PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Hyoscyamus
	Hyoscyamus niger
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Solanales
Family:	Solanaceae
Subfamily:	Solanoideae
Tribe:	Hyoscyameae
Genus:	Hyoscyamus; L. (1753)
Species
	31, see text
Synonyms
	Archihyoscyamus A.M.Lu (1997); Hyoscarpus Dulac (1867);

Hyoscyamus — known as the henbanes — is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family, Solanaceae. It comprises 31 species,^[2] all of which are toxic. It, along with other genera in the same family, is a source of the drug hyoscyamine (daturine). Cruciferous type of stomata are present in Hyoscyamus.

Hyoscyamus means "hog-bean" in botanical Latin and was a name derogatorily applied to the plant by Dioscorides.^[3]

The poisonous, narcotic henbanes were associated with witchcraft since earliest times. The Assyrians recommended hanging them on one's door to ward off sorcery. Witches found them valuable especially due to their trance-inducing capabilities, and they were used in flying ointment rituals. They have been used to lessen pain, neuralgia and diminish convulsions. Dioscorides recommended them largely for external pain killing use. The leaves are made into a kind of cigarette to relieve asthma and other respiratory ailments.^[4]

Species

31 species are accepted.^[2]

Hyoscyamus afghanicus Pojark. – Afghanistan
Hyoscyamus albus L. – White henbane – Spain and Morocco
Hyoscyamus arachnoideus Pojark. – northern Iraq and Western Iran
Hyoscyamus aureus L. – Golden henbane – Eastern Mediterranean (Greece to Egypt) and Iraq
Hyoscyamus bornmuelleri Khat. – southern Iran
Hyoscyamus boveanus (Dunal) Asch. & Schweinf. – Egypt and Sinai
Hyoscyamus coelesyriacus Bornm. – Lebanon
Hyoscyamus desertorum (Asch. ex Boiss.) Täckh. – Syria to Egypt and northeastern Saudi Arabia
Hyoscyamus flaccidus C.Wright – Oman and Yemen
Hyoscyamus gallagheri A.G.Mill. & Biagi – Oman
Hyoscyamus grandiflorus Franch. – northern Somalia
Hyoscyamus insanus Stocks – eastern Arabian Peninsula to Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the Himalayas
Hyoscyamus kotschyanus Pojark. – western and southwestern Iran
Hyoscyamus kurdicus Bornm. – northern Iraq to Iran
Hyoscyamus leptocalyx Stapf – southeastern Turkey to western Iran
Hyoscyamus leucanthera Bornm. & Gauba – Iran, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan
Hyoscyamus longipedunculatus C.C.Towns. – northern Iraq
Hyoscyamus malekianus Parsa – southern Iran
Hyoscyamus multicaulis Rech.f. & Edelb. – central Afghanistan
Hyoscyamus muticus L. (synonym: H. falezlez) – Egyptian henbane – northern Africa (Sahara), Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Pakistan, and India
Hyoscyamus niger L. – Black henbane – temperate Eurasia and north Africa
Hyoscyamus nutans Schönb.-Tem. – Iran
Hyoscyamus orthocarpus Schönb.-Tem. – western and southern Iran
Hyoscyamus pojarkovae Schönb.-Tem. – Syria, Iraq, and Iran
Hyoscyamus pusillus L. – Western and Central Asia to Tibet and Mongolia
Hyoscyamus reticulatus L. – Turkey to Sinai and Tajikistan
Hyoscyamus rosularis Schönb.-Tem. – central Iran
Hyoscyamus senecionis Willd. – northern Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan
Hyoscyamus squarrosus Griff. – Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan
Hyoscyamus tenuicaulis Schönb.-Tem. – western and southern Iran
Hyoscyamus tibesticus Maire – Chad (Tibesti Mountains)

Gallery

References

^ "Hyoscyamus L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-09-01. Archived from the original on 2008-10-05. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hyoscyamus Tourn. ex L. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
^ Gledhill D. 1996. The Names of Plants. Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521366755
^ Flowers of Greece and the Aegean by Anthony Huxley and William Taylor - Chatto & Windus, London 1977 - ISBN 0 7011 2228 5