IRIX

IRIX
IRIX 6.5 desktop
DeveloperSilicon Graphics
OS familyUnix (SVR3/SVR4)
Working stateHistoric as of December 2013[1]
Source modelClosed source
Initial release1988; 36 years ago (1988)
Final release6.5.30 / 16 August 2006; 18 years ago (2006-08-16)
Marketing targetWorkstations, servers
PlatformsMIPS
Kernel typeMonolithic kernel
UserlandPOSIX
Default
user interface		IRIX Interactive Desktop
LicenseProprietary

IRIX (/ˈaɪrɪks/, EYE-ricks) is a discontinued operating system developed by Silicon Graphics (SGI) to run on the company's proprietary MIPS workstations and servers. It is based on UNIX System V with BSD extensions. In IRIX, SGI originated the XFS file system and the industry-standard OpenGL graphics API.

History

SGI originated the IRIX name in the 1988 release 3.0 of the operating system for the SGI IRIS 4D series of workstations and servers. Previous releases are identified only by the release number prefixed by "4D1-", such as "4D1-2.2". The "4D1-" prefix continued to be used in official documentation to prefix IRIX release numbers. Prior to the IRIS 4D, SGI bundled the GL2 operating system, based on UniSoft UniPlus System V Unix, and using the proprietary MEX (Multiple EXposure) windowing system.[2][3]

IRIX 3.x is based on UNIX System V Release 3 with 4.3BSD enhancements, and incorporates the 4Sight windowing system, based on NeWS and IRIS GL. SGI's own Extent File System (EFS) replaces the System V filesystem.[4]

IRIX 4.0, released in 1991, replaces 4Sight with the X Window System (X11R4), the 4Dwm window manager providing a similar look and feel to 4Sight.[4]

IRIX 5.0, released in 1993, incorporates certain features of UNIX System V Release 4, including ELF executables.[5][6][7] IRIX 5.3 introduced the XFS journaling file system.[7][8]

In 1994, IRIX 6.0 added support for the 64-bit MIPS R8000 processor, but is otherwise similar to IRIX 5.2. Later 6.x releases support other members of the MIPS processor family in 64-bit mode. IRIX 6.3 was released for the SGI O2 workstation only.[7] IRIX 6.4 improved multiprocessor scalability for the Octane, Origin 2000, and Onyx2 systems. The Origin 2000 and Onyx2 IRIX 6.4 was marketed as "Cellular IRIX", although it only incorporates some features from the original Cellular IRIX distributed operating system project.[9][10]

The last major version of IRIX is 6.5, released in May 1998. New minor versions of IRIX 6.5 were released every quarter until 2005, and then four minor releases.[5] Through version 6.5.22, there are two branches of each release: a maintenance release (identified by an "m" suffix) that includes only fixes to the original IRIX 6.5 code, and a feature release (with an "f" suffix) that includes improvements and enhancements. An overlay upgrade from 6.5.x to the 6.5.22 maintenance release was available as a free download, whereas versions 6.5.23 and higher required an active Silicon Graphics support contract.

A 2001 Computerworld review found IRIX in a "critical" state. SGI had been moving its efforts to Linux and the Windows-based SGI Visual Workstation but MIPS and IRIX customers convinced SGI to continue to support its platform through 2006.[11] On September 6, 2006, an SGI press release announced the end of the MIPS and IRIX product lines.[12] Production ended on December 29, 2006, with final deliveries in March 2007, except by special arrangement. Support for these products ended in December 2013 and they will receive no further updates.[13]

Much of IRIX's core technology has been open sourced and ported by SGI to Linux,[14][15][16][17][18] including XFS.[19][20][21]

In 2009, SGI filed for bankruptcy and then was purchased by Rackable Systems,[22][23][24] which was later purchased by Hewlett Packard Enterprise in 2016.[25][26] All SGI hardware produced after 2007 is based on either IA-64 or x86-64 architecture, so it is incapable of running IRIX and is instead intended for Red Hat Enterprise Linux or SUSE Linux Enterprise Server.[27][28][29][30][31] HPE has not stated any plans for IRIX development or source code release.

Features

IRIX 6.5 is compliant with UNIX System V Release 4, UNIX 95, and POSIX (including 1e/2c draft 15 ACLs and Capabilities).[5]

In the early 1990s, IRIX was a leader in Symmetric Multi-Processing (SMP), scalable from 1 to more than 1,024 processors with a single system image. IRIX has strong support for real-time disk and graphics I/O. IRIX was widely used for the 1990s and 2000s in the computer animation and scientific visualization industries, due to its large application base and high performance. It still is relevant in a few legacy applications.

IRIX is one of the first Unix versions to feature a graphical user interface for the main desktop environment. IRIX Interactive Desktop uses the 4Dwm X window manager with a custom look designed using the Motif widget toolkit.[32] IRIX is the originator of the industry standard OpenGL for graphics chips and image processing libraries.[16][33][34][35][36]

IRIX uses the MIPSPro compiler for both its front end and back end. The compiler, also known in earlier versions as IDO (IRIS Development Option), was released in many versions, many of which are coupled to the OS version. The last version was 7.4.4m, designed for 6.5.19 or later. The compiler is designed to support parallel POSIX programming in C/C++, Fortran 77/90, and Ada. The Workshop GUI IDE is used for development. Other tools include Speedshop for performance tuning, and Performance Co-Pilot.[37]

4Dwm

4Dwm is the window manager component of the IRIX Interactive Desktop normally used on Silicon Graphics workstations running IRIX. 4Dwm is derived from the older Motif Window Manager and uses the Motif widget toolkit on top of the X Window System found on most Unix systems.[32][38][39] 4Dwm on IRIX was one of the first default graphical user interface desktops to be standard on a Unix computer system. 4Dwm refers to "Fourth dimension window manager" and has no relation to dwm.

Other X window managers that mimic the 4Dwm look and feel exist, such as 4Dwm theme for IceWM and 5Dwm[32] which is a clone/compatible implementation of 4Dwm based on OpenMotif. 5Dwm support both the classic SGI look and a modern/polished look and feel with anti-aliased fonts and UTF-8 support.

Features

See also

References

  1. ^ "SGI Support of MIPS IRIX Products Continues to December 2013". Silicon Graphics. Archived from the original on January 21, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  2. ^ Ryan Thoryk (October 7, 2021). "History of IRIX". Retrieved December 25, 2021.
  3. ^ "IRIS Programming Tutorial V1.0" (PDF). Bitsavers. SGI. 1986. Retrieved December 25, 2021.
  4. ^ a b "History of IRIX". Retrieved November 18, 2022.
  5. ^ a b c "IRIX Operating System (Unix)". operating-system.org.
  6. ^ 64-bit ELF Object File Specification (Silicon Graphics)
  7. ^ a b c "SGIstuff : Software : Irix Versions". Retrieved November 2, 2007.
  8. ^ "xFS: The Extension of EFS - "x" for To-be-Determined (but the Name Stuck)". XFS.org. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014.
  9. ^ S. Whitney; J. McCalpin; N. Bitar; J. L. Richardson; L. Stevens (February 1997). "The SGI Origin software environment and application performance". Proceedings IEEE COMPCON 97 Digest of Papers. ieeexplore.ieee.org. San Jose, CA, USA. p. 165-170. doi:10.1109/CMPCON.1997.584691.
  10. ^ Silicon Graphics (1998). "Irix(TM) 6.4". sgi.com. Archived from the original on February 3, 1998.
  11. ^ Tom Yager (November 19, 2001). "Vital Signs for Unix". Computerworld. Retrieved November 18, 2022.
  12. ^ "SGI - Services & Support: End of General Availability for MIPS IRIX Products". Archived from the original on October 19, 2007. Retrieved November 2, 2007.
  13. ^ "SGI Support of MIPS® IRIX® Products Changes December 2013". Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  14. ^ George Koharchik (January 31, 2001). "Porting from IRIX to Linux". Linux Journal. Archived from the original on December 26, 2004. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  15. ^ Silicon Graphics (2001). "Load Sharing Facility". sgi.com. Archived from the original on December 11, 2001.
  16. ^ a b Seddon, Chris (2005). "History of OpenGL". OpenGL Game Development. Wordware. p. 43. ISBN 1-55622-989-5.
  17. ^ "SGI – OpenGL Overview". Archived from the original on October 31, 2004. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  18. ^ "OpenGL ARB to Pass Control of OpenGL Specification to Khronos Group". The Khronos Group. July 31, 2006. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  19. ^ "Porting XFS to Linux". Olstrans.SourceForge.net. July 21, 2000. Archived from the original on February 25, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  20. ^ "Linux kernel 2.4.25 changelog". kernel.org. February 18, 2004. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  21. ^ Daniel Robbins (January 1, 2002). "Common threads: Advanced filesystem implementor's guide, Part 9, Introducing XFS". Developer Works. IBM. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  22. ^ "Rackable Systems Announces Agreement to Acquire Silicon Graphics Inc" (Press release). Silicon Graphics. April 1, 2009. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  23. ^ "Rackable Systems Completes Acquisition of Silicon Graphics Assets" (Press release). Rackable Systems. May 11, 2009. Archived from the original on May 11, 2009. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  24. ^ "Rackable Systems Receives Court Approval to Purchase Silicon Graphics Assets" (Press release). Rackable Systems. April 30, 2009. Archived from the original on May 14, 2009. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  25. ^ "Hewlett Packard Enterprise to Acquire SGI to Extend Leadership in High-Growth Big Data Analytics and High-Performance Computing" (Press release). Hewlett Packard Enterprise. August 11, 2016. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  26. ^ "Hewlett Packard Enterprise Completes Acquisition of SGI" (Press release). Hewlett Packard Enterprise. November 1, 2016. Archived from the original on November 3, 2016. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  27. ^ "New Deskside Silicon Graphics Prism System Offers Double the Memory of IBM and HP Systems". News release. April 26, 2005. Archived from the original on April 27, 2005. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  28. ^ Silicon Graphics, Inc. (14 November 2005). SGI Launches New Flagship Altix 4000 Platform. (Press release).
  29. ^ "End of General Availability for MIPS IRIX Products". Silicon Graphics. Archived from the original on April 26, 2009. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  30. ^ "Back to the Future: SGI Returns to Visualization". HPCwire. April 11, 2008. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  31. ^ "SGI Unveils Altix UV, the World's Fastest Supercomputer". www.sgi.com. Silicon Graphics International. November 16, 2009. Archived from the original on November 21, 2009. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  32. ^ a b c 5Dwm, The Window Manager
  33. ^ Kilgard, Mark (2008). "OpenGL Prehistory: IRIS GL (slide from SIGGRAPH talk)". www.slideshare.net.
  34. ^ "SGI – OpenGL Overview". Archived from the original on October 31, 2004. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  35. ^ Peddie, Jon (July 2012). "Who's the Fairest of Them All?". Computer Graphics World. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  36. ^ "OpenGL ARB to Pass Control of OpenGL Specification to Khronos Group". The Khronos Group. July 31, 2006. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  37. ^ "Performance Co-Pilot IRIX® Base Software Administrator's Guide" (PDF). irix7.com. Silicon Graphics, Inc.
  38. ^ IRIX Interactive Desktop Integration guide (Silicon Graphics, 1998)
  39. ^ Motif 2.1 Porting Guide (Silicon Graphics, 1998)