J.; Christie, S. & Jackson, P. (eds.). Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–229. ISBN 978-0-521-64835-6.
  42. ^ Duangchantrasiri, S.; Umponjan, M.; Simcharoen, S.; Pattanavibool, A.; Chaiwattana, S.; Maneerat, S.; Kumar, N. S.; Jathanna, D.; Srivathsa, A. & Karanth, K.U. (2016). "Dynamics of a low-density tiger population in Southeast Asia in the context of improved law enforcement". Conservation Biology. 30 (3): 639–648. Bibcode:2016ConBi..30..639D. doi:10.1111/cobi.12655. PMID 27153529. S2CID 3815904.
  43. ^ Phumanee, W.; Steinmetz, R.; Phoonjampa, R.; Weingdow, S.; Phokamanee, S.; Bhumpakphan, N. & Savini, T. (2021). "Tiger density, movements, and immigration outside of a tiger source site in Thailand". Conservation Science and Practice. 3 (12): e560. Bibcode:2021ConSP...3E.560P. doi:10.1111/csp2.560. S2CID 239605606.
  44. ^ Nabhitabhata, J.; Chan-ard, T. (200). Thailand Red Data : Mammals, Reptiles and Amphibians (PDF). Bangkok, Thailand: Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning. p. 234. ISBN 9749929853.
  45. ^ Duckworth, J. W.; Salter, R. E.; Khounboline, K., eds. (1999). Wildlife in Lao PDR: 1999 Status Report (PDF). Vientiane: IUCN-The World Conservation Union / Wild life Conservation Society / Centre for Protected Areas and Watershed Management. ISBN 2-8317-0483-9.
  46. ^ "Wildlife Species Protected by Law in Vietnam" (PDF). www.traffic.org.
  47. ^ "Myanmar National Red List" (PDF). iucn.org.
  48. ^ Luo, S. J.; Johnson, W. E.; Martenson, J.; Antunes, A.; Martelli, P.; Uphyrkina, O.; Traylor-Holzer, K.; Smith, J. L. D. & O'Brien, S. J. (2008). "Subspecies genetic assignments of worldwide captive tigers increase conservation value of captive populations". Current Biology. 18 (8): 592–596. Bibcode:2008CBio...18..592L. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.03.053. PMID 18424146. S2CID 16594083.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indochinese tiger.

Read other articles:

Hindun binti Abi Umayyah

Biografi ini memerlukan lebih banyak catatan kaki untuk pemastian. Bantulah untuk menambahkan referensi atau sumber tepercaya. Materi kontroversial atau trivial yang sumbernya tidak memadai atau tidak bisa dipercaya harus segera dihapus, khususnya jika berpotensi memfitnah.Cari sumber: Hindun binti Abi Umayyah – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Bagian dari serial Islam...

 

 

Anatoli Belyakov

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Anatoli BelyakovInformasi pribadiNama lengkap Anatoli Aleksandrovich BelyakovTanggal lahir 10 Januari 1992 (umur 32)Tinggi 1,74 m (5 ft 8+1⁄2 in)Posisi bermain BekInformasi klubKlub saat ini FC Dnepr SmolenskKarier senior*Tah...

 

 

قائمة الكنائس الكاثوليكية في مصر

جزء من سلسلة حولالكنيسة الكاثوليكيةكاتدرائية القديس بطرس في الفاتيكان نظرة عامة البابا: فرنسيس التسلسل الهرمي تاريخ (خط زمني) لاهوت الطقوس الكنسية الأسرار المقدسة مريم خلفية يسوع الصلب القيامة الصعود مسيحية مبكرة تاريخ الكنيسة الكاثوليكية تاريخ الباباوية مجمع مسكوني عل...

Cosmid

Type of hybrid plasmid This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help i...

 

 

List of districts of Rajasthan

Administration divisions of Indian state of Rajasthan Districts of RajasthanDistricts of RajasthanCategoryDistrictsLocationRajasthanNumber50PopulationsJaisalmer – 669,919 (lowest); Jaipur – 6,626,178 (highest)AreasDholpur – 3,084 km2 (1,191 sq mi) (smallest); Jaisalmer – 38,401 km2 (14,827 sq mi) (largest)GovernmentGovernment of RajasthanSubdivisionsList of tehsils of Rajasthan The Indian state of Rajasthan is divided into 50 districts for administrative ...

 

 

Submarine (film)

SubmarinePoster resmiSutradaraRichard AyoadeProduserMary BurkeMark HerbertAndy StebbingDitulis olehRichard AyoadeBerdasarkanSubmarineoleh Joe DunthornePemeranCraig RobertsYasmin PaigePaddy ConsidineNoah TaylorSally HawkinsPenata musikAndrew HewittAlex TurnerSinematograferErik WilsonPenyuntingChris DickensNick FentonPerusahaanproduksiWarp FilmsFilm4 ProductionsUK Film CouncilWales Creative IP FundFilm Agency for WalesProtagonist PicturesRed Hour FilmsDistributorOptimum Releasing (Britani...

سليمان كشك

سليمان كشك معلومات شخصية الميلاد 7 مايو 1994 (العمر 29 سنة)بنزرت، تونس الطول 1.82 م (5 قدم 11 1⁄2 بوصة) مركز اللعب ظهير أيسر الجنسية تونس  معلومات النادي النادي الحالي الملعب التونسي المسيرة الاحترافية1 سنوات فريق م. (هـ.) 2011–2017 النادي الرياضي البنزرتي 75 (1) 2017–2018 النا...

 

 

Inwa

Inwa အင်းဝAvaInwaLokasi AvaKoordinat: 21°51′N 95°59′E / 21.850°N 95.983°E / 21.850; 95.983Negara MyanmarWilayahMandalayDistrikKyaukseDidirikan26 Februari 1365Populasi • Suku bangsaBamar • AgamaBuddha TheravadaZona waktuUTC+6:30 (MST) Artikel ini mengandung Burmese script. Tanpa dukungan perenderan yang baik, Anda mungkin akan melihat tanda tanya, kotak, atau simbol lain, bukan Burmese script. Ava atau Inwa (Burma: အ�...

 

 

محافظة البيضاء (اليمن)

  هذه المقالة عن محافظة البيضاء في اليمن. لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع البيضاء (توضيح). محافظة البيضاء  - محافظة -  موقع محافظة البيضاء تقسيم إداري البلد  اليمن[1] العاصمة مدينة البيضاء الإقليم الفدرالي إقليم سبأ المسؤولون خصائص جغرافية إحداثيات 14°16′00″N 45°20′00″E&#...

Eucommia

Genus of trees Not to be confused with Eucosma. Eucommia Eucommia ulmoides foliage and flowers. Conservation status Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1)[3] Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Garryales Family: EucommiaceaeEngl.[2] Genus: EucommiaOliv.[1] Species See text Eucommia is a genus of small trees now native to China, with a fossil record that shows a much wider distribution. The singl...

 

 

Aabenraa

For other places with the same name, see Aabenraa (disambiguation). Town in Southern Denmark, DenmarkAabenraa Affenråe (South Jutlandic)Apenrade (German)TownAabenraa in mid-July 2006 Coat of armsAabenraaLocation in DenmarkShow map of DenmarkAabenraaAabenraa (Region of Southern Denmark)Show map of Region of Southern DenmarkCoordinates: 55°2′40″N 9°25′5″E / 55.04444°N 9.41806°E / 55.04444; 9.41806CountryDenmarkRegionSouthern DenmarkMunicipalityAabenraaA...

 

 

Міністерство оборони України

Міністерство оборони України (Міноборони) Емблема Міністерства оборони та Прапор Міністерства оборони Будівля Міністерства оборони у КиєвіЗагальна інформаціяКраїна  УкраїнаДата створення 24 серпня 1991Попередні відомства Міністерство оборони СРСР Народний комісарі...

Hans-Jürgen Ripp

German footballer (1946–2021) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (June 2022) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated...

 

 

Zeta Geminorum

ζ Geminorum Lokasi ζ Geminorum (dilingkari) Data pengamatan Epos J2000      Ekuinoks J2000 Rasi bintang Gemini Asensio rekta  07j 04m 06,53079d[1] Deklinasi  +20° 34′ 13,0739″[1] Magnitudo tampak (V) 3,93 (3,68 sampai 4,16)[2] Ciri-ciri Kelas spektrum F7Ib sampai G3Ib[3] Indeks warna U−B +0,55[4] Indeks warna B−V 0,88[4] Jenis variabel Classical Cepheid&#...

 

 

Komuna e Bërdicës

Den här artikeln har skapats av Lsjbot, ett program (en robot) för automatisk redigering. (2015-12)Artikeln kan innehålla fakta- eller språkfel, eller ett märkligt urval av fakta, källor eller bilder. Mallen kan avlägsnas efter en kontroll av innehållet (vidare information) Komuna e Bërdicës Komuna Berdicë, Berdicë Kommun Land  Albanien Prefektur Qarku i Shkodrës Koordinater 42°00′N 19°30′Ö / 42.0°N 19.5°Ö / 42.0; 19.5 Tidszon CET (UTC+...

Communist Party of Germany

Far-left political party active in Germany from 1918 to 1956 For the modern party, see German Communist Party. For other uses, see Communist Party of Germany (disambiguation). KPD redirects here. For the form of diabetes, see Ketosis-prone diabetes. For the approach to kidney transplanation, see Kidney paired donation. Communist Party of Germany Kommunistische Partei DeutschlandsLeaderCollective leadershipFounders Rosa Luxemburg Karl Liebknecht Founded1 January 1919; 105 years ago...

 

 

Roxane Gay

American writer (born 1974) Roxane GayGay in 2014Born (1974-10-15) October 15, 1974 (age 49)Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.OccupationProfessor, writerEducation Phillips Exeter Academy Yale University Norwich University (BA) University of Nebraska–Lincoln (MA) Michigan Technological University (PhD) GenresNovel, short story, criticismSpouse Debbie Millman ​(m. 2020)​RelativesClaudine Gay (cousin)Scientific careerFieldsCommunication studiesThesisSubverting the subject ...

 

 

Hong Kong Airlines

Artikel ini bukan mengenai Air Hong Kong, Hong Kong Airways, Hong Kong Express Airways, atau Dragonair. Hong Kong Airlines香港航空 IATA ICAO Kode panggil HX CRK BAUHINIA Didirikan2006PenghubungBandar Udara Internasional Hong KongProgram penumpang setiaFortune Wings ClubLounge bandaraClub BauhiniaArmada25[1]Tujuan32 tidak termasuk kargo dan sewaanKantor pusatOne CitygateLantau, Hong KongTokoh utama Zhang Kui (Presiden) Sun Jian Feng, Wan Ning, Zhong Guosong (Executive Vice Presiden...

أقضية لبنان

جزء من سلسلة مقالات سياسة لبنانلبنان الدستور الدستور اتفاق الطائف الطوائف حقوق الإنسان السلطة التنفيذية رئيس الجمهورية (قائمة) ميشال عون مجلس الوزراء رئيس الوزراء نجيب ميقاتي السلطة التشريعية مجلس النواب رئيس المجلس نبيه بري السلطة القضائية السلطة القضائية التقسيم الاد...

 

 

Cauley Woodrow

English footballer (born 1994) Cauley Woodrow Woodrow playing for Fulham in 2014Personal informationDate of birth (1994-12-02) 2 December 1994 (age 29)[1]Place of birth Hemel Hempstead, EnglandHeight 6 ft 0 in (1.84 m)[2]Position(s) Forward[3]Team informationCurrent team Luton TownNumber 10Youth career Tottenham Hotspur2007–2008 Buckhurst Hill2008–2010 Luton TownSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2010–2011 Luton Town 0 (0)2011–2019 Fulham 54...