Footnotes / references Designed and built the first practical submarine
Holland Torpedo Boat Company was founded by John Philip Holland (1841 – 1914[1]) in 1893. Holland was an Irish engineer-inventor, who designed and built the first practical submarine. His Holland VI was renamed the USS Holland (SS-1), and became the US Navy's first submarine. In 1899 the Holland Torpedo Boat Company became part of the Electric Boat Company.[2]
Holland was inspired to work with submersibles after reading Jules Verne's novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas published in 1870 and reading about the American Civil War battle between the ironcladsMonitor and Merrimack. Being born and raised in Liscannor on the North Atlantic Ocean and Limerick, a sea town on the River Shannon both in Ireland, Holland grew up with mariners life around him. At Christian Brothers College, a science teacher persuaded him to pursue designs of a submarine in 1859. His early drafts became the model for his later designs. His two brothers and mother emigrated to Boston in 1872 and Holland joined them in 1873. Holland got a job at an engineering firm, then moved to teaching at St. John's Catholic School in Paterson, New Jersey, till 1881. While at St. John's Catholic School, he designed a three-man submarine that he hoped the US Navy would what to build. In 1875 Holland submitted submarine designs to the U.S. Navy, but was turned down.[3][4]
History
Boat No. 1 launched May 22, 1878, Fenian Ram at the Clason Point Military Academy, Bronx, NY, sometime between 1916 and 1927Fenian Ram on display at the Paterson Museum, New Jersey (2016)USS Holland (SS-1) underway
Holland had meetings with the Fenian Brotherhood, an Irish republican organization that was founded in 1858 in the United States. The Fenian Brotherhood hoped to use the submarines in their fight for freedom against England. The Brotherhood agreed to fund three submarines. After seeing Holland's prototype surface and dive off Coney Island, the Fenian Brotherhood invested in the Holland Torpedo Boat Company. With the funds, Holland built at Todd & Raftery's shop at Paterson, New Jersey, a one-man submarine Boat No. 1 launched May 22, 1878, with press coverage. Boat No. 1 was 14 feet long, 2.25 tons, and was powered by a 4 HP Brayton internal combustion engine driving a single screw. Holland tested and then sank Boat No. 1 on the Passaic River after he completed his test in 1878. The scuttled sub was raised in 1927 and is a museum ship at the Paterson town museum.[5][3]
With the success of Boat No. 1, the Fenian Brotherhood, though John Devoy, funded deploying a weapon system submarine. Holland left his teaching job at St. John's Catholic School and worked full-time on a new submarine. The press nicknamed Holland 's next submarine the Fenian Ram, which was John Holland's Holland Boat No. II. The Fenian Ram - built at Delamater Iron Works in New York City - was launched in 1881 with a 9-inch (229 mm) pneumatic gun that fired forward out of her bow. Fenian Ram had sea trial in the Long Island Sound. Fenian Ram could dive and surface using rudder planes. Fenian Ram had a top speed of 9 mph on the surface and 7 mph underwater. The US Navy looked at the Fenian Ram and Holland's 16 feet early design, but were not ready to buy.[6][7][3]
Holland launched in 1883, a prototype 16-foot sub, the Holland III. Holland III was a smaller ( third scaled-down) version of the Fenian Ram, Holland used it for testing dives.[8][9]
Fenian Brotherhood with the Irish Republican Brotherhood had payment disputes with Holland and they stole the Fenian Ram and Holland III from Holland in November 1883. The Holland III sank while being towed away. Unable to operate the Fenian Ram the brotherhood kept at in storage and it later became a museum ship.[10][3][11]
Holland started the Holland Torpedo Boat Company in 1893 after the US Navy showed interest in a design, with Navy changes. The Navy awarded the submarine contract to Holland in 1895.[15] Others had bid on the Navy submarine contracts including: George Baker, Thorsten Nordenfelt and Josiah Tuck.[16][17]
With the loss of Fenian Brotherhood funding, Holland was able to raise private funding due to press coverage of the first three boats. Holland's next boat was the Holland VI, launched May 17, 1897, later renamed USS Holland (SS-1) after being sold to the US Navy for $150,000 (half the production cost).[3] The Holland VI was launched on May 17, 1897. The Navy bought the Holland VI as it could travel underwater on batteries powering an electric motor that drove the propeller. The Navy purchased the sub on April 11, 1900, and commissioned the submarine on October 12, 1900. Battery-powered submarines would be the standard till nuclear-powered submarine became the standard. The Holland VI was built with Lewis Nixon, owner of the Crescent Shipyard in Elizabeth, New Jersey, where Holland VI was built. The Holland VI was 53-feet long. The US Navy ordered six more USS Holland class submarines.[18][19]
Before building the Holland VI Holland had built an 1895 prototype, called the Plunger. The Plunger was steam-powered submarine constructed at the Columbian Iron Works, Baltimore, Maryland which was built after winning a Navy bid for a "submarine torpedo boat". Plunger was canceled in April 1900 and never completed, as steam power would not work well in submarines. .[20][21][22]
In the process of raising private funding, Holland partnered with businessman Isaac Rice. Rice was working with a battery company, Electric Storage, at the time Holland and Rice met. Rice helped in the final funding of the Holland VI. Rice also had worked on electric automobiles.[3]
Rice incorporated a new Company, the Electric Boat Company on February 7, 1899, and the Holland Company became a major subsidiary of the Electric Boat Company. With the change, some stockholders of Holland stock were able to convert their shares in Holland stock to Electric Boat Company's preferred share. Rice became president of both Electric Boat Company and Holland Torpedo Boat Company with the change. Rice incorporated the Electric Boat Company to be the financial company to build the new submarines for the US Navy and in the process took over Holland's company. Rice had John Holland assigned as manager of the company he had started. The Electric Boat Company's Washington DC legal counsel was Charles Creecy. Charles Morris continued as the superintending submarine engineer. The Secretary and treasurer of both companies was Elihu B. Frost. John Holland thus became just an employee in the company he founded.[23]
Holland 1-class submarine Japan purchased during the Russo Japanese WarJapan's first fleet of submarines (Nos. 1 to 5, all John Philip Holland designs), assembled by Arthur Leopold Busch in the Naval Review of October 1905.
To test the new submarines and train its crews, the Electric Boat Company opened the Holland Torpedo Boat Station in 1899 located in the community of Hamlet in New Suffolk, New York. A Whitehead torpedo, the first self-propelled torpedo designed by Robert Whitehead, was added to the submarine Holland at the Station on 20 August 1899 for training. The Holland Torpedo Boat Station closed in 1905 as the Navy was now training its own crews. The USS Holland was based at Hamlet's Holland Torpedo Boat Station from 1899 to 1905. Seven submarines built by the Holland Torpedo Boat Company – Electric Boat Company were stationed at Hamlet.[26] Holland Torpedo Boat Station at Cutchogue Harbor was not designated a submarine base by the US Navy. The US Navy gave that title to Naval Submarine Base New London as the first submarine base. Naval Submarine Base New London was commissioned by the US Navy in 1916 as a dedicated submarine base.[27]
Japan ordered five Holland submarines, Type 7-P, that they used against Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904 to 1905. Type 7-P was 67 feet long, had a diameter of 11 feet 10.5 inches and displacement of 123 tons. Holland was awarded the Rising Sun honor by the Emperor of Japan.[30][31]
The First Submarine Base Historical Marker reads: "This marks the site of the first submarine base in this country where "U.S.S. Holland", first submarine commissioned by the U.S. Navy was based for trials. In the period between 1899 and 1905 six other submarines of the Holland Torpedo Boat Co. were based at this site which was known as the Holland Torpedo Boat Station. Naval maneuvers between submarines and the U.S.S. torpedo boat destroyer "Winslow" of the Spanish War fame were held in these waters."
Erected by Cutchogue-New Suffolk Historical Council.
Located at Main Street at Cutchogue Harbor in Hamlet, New Suffolk, New York.[26]
With the success of the USS Holland submarines, the Holland Torpedo Boat Company was awarded a contract for the next generation submarines, the A class called the Plunger class submarines. Between 1900 and 1903 seven Plunger-class submarines were built.
The Holland Torpedo Boat Company built a series of submarines after the Plunger class each with some improvements:
The K-class was the last submarine that Holland worked on, ending the 19-year partnership with Nixon that started in 1895. Holland died on August 12, 1914, at age 74 in Newark, New Jersey. Holland is interred at the Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in the city of Totowa, New Jersey. Holland died poor and his grave had no headstone for many years. On October 11, 1976, a large headstone was placed on his grave. At the October 11, 1976 ceremony was, Chief Willard Clewall Sr., a retired Navy officer and a veteran that was a crew member on a Holland submarine in 1908.[32] Later a new headstone with Holland photo was placed on the grave. The 1976 headstone was shipped to Holland's home town of Liscannor. In Liscannor, Ireland a commemorating plaque was built in 1964, the city placed it there on the 50th anniversary of Holland's death. In the city of Liscannor, Castle Street was renamed Holland Street in Holland's honor. Holland married Margaret T. Foley (1862–1920) in 1887, and they had three children. In New Suffolk, Long Island, on April 8, 2000, a new Holland monument was dedicated to the first US Submarine Base, US Navy Submarine Veterans place the monument at the site of the Holland Torpedo Boat Station.[33][3][34]
The John P. Holland Centre, a centre dedicated to the life and work of Holland, was opened in Liscannor in 2016.[35]
Following the K-class submarines was the one M-class submarine built in 1914–1915. Following the M Class submarine were three AA-1-class submarines built between 1916 and 1922. The AA-1-class submarines was followed by seven N-class submarines built between 1915 and 1917. Following the N-class submarines was 16O-class submarines built between 1916 and 1918. Following the O-class submarines were 27 R-class submarines built between 1917 and 1919. R-class submarines were also sold to the Peruvian Navy and Royal Navy. Following the R-class submarines was 51 S-class submarines built between 1918 and 1925.
Following the S-class submarines was nine V-boat -class submarines built between 1921 and 1934. V-1 through V-3 were known as Barracuda and V-5 and V-6 were known as Narwhal.
In February 21, 1952, the Electric Boat Company was reorganized as General Dynamics Corporation under John Jay Hopkins, thus ending the Electric Boat Company. General Dynamics continued to build submarines for the US Navy.[37]
Under General Dynamics, a series of nuclear-powered submarines were built, starting with the first the USS Nautilus (SSN-571).[38][39]
^Winters, Ann (28 March 2017). "Underway on Nuclear Power" -- The Man Behind the Words: Eugene P. "Dennis" Wilkinson, Vice Admiral USN. The American Nuclear Society.
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